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Topic: Conceptual metaphor

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	Conceptual metaphor, - Conceptual Metaphor Theory as Methodology for Comparative Religion
		Conceptual metaphor as a means of understanding and explaining language use is by now well established.
		Conceptual metaphors: ontology-based representation and corpora driven mapping principles.
		EJ600915 - A "Primer" in Conceptual Metaphor for Counselors.
	theinfopointer.com /?q=conceptual-metaphor (1208 words)

	Conceptual Metaphor, Language, Literature
		Conceptual metaphor as a means of understanding and explaining language use is by now well established.
		Linguistic metaphors are motivated by conceptual metaphors and are the realisations that appear in everyday written and spoken forms.
		Novel, creative metaphorical expressions in a language can be traced back to a limited number of underlying conceptual metaphors formed by experience and culture; the instantiations are novel but the mappings are pre-existent and reside in the conceptual system.
	www.shakespeare.uk.net /journal/jllearn/1_2/bailey.html (4337 words)

	Metaphor Examples for teachers, students and writers.
		The difference between metaphor and idiom is explained.
		This website is dedicated to the proposal that the metaphorical relationships drawn between any two disciplines are, in fact, universal, being isomorphic mathematical derivations of the Unified Field Theory.
		Further, that this symmetric aspect of metaphor is extrapolatable both linearly and laterally, thus may be harnessed to mathematically predict missing knowledge and invention in all other disciplines.
	knowgramming.com /metaphors/metaphor_chapters/examples.htm (315 words)

	BLENDING AND METAPHOR
		If conceptual metaphor theory is primarily concerned with well-established metaphoric associations between concepts, and blending theory focuses on the ability to combine elements from familiar conceptualizations into new and meaningful ones, then conceptual metaphors are among the stable structures available for exploitation by the blending process.
		As a result, the metaphorical mapping between the nation and the ship, the nation's history and the ship's course over the sea, and so forth, is now stored in memory and provides a trigger that allows conceptual blending to proceed, including the kinds of creative conceptual manipulation we examined in the last section.
		Like metaphors, the conceptual blend underlying this sentence involves counterparts, construed as crucially different, which are fused in the blended space; a single entity there corresponds to a different person in each of the inputs.
	markturner.org /blendaphor.html (7362 words)

	Bambooweb: Conceptual metaphor
		Conceptual metaphor: In cognitive linguistics metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain, e.g.
		In his view, the basic human capacity to acquire language and believe metaphor is abused by restricting, in the mass media, the range and type of metaphors to which the citizen is exposed.
		Critics of this ethics-driven approach to language tend to accept that idiom reflects conceptual metaphors strongly, but actual grammar much less so (a claim that Chomsky accepts), and more basic cross-cultural concepts of scientific method and mathematical practice tend to minimize the impact of metaphors (a claim that Chomsky has strongly rejected).
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/c/o/Conceptual_metaphor.html (882 words)

	Reply to Bonnie Gold's Review
		Conceptual metaphors, on the contrary, are empirically observable mechanisms of the human mind, which as explanatory constructs must satisfy strong biological and cognitive constraints.
		To refer to conceptual metaphors as isomorphisms is to assume that the book is within the discipline of mathematics, which it is not.
		Via a specific conceptual metaphor (the BMI), an unending iterative process that goes on and on can be conceptualized as a process with an actual end and an actual final resultant state (which are precisely the elements not inherent to the target domain of unending processes).
	www.maa.org /reviews/wheremath_reply.html (2077 words)

	Thinking Points Discussion of Chapter 4 - Part 1: Progressive Morality — Rockridge Nation
		A conceptual metaphor is the mapping of knowledge from one domain of experience (sometimes called the source domain) to another (sometimes called the target domain).
		The right’s reasoning, expressed within the Nation as Family metaphor, is that successive governments have failed to “make it clear” to the immigrants that they must abandon their conservative worldview and adapt to the European, individualistic, secular outlook.
		Reacting to the metaphors as though they were literally true misses the profound insights of the observations behind the metaphors.
	www.rockridgenation.org /blog/archive/2007/04/16/thinking-points-discussion-of-chapter-4-part-1-progressive-morality (9646 words)

	Thinking Points Discussion of Chapter 4 - Part 2: Conservative Morality — Rockridge Nation
		A conceptual metaphor is the mapping of knowledge from one domain of experience (source domain) to the another (target domain).
		Building on the previous discussion of the conceptual metaphor for Nation as Family, we now explore the family experience common in many American homes that informs conservative politics.
		An important component of conceptual analysis and framing that often goes unnoticed is the role of emotional context in driving neural processes.
	www.rockridgenation.org /blog/archive/2007/04/23/thinking-points-discussion-of-chapter-4-part-2-conservative-morality (12163 words)

	Conceptual Science (Site not responding. Last check: )
		VirtueScience recognizes a universal conceptual matrix-a kind of periodic table of simple concepts from which all our countless thoughts and beliefs are formed by combination.
		The I ching, the tarot, astrology and various other systems as they are widely understood today are merely distorted fragments of a universal science.
		The ancient metaphor and it's relevence to the science of concepts.
	www.virtuescience.com /conceptualscience.html (326 words)

	Grady, Oakley, and Coulson: Blending and Metaphor
		Initially, the metaphor may seem to explainable in terms of direct projection from the source domain of butchery to the target domain of surgery, guided by a series of fixed counterpart mappings: "butcher" onto "surgeon"; "animal" (cow) maps onto "human being"; "commodity" onto "patient"; "cleaver" onto "scalpel"; and so forth.
		Metaphorical blends, on the other hand, involve a different kind of fusion, in which certain very salient aspects of input domain structure are prohibited from entering the blend, and in which some salient structure in the blended space is prevented from floating back to the inputs.
		In arguing that conceptual metaphor theory and blending theory provide largely complementary formalisms, we have suggested that many of the differences between them reflect their motivation in different aspects of the same data.
	cogweb.ucla.edu /CogSci/Grady_99.html (7749 words)

	Mixing Memory : Conceptual Metaphor Comment by Dr. Gibbs
		Conceptual metaphor motivates aspects of contemporary speakers' knowledge in long-term memory (i.e., structuring many abstract concepts) that motivates their tacit understandings of why various words, phrases, and texts convey the figurative meanings they do.
		Conceptual metaphors are part of contemporary speakers' knowledge in long-term memory that is immediately recruited (i.e., accessed or activated) during online metaphorical language production and comprehension, as well as different reasoning tasks.
		Conceptual metaphors arise from recurring patterns of bodily experience and have neural substrates that shape certain abstract thought and language use.
	scienceblogs.com /mixingmemory/2007/06/conceptual_metaphor_comment_by_1.php (2142 words)

	Metaphor and Neuropsychology
		A conceptual metaphor, such as LOVE IS A JOURNEY, is constituted by a mapping between areas of the brain, such as between affect and sensorimotor areas.
		While RHD patients selected the metaphoric picture much less frequently than LHD patients or the control group in the first task, in the second task RHD patients were able to verbalize their choices using figurative language whereas LHD patients were unable to explain their 'correct' choices verbally.
		However, the conceptual metaphor model seems to argue against a strict localization of metaphor in th RH as it requires activation in related sensorimotor areas (i.e.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~uophil/metaphor/neurophl.htm (3181 words)

	Metaphors We Live By, Lakoff and Johnson
		Metaphors We Live By has led many readers to a new recognition of how profoundly metaphors not only shape our view of life in the present but set up the expectations that determine what life well be for us in the future.
		Metaphor is for most people device of the poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish--a matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary language.
		Since metaphorical expressions in our language are tied to metaphorical concepts in a systematic way, we can use metaphorical linguistic expressions to study the nature of metaphorical concepts and to gain an understanding of the metaphorical nature of our activities.
	theliterarylink.com /metaphors.html (3589 words)

	Metaphor Bibliography \| (Conceptual) Metaphor (.net)
		The cohesive role of cognitive metaphor in discourse and conversation.
		Metaphor and metonymy at the crossroads: A cognitive perspective.
		A typology of motivation for conceptual metaphor: Correlation vs. resemblance.
	www.conceptualmetaphor.net /bibliography (557 words)

	Conceptual Blending on the Information Highway:
		Finally, it is possible to get a conceptual mapping clearly wrong in at least two ways: first, the mapping between the elements may be unsupported by the evidence--I have seen no evidence supporting a mapping between vehicles and the internet's cabling; second, the metaphor may be stated at the wrong level of generality.
		The conceptual mappings of the metaphor system are resolved in accordance with the valency of key elements in the source domain, resulting in the two dual cases.
		Gore's highly successful conceptual blend of the dual metaphor systems traded on blending the building of the information highway's pathways with the power of information to fuel future social change, setting the stage for a complex metaphorical inference about the role and degree of governmental involvement in constrcuting this highway.
	philosophy.uoregon.edu /metaphor/iclacnf4.htm (6801 words)

	List of Metaphor Sites
		"Metaphors are particularly important to information technology because, as a new field, its functions and properties are first talked of in a human perspective.
		Therefore, metaphors seem to be especially useful for explaining the space of possible meaning complexes or designs of information systems"(from the abstract).
		This site is a study of the metaphors teachers use to describe themselves and their students.
	umbc7.umbc.edu /~lharris/metalist.htm (1244 words)

	Conceptual metaphor - SourceWatch
		Conceptual metaphor is the mapping between perception and action, or "seeing and doing".
		Extreme variance in conceptual metaphors operant in a given context, e.g.
		Other theorists, Carol Moore for instance, see these metaphors as inherently diverging, thus secession is a right.
	www.sourcewatch.org /index.php?title=Conceptual_metaphor (251 words)

	Metaphor Links
		Metaphor Analysis Project is funded by the UK's National Centre for Research Methodology, awarded to Lynn Cameron and the MetNet Group, and does serious research on metaphor and metonymy in spoken and written discourse.
		Metaphors for organizations are documented by James Lawley, treating organizations and their behavior.
		Metaphors in Various Disciplines is a list of links maintained by Virginia Montecino that include names like Lakoff, Turner, etc., but also a number of unexpected connections to scholarly metaphor study in many additional fields.
	www.metaresolution.com /links-metaphor.htm (1321 words)

	PsyArt: An Online Journal for the Psychological Study of the Arts.
		The theory of conceptual metaphor, which holds that much—or perhaps most—human thinking is essentially metaphorical in nature, has been one of the most influential intellectual developments of the last quarter century.
		Like psychoanalysis, the theory of conceptual metaphor focuses on the nature of mental processes (in particular of unconscious mental processes) as they are revealed in language and other symbolic activities.
		As these four essays demonstrate, the theory of conceptual metaphor both fosters greater awareness of the phenomenon and provides a new conceptualization (or contextualization) of it, thus creating the possibility of deeper, more acute understanding.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /ipsa/journal/2001_melnick02.shtml (828 words)

	New Directions in Cognitive Linguistics (Site not responding. Last check: )
		According to the relevance-theoretic approach, the metaphorical use of language is a kind of loose use and does not require any special interpretive mechanisms or processes; it is understood in accordance with the standard procedure of evaluating the relevance of interpretive hypotheses in their order of accessibility (Sperber and Wilson 1986).
		Metaphor theory and conceptual blending theory in particular have placed mappings and projections at the centre of linguistic meaning, grammar, understanding and meaning construction in general across diverse domains of human thought.
		In cognitive linguistic studies of conceptual metaphors, it has been argued that the source domain structures and the target domain structures are systematically correspond.
	www.cogling.org.uk /NDCL/ThemeConceptualProjection.htm (1696 words)

	Tim Rohrer "Metaphors, Visual Blends and the Hidden Ideology of the Internet" (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Conceptual metaphor theory, as set out by Lakoff and Johnson (1980; 1998; Lakoff 1987, 1991), makes its claim to fame by explaining how much of our linguistic structure can be explained by our automatic, unattended conceptualization.
		In a previous section, I noted that one of the reasons that conceptual blending was a theoretic framework which applied to more kinds of phenomena than conceptual metaphor was its ability to explain blends between semantic and phonetic phenomena, as in puns.
		Conceptual blending is a general cognitive operation, and as I have been illustrating it is one which is culturally widespread as well as cognitively situated.
	www.tulane.edu /~howard/LangIdeo/Rohrer/Rohrer.html (7451 words)

	Site Purpose
		Conceptual metaphor is something every college student brings into the classroom—even if the student is unaware of what conceptual metaphor is.
		Conceptual metaphor underlies much of our understanding because conceptual metaphor is a fundamental means of understanding.
		The brief explanation of conceptual metaphor included in this website is merely meant as a conversation starter for the classroom, not a thorough treatment of conceptual metaphor.
	www.english.ilstu.edu /baerick2/journey2/purpose.htm (553 words)

	metaphorik.de 07/2004 - Musolff, Metaphor and conceptual evolution
		Such a tendency in the development of conceptual representations requires an explanation not in terms “of some global macro-mechanism” but in terms of “the combined effect of countless micro-mechanisms” that are amenable to empirical research (Sperber 1996:54).
		The mapping ‘a political entity is a (human) body’ is part of the conceptual metaphor complex of the great chain of being, whose central role in the Western philosophy was brought to prominence in two classic studies in the “history of ideas” tradition, i.e.
		We may therefore conclude that the ‘discourse career’ of a metaphor seems to depend on at least two complementary factors: 1) experiential grounding, which ensures that an essential meaning consistency is preserved, and 2) sufficient conceptual flexibility that allows for use in differing or even contrasting scenarios.
	www.metaphorik.de /07/musolff.htm (7109 words)

	Conceptual Blending on the Information Highway:
		Finally, it is possible to get a conceptual mapping clearly wrong in at least two ways: first, the mapping between the elements may be unsupported by the evidence--I have seen no evidence supporting a mapping between vehicles and the internet's cabling; second, the metaphor may be stated at the wrong level of generality.
		The conceptual mappings of the metaphor system are resolved in accordance with the valency of key elements in the source domain, resulting in the two dual cases.
		Gore's highly successful conceptual blend of the dual metaphor systems traded on blending the building of the information highway's pathways with the power of information to fuel future social change, setting the stage for a complex metaphorical inference about the role and degree of governmental involvement in constrcuting this highway.
	www.uoregon.edu /~uophil/metaphor/iclacnf4.htm (6801 words)

	Cognitive Linguistics is a part of the enterprise of Cognitive Science (Site not responding. Last check: )
		If metaphor were just a matter of language, we couldn’t systematically map inferences from one domain to another, nor could we systematically use language from one domain for another., nor could we use novel metaphorical expressions and expect them to be understood.
		“(Conceptual) metaphors” are systematic and unidirectional relations between conceptual structures, while “metaphorical expressions” are words or phrases that make use of those conceptual metaphors.
		Motivation: a conceptual mapping allows lexical items from the source domains to be used to refer to the target domain, and these can be conventionalized, but it’s not necessarily predictable which words will be conventionalized.
	www.icsi.berkeley.edu /~bbergen/mindlang/lecs/lec10.htm (467 words)

	Links: Metaphor, Metonymy, and Cognitive Science
		There are some clear and some not-so-clear correspondences to the metaphor names used by other researchers, notably to the metaphor names used in the Master Metaphor List of Lakoff et al (1991) and at the corresponding Conceptual Metaphor Home Page.
		Metaphor and Metonymy Group based at the Universities of Leicester and Nottingham in England, and the Applied Language Research group at the University of York in England.
		If the metaphor site is too slow or down, you may wish to use the metaphor mirror site now available on darkwing at the University of Oregon.
	people.unt.edu /~thall/metaphor.htm (2921 words)

	Become a Master of Metaphor and Multiply Your Blogging Effectiveness \| Copyblogger
		While metaphor is pervasive in our everyday discourse, the strategic use of metaphorical expression can be one of the most persuasive techniques in your linguistic toolbox.
		Metaphors are so powerful because of one simple fact of human psychology—we react more readily to the emotional than the rational.
		The Origins of Consciousness and the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind asserted that the metaphor was essential in the development of consciousness.
	www.copyblogger.com /become-a-master-of-metaphor-and-multiply-your-blogging-effectiveness (2656 words)

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