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Topic: Coal

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Coal tar

Calorific Value of Coal

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Coal Measures

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Future energy development

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	Coal Energy
		Coal is a combustible fl or brownish-fl sedimentary rock composed mostly of carbon and hydrocarbons.
		Coal is mainly found in three large regions, the Appalachian Coal Region, the Interior Coal Region, and Western Coal Region (includes the Powder River Basin).
		Coal is baked in hot furnaces to make coke, which is used to smelt iron ore into iron needed for making steel.
	www.eia.doe.gov /kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/coal.html (1747 words)

	Coal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Coal (previously referred to as pitcoal or seacoal) is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by underground mining or open-pit mining (surface mining).
		Coal composition is determined by specific coal assay techniques, and is performed to quantify the physical, chemical and mechanical behaviour of the coal, including whether it is a good candidate for coking coal.
		Coal liquefaction is one of the backstop technologies that will limit escalation of oil prices and mitigate the alleged effects of peak oil, provided that the extra carbon dioxide released in the process does not catastrophically accelerate global warming/adverse climate effects.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Coal (3570 words)

	Coal - MSN Encarta
		Coal, petroleum, natural gas, and oil shale are all known as fossil fuels because they come from the remains of ancient life buried deep in the crust.
		Coal originally formed from ancient plants that died, decomposed, and were buried under layers of sediment during the Carboniferous Period, about 360 million to 290 million years ago.
		Coal is a sedimentary rock formed from plants that flourished millions of years ago when tropical swamps covered large areas of the world.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761558734/Coal.html (1193 words)

	Coal
		Coal mining in India dates back to the 18th century, however the regulatory framework for this industry was conceived in 1923.
		Coal India Ltd (CIL) was incorporated as a holding company for seven coal producing subsidiaries and a pllanning and design focussed institute.
		Coal is one of the primary sources of energy, accounting for about 67% of the total energy consumption in the country.
	www.diehardindian.com /infra/coal.htm (672 words)

	Glossary ~ American Coal Foundation
		Coal gasification is the process that changes coal into a gas that has the same heating value as natural gas and that is cleaner than burning coal itself.
		FBC is a process of burning coal in which the coal is inserted in a bed of particles that are suspended in the air and that react with the coal to heat the furnace more cleanly.
		A slurry is coal that is ground to a powder and mixed with water.
	www.teachcoal.org /glossary.html (1125 words)

	Coal \| MyPeakOil.org
		The "recovery rate" for China's coal resources is only 30 percent, less than half the world's average, according to the 2007 Energy Blue Paper recently released by the Social Sciences Publishing House.
		...Coal, the nation's favorite fuel in much of the 19th century and early 20th century, could become so again in the 21st.
		Big Coal arrives on bookshelves June 8, 2006.
	www.mypeakoil.org /taxonomy/term/14 (561 words)

	EPA - Clean Energy - Electricity from Coal
		Coal is a fossil fuel formed from the decomposition of organic materials that have been subjected to geologic heat and pressure over millions of years.
		The coal is often cleaned or washed at the coal mine to remove impurities before it is transported to the power plant—usually by train, barge, or truck.
		Coal mining can also contaminate bodies of water with heavy metals when the water used to clean the coal is discharged back into the environment.
	www.epa.gov /cleanenergy/coal.htm (694 words)

	Coal Information
		Coal is a fossil fuel and is classified into four types--anthracite, bituminous, sub-bituminous, and lignite.
		And the thickness of a coal seam is not always consistent; many a mine has failed because the coal "pinched out." Over time, with the thrust of the Earth's plates, fault lines develop in coal seams, allowing for intrusions of mud and sediment--another hurdle for miners.
		Coals that have been through a prep plant will serve you even better as they will have fewer impurities and be uniformly sized.
	www.appaltree.net /aba/coalspecs.htm (2084 words)

	Coal
		Coal is a fossil fuel created from the remains of plants that lived and died about 100 to 400 million years ago when parts of the earth were covered with huge swampy forests.
		Coal is classified as a nonrenewable energy source because it takes millions of years to form.
		Coal furnaces, which were popular years ago, have largely been replaced by oil or gas furnaces or by electric heat pumps.
	lsa.colorado.edu /summarystreet/texts/coal.htm (1947 words)

	petrolpump.co.in : energy sources, Coal, Anthracite coal, Bituminous coal, Lignite coal, Sub-bituminous coal, Coke, ...
		Coal is thought ultimately to derive its name from the Old English col but this actually meant charcoal at the time; coal was not mined prior to the late Middle Ages; i.e.
		Bituminous coal is a dense coal, usually fl, sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material, used primarily as fuel in steam-electric power generation, with substantial quantities also used for heat and power applications in manufacturing and to make coke.
		Sub-bituminous coal is a coal whose properties range from those of lignite to those of bituminous coal and are used primarily as fuel for steam-electric power generation.
	www.petrolpump.co.in /energy-sources/coal.htm (1720 words)

	Coal
		Coal is a solid, dark-colored fossil fuel found in deposits of sedimentary rock.
		Coal is produced from the remains of ancient plants, club mosses, horsetails, seed ferns and conifers, that lived in swampy areas as long as 400 million years ago (uky.edu).
		Bituminous coal is the most abundant coal in the United States, with a large deposit found in the Allegheny Basin of the East.
	www.scsc.k12.ar.us /2000backeast/ENatHist/Members/Reynolds (421 words)

	The Environmental Literacy Council - Coal
		Coal cinders in Roman ruins in Britain indicate that coal was used during the period of Roman occupation, from approximately 50 to 450 A.D. Despite this early use of coal, there was little incentive to use coal while wood was plentiful.
		Coal is a sedimentary, flammable, organic rock made mostly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
		Coal beds or streams are generally located under a layer of rock in fairly close proximity to the Earth’s surface.
	www.enviroliteracy.org /article.php/18.html (1417 words)

	The Energy Resources Program
		Provide easily accessible geospatial information on the location, quantity, availability, recoverability, and economics of the highest quality American coal and assess coal beds and coal resources for specific uses, such as carbon sequestration, synfuels, coalbed methane, potential National Park or Monument designation, or BLM leasing.
		Coal Topics, Databases, and related information including material on the National Coal Assessment and Coal on Federal Lands.
		The American Coal Foundation (ACF) was created in 1981 as a 501(c)(3) organization to develop, produce, and disseminate coal-related educational materials and programs designed for teachers and students.
	energy.usgs.gov /coal.html (304 words)

	Chapter Ten: Coal
		The best-quality coal can be dug out in lumps that transport well (better than charcoal), but are such concentrated lumps of carbon that they burn for a long time and release a lot of heat for their weight, comparable in quality with the best charcoal, but denser.
		Coal occurs in some regions in astounding quantities, in thick rock beds (seams) that either are visible at the surface or occur at very shallow depths.
		Coal geology and canal-building geology is much more systematic than the rather ad hoc geology of ore deposits, and the fundamental principles of geology were induced in the 18th century rather than earlier.
	www.geology.ucdavis.edu /~cowen/~GEL115/115CH11coal.html (7178 words)

	Rockman's Coal Page
		Coal is at work each time you turn on a switch that allows electricity to power up your lights, microwave, stereo, TV, computer and all those other electircal appliances and gadgets you have lying around the house.
		Because of its color, it is often referred to as "brown coal." Lignite is the result of millions of tons of plants and trees that decayed in a swampy atmosphere about 50-70 million years ago.
		The three major U.S. coal producing regions are Appalachia (West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Eastern Kentucky, and Ohio), the Illinois Basin (Illinois, Indiana and Western Kentucky) and the Powder River Basin (Wyoming and Montana).
	www.rocksandminerals.com /coal.htm (1489 words)

	Coal Combustion
		First, coal combustion produces carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that are suspected to cause climatic warming, and it is a source of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, which are harmful to human health and may be largely responsible for acid rain.
		Coal ash is composed primarily of oxides of silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, titanium, sodium, potassium, arsenic, mercury, and sulfur plus small quantities of uranium and thorium.
		Because coal combustion is projected to increase throughout the world during the next century, the increasing accumulation of coal combustion by-products, including radioactive components, should be discussed in the formulation of energy policy and plans for future energy use.
	www.ornl.gov /info/ornlreview/rev26-34/text/colmain.html (3807 words)

	Coal Mining Sector > Open Directory > 1800miti.Com
		Loy Yang Mine - Loy Yang mine is Australia's largest coal producing mine with an annual output of 31million tonnes of coal and 3-4 million cubic metres of overburden (soil that overlays the coal seams).
		The coal is suitable for use as a base load fuel for domestic and regional utilities or as a blending coal for major export utility customers.
		Coal is the most economical and dependable source for much of the world's growing energy needs, and Kennecott Energy is proud to provide...
	www.1800miti.com /links/mining/mining/coal_mining.html (2039 words)

	DOE - Fossil Energy: A Brief Overview of Coal
		In fact, 1/4 of of all the known coal in the world is in the United States.
		Coal is used primarily in the United States to generate electricity.
		Coal is not only our most abundant fossil fuel, it is also the one with perhaps the longest history.
	www.fe.doe.gov /education/energylessons/coal/gen_coal.html (489 words)

	Coal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bituminous coal is softer and puts more pollution into the air when it is burned.
		Coal is a very important fuel that is used all over the world.
		The heat from burning coal melts the iron that steel is made from and is also used to heat the steam that spins the turbines in many power plants that produce electricity.
	www.ivyhall.district96.k12.il.us /4th/kkhp/RocksandMinerals/Coal.html (122 words)

	EIA — Coal Data, Reports, Analysis, and Surveys
		EIA — Coal Data, Reports, Analysis, and Surveys
		U.S. Coal Supply and Demand: 2006 Review 4/17/07
		GIS Assessment of Remaining Coal Resources with High Market Potential-->
	www.eia.doe.gov /fuelcoal.html (42 words)

	About C o a l
		Coal is a complex mixture of organic chemical substances containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in chemical combination, together with smaller amounts of nitrogen and sulfur.
		Coalification is the name given to the development of the series of substances known as peat, lignite or brown coal, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, and anthracite.
		Coals in the US range from lignite with approximate as-mined carbon content of 30%, volatile matter 27%, and heating value of 7,000 Btu per pound, to anthracite with an average of 85% carbon, 5% volatile matter, and heating value of 12,750 Btu per pound.
	www.bydesign.com /fossilfuels/links/html/coal.html (226 words)

	The Peak in U.S. Coal Production
		It can be easily seen that natural gas, petroleum, and coal make up the vast majority of American energy demand and that as petroleum and gas consumption have risen or fallen, coal has done the inverse.
		In this scenario, coal is forecast to peak in 2035.
		It is probably safe to assume that coal and economic growth will be closely tied in the next few decades meaning that we can either have long lasting coal supplies or economic growth, but not both.
	www.fromthewilderness.com /free/ww3/052504_coal_peak.html (2194 words)

	Coal Association of Canada - The Coal Classroom (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Educators, students, or those looking for a good introduction to coal and how it is mined, transported, and used can check out the Coal Association's Coal Kit.
		Careers in the Coal Industry may not be what you would expect.
		For those who are new to the coal or energy industry and may not understand all of the "lingo", check out the Glossary of terms.
	www.coal.ca /class.htm (183 words)

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