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Topic: Cold nuclear fusion

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	Open Directory - Science: Physics: Nuclear: Fusion: Cold Fusion
		Cold Fusion Project by Jean-Louis Naudin - Description of "Cold Fusion Reactor" experiment based on the work of Mizuno and Ohmori.
		Cold Fusion Research - 1989 report of the Energy Research Advisory Board to the United States Department of Energy.
		Cold Fusion Times - Journal of the scientific aspects of loading isotopic fuels into materials.
	www.dmoz.org /Science/Physics/Nuclear/Fusion/Cold_Fusion (474 words)

	Cold Fusion,nuclear fusion, infinite energy, low energy nuclear reactions,lenr,chemically assisted nuclear ...
		Fusion is the process taking place in the Sun's core where, at temperatures of millions of degrees, hydrogen atoms are compressed together by elemental forces to form helium and a massive outpouring of energy in the thermonuclear reaction of the hydrogen bomb.
		The measure of MIT's success in killing off cold fusion is that still today, the U.S. Department of Energy refuses to fund any research into it while the U.S. Patent Office relies on the MIT report to refuse any patents based on or relating to cold fusion processes even though hundreds have been submitted.
		The coup de grace was delivered to cold fusion when the U.S. House committee formed to examine the claims for cold fusion, came down on the side of the skeptics.
	www.alternativescience.com /cold_fusion.htm (2776 words)

	Nuclear Reactions - Cold Fusion
		Fusion doesn't occur without an outside force, because the magnetic field in the atom keeps the two nuclei from fusing.
		Nuclear fission is currently being used to provide 20 percent of the power used in our country.
		Whatever the type of fusion that is chosen, some of the main powers of the world have decided to pool their data.
	www.lancs.ac.uk /ug/eardley/cold_fusion.htm (962 words)

	Cold fusion (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The term "cold fusion" was coined by Paul Palmer of Brigham Young University in 1986 in an investigation of or the possible existence of fusion in planetary core.
		Nuclear reaction in general: The average of deuterium in the palladium rod seems insufficient to force pairs of nuclei close for fusion to occur according to mechanisms to mainstream theories.
		Some are "cold" in the sense no part of the reaction is actually (except for the reaction products) some are in the sense that the energies required low and the bulk of the material at a relatively low temperature and some "hot" involving reactions which create macroscopic regions very high temperature and pressure.
	www.freeglossary.com /Cold_fusion (3195 words)

	Cold fusion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In nuclear fusion, two nuclei are forced to join together to form a heavier nucleus, and during that process, energy is released.
		Nuclear reaction in general: The average density of deuterium in the palladium rod seems vastly insufficient to force pairs of nuclei close enough for fusion to occur according to mechanisms known to mainstream theories.
		Cold fusion researchers said that cold fusion is suppressed, and that skeptics suffer from pathological disbelief.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cold_fusion (7744 words)

	Unveiling the mystery of cold nuclear fusion, Interview with Russ George, by Connie Hargrave; Share International ...
		An interview with scientist Russ George, about his view that cold fusion is a nuclear reaction and a legitimate, safe and low-cost source of energy for the future.
		RG: A nuclear reaction is considered synonymous with the presence of radiation, and the scientific mindset does not allow for a nuclear reaction which emits no measurable radiation.
		Cold fusion produces intense alpha radiation, which is totally different: it takes only a few atoms to shield you from it, whereas it takes three feet of lead to shield you from the nuclear radiation produced by an atom bomb explosion.
	www.share-international.org /archives/Science-tech/sci_chunveil.html (1874 words)

	Cold nuclear fusion; Share International Archives
		In fact, Fleischmann and Pons say their ‘cold fusion’ process can be generated in a laboratory test tube, earning it the nickname of "fusion in a jar".
		Fusion, which produces energy by the merging of atomic nuclei, produces no, or very small amounts of waste, but has been thought to involve so much heat — millions of degrees — that it cannot be contained or maintained.
		In the cold fusion process, however, that negative electrode was made of a metal called palladium, and the nuclei of the deuterium accumulated inside the palladium electrode in high concentrations.
	www.shareintl.org /archives/Science-tech/sci_coldnuc-fusion.htm (646 words)

	PowerPedia:Cold fusion - PESWiki
		Cold Fusion is perhaps the most controversial scientific claim of the 20th Century (and there was no shortage of controversial scientific claims during this time period).
		By 2004, the cold fusion controversy had thawed to the point that the U.S. Department of Energy was willing to re-examine cold fusion claims, after 15 years of ignoring them, and concluded their reassessment with a report (http://freeenergynews.com/Directory/ColdFusion/DOE_Report_2004/) in late 2004.
		Years after the original cold fusion announcement, thousands of experiments have been performed and some preliminary conclusions have been drawn about the exact materials, ratios and conditions that are necessary to achieve cold fusion in a typical aqueous experimental setup.
	peswiki.com /energy/PowerPedia:Cold_fusion (2231 words)

	Unveiling the mystery of cold nuclear fusion, Interview with Russ George, by Connie Hargrave; Share International ...
		Cold nuclear fusion is not an invention, but a phenomenon of nature which is very energetic.
		In order to cause a fusion reaction, as in the hydrogen bomb, it is necessary to have temperatures equal to those of the centre of the sun.
		Cold fusion produces intense alpha radiation, which is totally different: it takes only a few atoms to shield you from it, whereas it takes three feet of lead to shield you from the nuclear radiation produced by an atom bomb explosion.
	www.shareintl.org /archives/Science-tech/sci_chunveil.html (1874 words)

	[No title]
		The rate of nuclear fusion in molecular hydrogen is then governed by the quantum-mechanical tunneling through that barrier, or equivalently, the probability of finding the two nuclei at zero separation.
		In muon-catalyzed fusion, the internuclear separation is reduced by a factor of approximately 200 (the muon to electron mass ratio), and the nuclear fusion rate correspondingly increases by roughly eighty orders of magnitude [1].
		Thus, while the fusion rates observed so far are small, the discovery of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter opens the possibility at least of a new path to fusion energy.
	blackroses.textfiles.com /fun/fusion (2325 words)

	COLD FUSION - ENERGY SOURCE OF THE FUTURE
		Cold fusion produces intense alpha radiation, which is totally different: it takes only a few atoms to shield you from it, whereas it takes three feet of lead to shield you from the nuclear radiation produced by an
		In sum, because cold fusion does not produce energetic, penetrating nuclear radiation, scientists have disclaimed it — as not being nuclear.
		What these early cold fusion results are telling them is: “Thetext book you completed 10 years ago, which is the ‘bible’ of nuclear physics, is mostly wrong.
	www.share-berlin.info /fu_interw.htm (2174 words)

	THE EQUATION OF LIFE
		Further, the trans-membrane potential TMP enables the nuclear transmutation of Na to K by preparing the Na and O nucleus during its crossing the field across the membrane, in case of a normal TMP present which is of the order of 10 MVolts/m.
		This basic mechanism of cold nuclear fusion explains the simple wisdom and physiology of the cell and the miracle of life, without unknown, magical and mysterious mechanical functions for the cell membrane, contradicting the elementary logic of saturation and depletion for finite volume cells.
		The nuclear fusion of Na to K by Oxygen seems to be the most important function of the cell and the key to its life and metabolism.
	www.papimi.gr /eqoflif.htm (2475 words)

	Cold Fusion Patents
		For an electrode for cold nuclear fusion, an element whose atomic number is close to that of a precious metal or a rare element is chosen as a substance which can cause nuclear transformation, or a material for the nuclear transformation of a precious metal and a rare element.
		A negative electrode for an ordinary temperature nuclear fusion chain reaction electrode made of a porous metal having the porosity of 0.5-80vol.% is manufactured.
		Nuclear reaction occurs on the boundary layer of the negative electrode electrolytic solution and in the electrode metal, and a large quantity of heat is obtained.
	www.rexresearch.com /coldfusn/coldfusn.htm (2782 words)

	What is the difference between nuclear fusion and cold fusion?
		Cold fusion is an attempt to get fusion to occur under less extreme conditions, possibly as a result of chemical reactions.
		Cold fusion, if it worked, would be a form of nuclear fusion.
		The process was called cold fusion because the temperatures involved were far lower than any at which fusion had been known to occur.
	www.physlink.com /Education/AskExperts/ae330.cfm (401 words)

	Cold Fusion — LENR - CANR
		Cold Fusion lab in Frascati, part of the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment.
		The report lays out the navy's evidence that cold fusion is real, a verifiable nuclear event that liberates more energy than it consumes.
		Cold Fusion Times: The journal of the scientific aspects of loading isotopic fuels into materials.
	home.earthlink.net /~tinmachine/coldfusion (548 words)

	Brian's Igloo of Cold Fusion: A Dictionary of Nuclear Terms
		Barium is a by-product of nuclear fission of uranium-235.
		Krypton is a by-product of nuclear fission of uranium-235.
		The nucleus is the part of the atom which splits in nuclear fission and fuses with another nucleus in nuclear fusion.
	www.hamilton.net /subscribers/brian/coldfusn/lexicon.html (681 words)

	Nuclear Fusion Links
		Cold Nuclear Fusion Research This Cold Nuclear Fusion page includes information dealing with the basics of nuclear fusion, an overview of cold fusion and the factors involved, cold fusion construction guide (chemicals, safety, electrochemical cell, analytical results, theories), news.
		Fusion and the Z Pinch - Scientific American Investigate the Z-machine, which triggers controlled fusion with X-rays.
		General Atomics Fusion Group The Fusion Group, home of the DIII-D National Fusion Facility, is a division of General Atomics, a high-technology research and development corporation in San Diego, California.
	www.nacworldwide.com /Links/Nuclear-Fusion.htm (277 words)

	Cold Fusion Research: Models And Potential Benefits
		Some researchers continue to see their results as purely fusion based, others have come up with terms such as "new hydrogen energy," or "chemically assisted nuclear fusion" or "cold nuclear fission." The biggest conflict appears to be designing a theory in which the nuclear Coulomb barrier is overcome even at low temperatures.
		Very high thermal energy prevents the Coulomb forces from deviating their trajectories under conditions of hot fusion, but in metal there is a high concentration of low-thermal-energy protons and electrons at a mean distance of about 2 Angstroms and when exposed to a transient electrical field the probability of the three-body collision increases.
		Nuclear interactions can be coherent when the difference in the phases of the wave functions of the compound nucleus states formed by overlap between the itinerant deuteron (neutron) and the lattice deuterons (nuclei) is an integral multiple of 2
	www.padrak.com /ine/NICONF96.html (5690 words)

	Cold nuclear fusion. Condensed matter nuclear science. Neutrino driven nuclear reactions by dr. Veniamin Filimonov
		The hypothesis is based on the novel concept of neutrino suggested by the author, according to that a neutrino is a quantum of so-called torsion radiation, to be yielded under proceeding of any irreversible process, to be emitted or absorbed under phase transitions in matter and to be generated easily using appropriate devices...
		Filimonov: The term “neutrino - driven nuclear reactions” (NDR) is usually attributed to some reactions of direct or reverse b-decay having, as a rule, extremely small section and applied for detection of neutrino (antineutrino).
		We consider, contrary, that great majority of intensely flowing reactions of b-decay, nuclear fission and partly of fusion, formerly described without participation of neutrino on an inlet, are a neutrino-driven ones.
	www.cold-nuclear-fusion.com (285 words)

	Coming in out of the cold: nuclear fusion, for real \| csmonitor.com
		Fusion is a tremendous source of energy; the reason we're not using it to meet our everyday energy needs is that it's very hard to get a fusion reaction going.
		The whole trick with fusion is you've got to get protons close enough together for the strong force to overcome their electrical repulsion and merge them together into a nucleus.
		Scientists have gotten fusion to occur in the laboratory before, but for the most part, they've tried to mimic conditions inside the sun by whipping hydrogen gas up to extreme temperatures or slamming atoms together in particle accelerators.
	www.csmonitor.com /2005/0606/p25s01-stss.html (1560 words)

	Desktop nuclear fusion demonstrated - fundamentals - 27 April 2005 - New Scientist
		To test whether these fields could indeed cause nuclear fusion, Putterman and UCLA colleagues Brian Naranjo and James Gimzewski first bathed a crystal of lithium tantalate in deuterium gas.
		Fusion science is littered with hype and over-optimistic claims, but Putterman has convinced his peers that something interesting is going on.
		The prospect of a desktop alternative is a powerful incentive to continue the research and Putterman’s team hopes to increase the yield by operating at lower temperatures and by using an array of crystals.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn7315 (701 words)

	COLD FUSION TIMES
		Fusion is the process taking place in the Sun's core where, at temperatures of millions of degrees, hydrogen atoms are compressed together by elemental forces to form helium and a massive outpouring of energy in the thermonuclear reaction of the hydrogen bomb.
		Experimental nuclear fusion reactors have historically required large, multibillion-dollar machines, but sonofusion devices might be built for a fraction of the cost and theoretically could be an unlimited source of clean energy.
		World nuclear capacity is projected to rise from 361 gigawatts in 2003 to 438 gigawatts in 2030, with significant declines in capacity projected only for Europe, where several countries have either plans or mandates to phase out nuclear power, or where old reactors are expected to be retired and not replaced.
	world.std.com /~mica/cft.html (14628 words)

	SCIENCE AND RESEARCH OF THE FUTURE
		Scientists at the sixth annual Cold Fusion Conference held in Hokkaido, Japan, reported the hardest evidence to date of cold nuclear fusion — a nuclear reaction produced at close to room temperatures.
		The ‘discovery’ of cold nuclear fusion was reported world-wide in May 1989 when two electrochemists working at the University of Utah in the US announced they had succeeded in producing a nuclear reaction at temperatures of 30-100° Centigrade.
		The cold nuclear fusion process, by definition, did not require extremely high temperatures, such as the millions of degrees needed in ‘hot’ nuclear fusion experiments.
	www.share-berlin.info /fusion.htm (1585 words)

	Really Cold Fusion, Notes on a Different Approach
		If this is true, the most effective cold fusion processes should occur, not in substrates presently being electrolytically loaded with deuterium from heavy water at room temperature or higher, but quite possibly in substrates loaded from liquid deuterium or in pre-loaded substrates immersed in liquid deuterium for use.
		On the other hand, if the primary effect is a sharing or delocalization of nuclear components, there may be particular vibrational or rotational modes of the system or its component atoms which favor this sharing, even though random vibration or rotation in all possible modes (i.e., higher temperature) disfavors it.
		It might well be possible to covert energy from fusion events directly into electricity with a thermodynamic efficiency much better than is possible for the heat engines now proposed (most of which propose using fusion to boil heavy water and drive a turbine).
	www.geocities.com /guidesinexile (1556 words)

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