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Topic: Cipher

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Cryptography

Weak key

Symmetric key algorithm

Substitution cipher

Stream cipher

Block cipher

Data Encryption Standard

Brute force attack

Null cipher

Blowfish (cipher)

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	Cipher (Java 2 Platform SE 5.0)
		The returned parameters may be the same that were used to initialize this cipher, or may contain a combination of default and random parameter values used by the underlying cipher implementation if this cipher requires algorithm parameters but was not initialized with any.
		If this cipher requires any algorithm parameters that cannot be derived from the public key in the given certificate, the underlying cipher implementation is supposed to generate the required parameters itself (using provider-specific default or ramdom values) if it is being initialized for encryption or key wrapping, and raise an
		- if this cipher is a block cipher, no padding has been requested (only in encryption mode), and the total input length of the data processed by this cipher is not a multiple of block size; or if this encryption algorithm is unable to process the input data provided.
	java.sun.com /j2se/1.5.0/docs/api/javax/crypto/Cipher.html (5917 words)

	Cryptography -- Vigenere Cipher
		The Vigenere Cipher, proposed by Blaise de Vigenere from the court of Henry III of France in the sixteenth century, is a polyalphabetic substitution based on the following tableau:
		A variation of it, known as the Gronsfeld cipher, did catch on in Germany and was widely used in Central Europe.
		Given the structure of the Vigenere tableau, this is equivalent to using 9 distinct simple substitution ciphers, each of which was derived from 1 of the 26 possible Caesar shifts given in the tableau.
	www.trincoll.edu /depts/cpsc/cryptography/vigenere.html (1337 words)

	WW II Codes and Ciphers
		The key to the cipher text is in two parts, it is the wheel patterns set on all 12 wheels of the SZ42 or its simulator, and the actual wheel start positions used to encipher the message you have intercepted.
		It is the WWII BREAM patterns that are being used for all encipherements.
		It gives the complete story of how the Lorenz cipher was broken, from the amazing breakthrough of 30 August 1941 up to the extremely sophisticated programming of the Colossus.
	www.codesandciphers.org.uk (860 words)

	Cipher Complex PS3 Preview, Cipher Complex Playstation 3 Preview
		Substance, it seems, is entirely optional, which is why it comes as a surprise to hear that Cipher Complex, a military espionage game for the PS3 and Xbox 360, will dive into the motivations of modern war-making.
		The Cipher Complex team say they want a shot at the title in a genre where big-budget players Splinter Cell and Metal Gear Solid currently dominate, a gutsy move for a small, independent developer mostly known for ports and licensed games.
		Cipher Complex will drop players into only one setting, a Russian military base built into the collapsed remains of a volcanic island.
	www.1up.com /do/previewPage?cId=3155325 (1641 words)

	Ritter's Crypto Glossary and Dictionary of Technical Cryptography (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A common academic model for conventional block ciphers is a "family of permutations." The "permutation" part of this means that every plaintext block value is found as ciphertext, but generally in a different position.
		When used with a conventional block cipher, an AONT appears to increase the cost of a brute-force attack by a factor which is the number of blocks in the message.
		We are to attack a cipher which enciphers plaintext into ciphertext or deciphers the opposite way, under control of a key.
	www.ciphersbyritter.com /GLOSSARY.HTM (9204 words)

	Cipher Systems Legal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cipher does not give any warranties, representations or undertakings (expressed or implied) about the content of this website; including, without limitation any as to quality or fitness for a particular purpose or any that the information provided is accurate, complete or correct.
		Cipher is not responsible or liable for their contents.
		Except with the prior written permission of Cipher Systems, you may not (whether directly or indirectly) create a database in an electronic or other form by downloading and storing all or any part of the content of cipher-sys.com.
	www.cipher-sys.com /disclaimer.html (288 words)

	Encryption - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ciphers, on the other hand, work at a lower level: the level of individual letters, small groups of letters, or, in modern schemes, individual bits.
		Historical pen and paper ciphers used in the past are sometimes known as classical ciphers.
		Symmetric key ciphers can be distinguished into two types, depending on whether they work on blocks of symbols usually of a fixed size (block ciphers), or on a continuous stream of symbols (stream ciphers).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cipher (705 words)

	Caesar cipher - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It is a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions further down the alphabet.
		Even as late as 1915, the Caesar cipher was in use: the Russian army employed it as a replacement for more complicated ciphers which had proved to be too difficult for their troops to master; German and Austrian cryptanalysts had little difficulty in decrypting their messages.
		The Vigenère cipher uses a Caesar cipher with a different shift at each position in the text; the value of the shift is defined using a repeating keyword.
	www.marylandheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Caesar_cipher (1413 words)

	Block cipher - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cryptography, a block cipher is a symmetric key cipher which operates on fixed-length groups of bits, termed blocks, with an unvarying transformation.
		Block ciphers can be contrasted with stream ciphers; a stream cipher operates on individual digits one at a time, and the transformation varies during the encryption.
		The distinction between the two types is not always clear-cut: a block cipher, when used in certain modes of operation, acts effectively as a stream cipher.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Block_cipher (937 words)

	Competitive Intelligence News from Cipher (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cipher's Knowledge.Works, rated the number one CI software application by Fuld and Company just last year, guides users through a systematic workflow of gathering, organizing and analyzing competitor information, and channels it to key decision-makers in the enterprise.
		Cipher's development team is excited by this partnership and continues to stay on top of leading-edge technology.
		Cipher, established in 1996 and based in Annapolis, MD, is the pioneer of innovative CI and KM applications and consulting worldwide.
	www.cipher-sys.com:82 /website.nsf/d5f175e47b5ed23485256747000efffa/5286ce062c38cc8285256ab00067014b?OpenDocument (360 words)

	The Alberti Cipher (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Alberti cipher traditionally consisted of two metal discs, one mobile, and one immobile, attached by a common axle so that the inner disc may be rotated.
		For Porta's type of cipher, the cryptographic key would consist of the permutation given in the first row of the table plus the shift that should be made after each letter of plaintext.
		The Alberti Cipher and all its relations, the polyalphabetic ciphers, are distinguished by their effect on letter frequencies.
	starbase.trincoll.edu /~crypto/historical/alberti.html (1700 words)

	Cipher
		CIPHER is a simple, yet surprisingly effective file encryption/decryption utility, and now with CipherView, you can encrypt important text files once, and simply view then with CipherView whenever you need to refer back to them, there's no need to decrypt the files and then load them into another viewer.
		CIPHER's encryption is reasonably strong, especially if you don't know how the encryption engine works.
		CIPHER is not intended to replace PGP or other string encryption methods as of yet, it is intended to provide an easy to use, reliable, and simple method for users to protect their files from casual prying eyes.
	www.mcs.drexel.edu /~unsilva/old/soft/cipher/english.html (582 words)

	NOVA Online \| Decoding Nazi Secrets \| A Simple Cipher
		A cipher, on the other hand, is a message in which letters or symbols replace the actual letters in the message.
		The key for a cipher used by Augustus Caesar, some 2,000 years ago, was simple enough: The receiver just had to shift the alphabet one position.
		The cipher's key is straightforward -- each letter of the alphabet is represented by another letter.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/decoding/break.html (197 words)

	Vigenere Cipher (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A transposition cipher is an encoding process that does not change any of the letters of the original message, but changes the position of the letters.
		A substitution cipher is an encoding process that maintains the order of the letters in the message, but changes their identity.
		Given a sufficiently large encoded message derived using a monoalphabetic substitution cipher, it can readily be "cracked" by comparing the frequency of letter occurrences in the coded message with the frequency of letter occurrences in the language used for the message.
	astro.ocis.temple.edu /~dhill001/vigenere/vigenere.html (1653 words)

	RFC 2451 (rfc2451) - The ESP CBC-Mode Cipher Algorithms
		Copies of claims of rights made available for publication and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF Secretariat.
		Some cipher algorithms have weak keys or keys that MUST not be used due to their weak nature.
		The cipher's encryption and decryption key is taken from the first bits of the keying material, where represents the required key size.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc2451.html (2418 words)

	Cipher - FAQ
		Cipher was developed from 2000 to 2003 by Synaptic Soup Ltd. The company built Cipher to create their own games with and also licensed the technology to other developers.
		Cipher's networking system can be used for multiplayer games that support up to about 32 players, as long as some care is taken to ensure the game code is suitably designed to accommodate this.
		Cipher has not been used in a shipping game at this point, though it has been used in two technology demos for leading graphics card manufactures and is being used in a number of non-commercial reseach projects.
	www.cipherengine.com /faq.php (2929 words)

	Introduction to the Music Theory Cipher
		The Cipher System was originally meant to serve guitarists, two groups of them: those who can’t read music but still want to learn music theory, and any aspiring guitarist (whether he or she is already familiar with music theory or not) who wants to understand how the guitar fretboard really works.
		The Cipher is meant to be the centerpiece or hub, the primary reference for guitarists and other string players who can’t read music.
		With the Cipher, you’ll learn all of the vocabulary and patterns that were previously accessible only to note readers — all of the information locked up within music’s various forms of notation: it’s numbers, letters, and on the staff.
	www.thecipher.com /introduction.html (1391 words)

	CIPHER - Definition
		[Obs.] This wisdom began to be written in ciphers and characters and letters bearing the forms of creatures.
		A combination or interweaving of letters, as the initials of a name; a device; a monogram; as, a painter's cipher, an engraver's cipher, etc.
		Of the nature of a cipher; of no weight or influence.
	www.hyperdictionary.com /dictionary/cipher (296 words)

	Secret Code Breaker: The Cipher that Caesar Used (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Later, any cipher that used this "displacement" concept for the creation of a cipher alphabet, was referred to as a Caesar cipher.
		Of all the substitution type ciphers, this Caesar cipher is the simplest to solve, since there are only 25 possible combinations.
		Often this type of cipher is implemented on a wheel device.
	codebrkr.infopages.net /history2.htm (283 words)

	www.myspace.com/cipher
		Cipher was formed in 1996 by long time friends who wanted to bring something new to underground music.
		Cipher embraced a DIY work ethic that has led them to self-release many of their earlier recordings and embark on numerous tours of the US.
		Cipher hinted at greatness in the past, but all their elements come together perfectly here and this is a relevant album...."
	www.myspace.com /cipher (1397 words)

	Microsoft Windows XP - Cipher
		Because this option writes to a large portion of the hard volume, it might take a long time to complete and should only be used when necessary.
		To prevent an encrypted file from becoming decrypted when it is modified, it is recommended that you encrypt both the file and the folder in which it resides.
		Cipher cannot encrypt files that are marked as read-only.
	www.microsoft.com /resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/cipher.mspx (530 words)

	doracipher
		The unusual feature of the letter was that it was in a cipher which, a century later, still presents a challenge.
		The cipher here reproduced - the third letter I had from him, if indeed it is one - came to me enclosed in a letter from [Elgar's wife] to my stepmother.
		If this was the case then she clearly failed to recognise what this 'key' might be and whatever it was died with her in 1964.
	www.geocities.com /Vienna/4056/cipher.html (1039 words)

	What is cipher? - a definition from Whatis.com
		Some ciphers work by simply realigning the alphabet (for example, A is represented by F, B is represented by G, and so forth) or otherwise manipulating the text in some consistent pattern.
		However, almost all serious ciphers use both a key (a variable that is combined in some way with the unencrypted text) and an algorithm (a formula for combining the key with the text).
		A block cipher is one that breaks a message up into chunks and combines a key with each chunk (for example, 64-bits of text).
	searchsecurity.techtarget.com /sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci213593,00.html (358 words)

	The Rail Fence Cipher (Site not responding. Last check: )
		substitution cipher, in which the plaintext letters are replaced by letters from another alphabet (or by different letters from the same alphabet).
		In a Rail Fence Cipher, after removing the spaces from the original message, we would write the characters in the message in columns of alternating rows, which resemble the rails of a fence.
		The Rail Fence cipher and transposition ciphers in general are relatively easy to distinguish from substitution ciphers because the letter frequencies in the encrypted message remain the same as in unencrypted messages.
	starbase.trincoll.edu /~crypto/historical/railfence.html (1209 words)

	[No title]
		This may be an extremely trival cipher to break, but the process is unknown to me, or my friend, hence I am putting into the great beyond for assistance.
		The replication of the cipher below is as accurate as I recieved it, it has been checked by row and column and therefore (hopefully) error free (hopefully).
		This challenge cipher was removed from later editions; when interviewed he said he no longer remembered how he had done it, according to an article in The Cryptogram.
	www.und.nodak.edu /org/crypto/crypto/general.crypt.info/dagapeyeff/dagapeyeff-challenge-1939.txt (750 words)

	Sandorf's Cipher
		Position the cipher key on a sheet of paper, the pinch-mark facing upwards.
		Copy the next 9 characters from the message (initially the first 9 characters) onto the paper through the holes of the cipher key, one character per hole, from left to right and top to bottom.
		Turn the cipher key 90 degrees clockwise and repeat from step 3 until the key gets to its initial position, with the pinch-mark up.
	acm.uva.es /p/v7/795.html (359 words)

	Cipher - film soundtracks
		For these screenings, Cipher presents the rarer, silent version of the Hitchcock's masterpiece, which is believed to be the best version.
		Cipher is a duo of Theo and fretless bass player/ sample wizard Dave Sturt, formed in 1996 for a specially commissioned live soundtrack to Hitchcock's silent classic "The Lodger".
		Ambient duo Cipher (plus a bank of electronica) will perform a soundtrack to G.W.Pabst's expressionist silent film Pandora's Box, a shocking (for the 1920s) tale of Lulu whose thoughtless exploitation of her sexual hold over a string of stupid men leads to ruin and death.
	www.cipher.f9.co.uk /film.htm (1380 words)

	RFC 2405 (rfc2405) - The ESP DES-CBC Cipher Algorithm With Explicit IV (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Abstract This document describes the use of the DES Cipher algorithm in Cipher Block Chaining Mode, with an explicit IV, as a confidentiality mechanism within the context of the IPSec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP).
		Introduction This document describes the use of the DES Cipher algorithm in Cipher Block Chaining Mode as a confidentiality mechanism within the context of the Encapsulating Security Payload.
		This cipher can be used in an ESP transform that also includes authentication; it can also be used in an ESP transform that doesn't include authentication provided there is an companion AH header.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc2405.html (2109 words)

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