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	Communist state - Search.com
		Communist state is a term used by many political scientists to describe a form of government in which the state operates under a one-party system and declares allegiance to Marxism-Leninism or a derivative thereof.
		The state and the Communist Party claim to act in accordance with the wishes of the working class; they claim to have implemented a democratic dictatorship of the proletariat; and they claim to be moving towards the gradual abolition of the state and the implementation of communism.
		Communist states do not have a separation of powers; instead, they have one national legislative body (such as the Supreme Soviet in the Soviet Union) which is considered the highest organ of state power and which is legally superior to the executive and judicial branches of government.
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/Communist_state (2073 words)

	Communist state
		In the technical terminology of political science, a communist state is a state where the form of government is based on a single political party, and that party claims to adhere to an ideology based on Marxism-Leninism.
		The twenty-first century communist states are the People's Republic of China, Cuba, North Korea, and Vietnam, though all have evolved politically and economically from their original form (and arguably away from the definition of a communist state).
		In addition, current states are either in the capitalist or socialist phase of history, and the role of the Communist Party is to pull a nation toward the communist phase of history by first implementing socialism.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/co/Communist_state.html (1060 words)

	Communist state - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Communist state claims to be the practical enactment of this dictatorship of the proletariat.
		Other communists went even further; anarchist communists and left- / council communists went very far in their critique of marxism-leninism and the communist (pseudo-)parties and they were often a driving part in uprisings against the communist states, for example the Hungarian revolution.
		Communist states have maintained a large secret police apparatus to closely monitor the population and silence those deemed "enemies of the state." Arrest, torture, "reeducation," and summary execution are all methods that have been employed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Communist_state (4454 words)

	The Scotsman Archive - Item from 10th June 1949 - Hysteria about Communist activities in US
		Chicago University was recently subjected to an Illinois State investigation of alleged Communist views among professors and studentsalthough the State Governor denounced the investigation as unnecessary and probably illegal.
		New York State Legislature has now passed legislation requiring the Council of Regents to draw up a list of organisations membership of which shall be the cause of dismissal of any teacher.
		Its report naming hundreds of people as Communist - fellow-travellers" or appeasers," stated: "These and others are typical of a group which has followed or has appeased the Communist line, and have persistently, viciously, and dishonestly attacked the committee.
	archive.scotsman.com /article.cfm?id=TSC/1949/06/10/Ar00600 (1001 words)

	Communist state information - Search.com
		Most of the Communist states in the world were established in the aftermath of World War II in Eastern Europe, either in countries which were liberated from the Nazis by the Soviet Red Army, or in countries where Communist-led partisans succeeded in driving out the Nazis and taking power themselves.
		Communist states have maintained a large secret police apparatus to closely monitor the population and silence those deemed "enemies of the state." Arrest, torture, "reeducation," and summary execution are all methods that have been employed.
		States that incorporate the policies and techniques of the orthodox Stalinist state of the 1930s are characteristically more totalitarian, impoverished, militaristic, and static, as can be seen in North Korea and Communist Albania.
	www.search.com /reference/Communist_State (4171 words)

	Communist state - China-related Topics CM-CP - China-Related Topics
		Communist governments (in the sense of "governments that were - or claimed to be - in the process of moving towards a communist society") typically arose during times of general international unrest.
		Communist societies have existed throughout history, and many exist today, but it was not until the 20th century that highly organized Communist Parties based on Marxist-Leninist ideology gave rise to Communist states.
		The history of Communist states is often closely related to the history of noncommunist regimes, and to the history of the communist movement in general.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Communist_state (4276 words)

	State and Society in Early Socialist Transition
		Yang’s main concern is not whether the state was communist or not because he accepts socialist revolution as an attempt to build a modern society on the socialist pattern.
		The framework that the state initiates change and society is susceptible to it tends to conclude that revolutionary rapid change is possible, whether or not an individual scholar has a positive attitude toward Chinese Communists.
		However, Lieberthal and the authors of Chinese Village, Socialist State share the premise of older scholars who hold that Chinese traditional elements are unsusceptible to social changes and that the Communist state had a strong initiative, whether it was successful or not.
	orpheus.ucsd.edu /chinesehistory/pgp/jihee50sessay.htm (2983 words)

	Communism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		With the collapse of the Communist governments in eastern Europe from the late 1980s and the breakup of the Soviet Union on December 8, 1991, Communism's influence has decreased dramatically in Europe, but around a quarter of the world's population still lives under Communist states.
		Following Lenin's democratic centralism, the Communist parties were organized on a hierarchical basis, with active cells of members as the broad base; they were made up only of elite cadres approved by higher members of the party as being reliable and completely subject to party discipline.
		Despite the activity of the Comintern, the Soviet Communist Party adopted the Stalinist theory of "socialism in one country" and claimed that, due to the "aggravation of class struggle under socialism," it was possible, even necessary, to build socialism in one country alone.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Communist (3546 words)

	The State as an Ensemble of Economic Actors: Some Inferences from China's Trajectory of Change
		Communist states are in effect organizations that serve to perpetuate the advantages of a bureaucratic oligarchy or ruling class.
		The state's coercive structures and monopolistic markets separate farmers from their produce at artificially low prices and keep the prices for their inputs relatively high; wages and consumption patterns are kept low, as are investment in "wasteful" consumer goods and "unproductive" investments such as housing, roads, and telecommunications (except for national defense).
		For a state whose agents have all developed alternative sources of revenue to those provided by their superiors, and whose agents have developed strong interests in the maintenance of a market economy, is also a central state that is progressively unable to contemplate a return to the former status quo (Walder, 1995b).
	www.nap.edu /readingroom/books/transform/ch17.htm (8020 words)

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		There was an overall trend towards eliminating the political monopoly of the communist party, scrapping or significantly revising constitutions to guarantee free democratic elections and separation of powers, and the removal of state control over educational institutions and intellectual freedoms.
		The aim of ousting the communist party’s ultimate control of political structures is resonated in Rumania’s National Salvation Front’s call "to abandon the leading role of a single party and to establish a democratic and pluralistic system of government…[and] to elect all political leaders for one or two mandates [terms], at the most.
		Echoed in other states, Hungary in particular, is the sentiment that in order to ensure the transition from the old to new order is successful in improving the conditions of citizens state monopoly on education must be abolished (Daniels 334).
	students.washington.edu /dustind/essay/collapse.htm (1337 words)

	The Kosovo Chronicles, by Dusan Batakovic (Part 1a)
		The national policy of the Yugoslav communists was an ideological and national negation of the establishment of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which the Serbs saw as their own - the heir to the political traditions and democratic institutions of the Kingdom of Serbia.
		Serbian communists in whose hands was the fate of the republic made feeble and pathetic attempts in the late 70's to improve within the framework of the existing system the position of Serbs in Kosovo.
		The failure of the Serbian communists in late eighties to comprehend the extent of the international repercussions of the ethnic strife in Yugoslavia, and pretentious in the worst Titoistic manner, incapacitated an active communication of Serbia with the centers of political and economic power in the world.
	www.snd-us.com /history/dusan/kc_part1a.htm (8306 words)

	"Communist Democracy" in Iran
		Why socialist and communist parties in Europe were able to form states of so-called "socialist or communist democracy" in Europe is not because of their program being much different from the same parties in former Soviet Union and Eastern Block, China, Vietnam, Cuba and North Korea.
		Even Communist Parties just like the Social-Democratic Parties were able to lead democratic states in Europe, although they had the same statism and state economy in their program like the Russian Communist party, platforms that were responsible for the despotic nature of Soviet and Eastern Block states.
		The state ownership is the foundation of despotism in these countries and even the media will be subordinate to state under state economy and this is why people end up listening to foreign media to hear the true news because the internal news is none but the state's news.
	www.ghandchi.com /261-CommunistDemocracy.htm (1157 words)

	Laos (04/07)
		The fall of Saigon and Phnom Penh to communist forces in April 1975 hastened the decline of the coalition in Laos.
		State firms were granted increased decision-making authority and lost most of their subsidies and pricing advantages.
		The Department of State encourages all U.S citizens who traveling or residing abroad to register via the State Department's travel registration website or at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate abroad.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/2770.htm (3128 words)

	The Communist State As A “Developmental Terrorist” By Aseem Shrivastava
		State absurdity can be judged from the fact that a 2-year-old girl was charged with rioting.
		As everyone knows, modern industry requires reliable infrastructure, not something which is India’s strong point, thanks to the betrayal by the state of one of its key duties in the midst of the mania for privatization since the 1990s.
		Because the state and its organs of justice have gone deaf.
	www.countercurrents.org /hr-aseem081206.htm (1869 words)

	Cuba (10/06)
		In 1991, however, the Communist Party lifted its prohibition against religious believers seeking membership, and a year later the constitution was amended to characterize the state as secular instead of atheist.
		In response, the United States imposed an embargo on Cuba in October 1960, and, in response to Castro's provocations, broke diplomatic relations on January 3, 1961.
		The constitution states that all legally recognized civil liberties can be denied to anyone who opposes the "decision of the Cuban people to build socialism." Citizens can be and are jailed for terms of 3 years or more for simply criticizing the communist system or Fidel Castro.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/2886.htm (7815 words)

	Tradition, Family, and Property
		But since in certain Communist countries the Church is allowed to survive, albeit with only a modicum of freedom, their determination to face the danger of nuclear war is greatly weakened.
		Communist "culture," considered in all its aspects and in each one of them, leads to the denial of morality and of law.
		Therefore, to abolish private property is to place the individual at the mercy of the state, deprive his mind of some basic conditions for it to function normally, and cause the atrophy of the faculties of his soul through lack of exercise; it is, in short, to deform him profoundly.
	www.tfp.org /what_we_think/the_church_and_the_comm_state/the_church_and_the-comm_state.htm (12557 words)

	The State and Revolution — Chapter 5
		Only in communist society, when the resistance of the capitalists have disappeared, when there are no classes (i.e., when there is no distinction between the members of society as regards their relation to the social means of production), only then "the state...
		It is this communist society, which has just emerged into the light of day out of the womb of capitalism and which is in every respect stamped with the birthmarks of the old society, that Marx terms the “first”, or lower, phase of communist society.
		Democracy is a form of the state, it represents, on the one hand, the organized, systematic use of force against persons; but, on the other hand, it signifies the formal recognition of equality of citizens, the equal right of all to determine the structure of, and to administer, the state.
	www.marxists.org /archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/ch05.htm (4291 words)

	New Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The objectives of the communist state parties in the third world included: the development of a strong state communist party, the ideological and technical education of its people, a push towards industrialization, and a strong stance against imperialist forces supported by military actions if needed.
		The communist parties of these newly developing states share the Comintern’s focus and admiration of the army as the defenders of the people, the belief that the people can be made revolutionaries, and most importantly the focus on liberation of colonial possessions from imperialist powers (Daniels 26).
		While the Soviets were supporting new optimistic socialist revolutions in newly developing communist states such as Angola and Nicaragua, older communist states such as China and Poland were implementing or calling for reforms that would separate them from the Soviet socialist model that was spreading throughout the third world.
	students.washington.edu /dustind/essay/expansion.htm (1332 words)

	In the Media
		Communist authorities in Laos arrested 10 North Korean refugees and two South Korean activists in late May as they attempted to reach safety in neighboring Thailand, a South Korean newspaper reported on Friday (June 9)...
		But when they are North Koreans bearing fresh accounts of abuses committed by their communist state and the horrors undergone to escape them, they quickly grab attention...
		A bipartisan group of nine senior U.S. lawmakers has sent a letter to Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice urging the administration to establish an asylum policy for North Korean refugees, according to a copy of the letter obtained Wednesday...
	www.helpinghandskorea.org /media.htm (925 words)

	SECTION31.COM - Is UFP a Communist State?
		Turning our attention now to the pillars of a Communist state, its military force and the means of production we see that they are one and the same in present day Federation.
		Like the Federation, a Communist state maintains direct control over the means of production within its borders in order to sustain the highest level of both efficiency and effectiveness.
		The UFP is a federal union of member states that are represented by the Federation Council, the primary governing body that elects the Federation president.
	www.section31.com /column.php?id=14 (1228 words)

	Museum of Communism FAQ
		Rather, Communist governments would judge "enemies of the people" to be common in one's class, family, or ethnicity, and respond with blanket repression of the entire suspect group.
		The communistic ideal is that the state may evaporate and be no longer necessary as man advances into perfect brotherhood.
		As the Communist countries' prosperity lagged ever further behind that of their more capitalist counterparts, even many skeptics concluded that the difference was not coincidental, but systemic.
	www.gmu.edu /departments/economics/bcaplan/museum/comfaq.htm (13899 words)

	WCFIA: Weatherhead Center for International Affairs (Site not responding. Last check: )
		After the collapse of communist regimes across Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, scholars overlooked a central aspect of the transition: the need to reconstruct public authority, or state-building.
		Likewise, theorists of the state have largely ignored the post-communist challenge to existing theories of state capacity and development.
		Two aspects of this process determine subsequent state trajectories: a) the representativeness of elite competition (that is, whether elites compete by representing constituencies, or in self-contained elite conflicts), and b) the mechanisms of elite competition (that is, whether it is channeled via formal institutions, or informal networks and ties.)
	www.wcfia.harvard.edu /rsrchpapsum.asp?ID=514 (163 words)

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