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	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Concubinage
		concubinage is to be found in the disparity of rank which characterized the latter.
		She was usually of a lower social grade than her husband, and her children, though not considered the equals of those of the legal wife (uxor) were nevertheless termed natural (naturales) to distinguish them from spurious offsprings (spurii).
		concubinage came more and more to have only the modern significance, that of a permanent illicit union, and as such was variously proceeded against by the Church.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04207a.htm (744 words)

	Concubinage - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The first council of Toledo (398) bids the faithful restrict himself "to a single wife or concubine, as it shall please him"; 2 and there is a similar canon of the Roman synod held by Pope Eugenius in 826.
		In different states of Spain the laws of the later middle ages recognized concubinage 1 The difference between English and Scottish law, which once made "Gretna Green marriages" so frequent, is due to the fact that Scotland adopted the Roman law (which on this particular point was followed by the whole medieval church).
		This very naturally resulted in a too frequent substitution of clerical concubinage for marriage; and the resultant evils form one of the commonest themes of complaint in church councils of the later middle ages.' Concubinage in general was struck at by the concordat between the Pope Leo X.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Concubinage (922 words)

	Concubinage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Concubinage refers to the state of a woman or youth in an ongoing, quasi-matrimonial relationship with a man of higher social status.
		In France, Concubinage is the official term for cohabitation of heterosexual and (since 1998) homosexual couples.
		Involuntary, or servile, concubinage involves adolf hitler of one member of the relationship; typically the church.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Concubinage (397 words)

	Concubinage
		She was usually of a lower social grade than her husband, and her children, though not considered the equals of those of the legal wife (uxor) were nevertheless termed natural (naturales) to distinguish them from spurious offsprings (spurii).
		Permanent concubinage, though it lacked the ordinary legal forms and was not recognized by the civil law as a legal marriage, had in it no element of immorality.
		With the destruction of the Roman Empire and the consequent decline of knowledge of the Roman law, its institution of legitimate concubinage fell into disuse, and concubinage came more and more to have only the modern significance, that of a permanent illicit union, and as such was variously proceeded against by the Church.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/c/concubinage.html (600 words)

	Islam In The Bible
		Although there is evidence of prostitution existing alongside marriage and concubinage, the incidence of prostitution may have increased with the decrease in polygamy and concubinage.
		Every example of concubinage in the Bible relates to a devout personage, and more than half of them relate to men whose holy example had to be followed by the people of their times.
		The decrease of concubinage and polygamy among the Jews led to an increase in prostitution, and its alternative, marriage with intent to divorce.
	www.al-islam.org /islaminthebible/20.htm (7217 words)

	Concubinage in Asia
		Concubinage is a state of cohabitation that lacks the sanctions of marriage.
		Concubinage is not as wide spread as it once was; it is still practiced in Asia.
		Reading the paragraphs on women and their place allows you to get a feel for why concubinage was so common during this period and was not at all disturbing to the people.
	departments.kings.edu /womens_history/concubin.html (956 words)

	Trial, Companionate, And Temporary Marriage-Concubinage
		Concubinage is a temporary marriage, one that does not involve lifelong obligations, but is endowed with the most essential characteristic of marriage, namely, that the pair live openly together...
		The old legal rights of concubinage must be restored; new duties must be imposed upon both the men and the women who enter into this relationship.
		It is easy to understand that where marriage is indissoluble, or as in the case of the Roman Catholic clergy, forbidden, concubinage is frequently resorted to and may, in spite of formal prohibitions, gain social recognition.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles10/marriage-6.shtml (3975 words)

	Chapter 8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Concubinage was frowned upon as a means of avoiding the responsibilities of family associated with marriage, especially the obligations associated with the birth of children.
		Thus, concubinage has traditionally been described and held to be a relationship in which a man and a woman, that is, two people capable of contracting marriage, are involved in an open, illicit sexual relationship approximating marriage.
		Concubinage was once recognized in several French- and Spanish-history states, and remnants of the status survive, prominently in Louisiana.
	www.law2.byu.edu /Wardle/New_Fam/chapter8.html (16490 words)

	Concubinage or Marriage of Pleasure - Islam In The Bible - Professor Ali Haydar (Thomas McElwain) - Mutah.com
		Concubinage is a form of marriage in which the contract includes specific limitations either on the time or the rights involved in the marriage.
		We shall now examine texts referring to concubinage that cannot be taken as holy example, and texts referring to holy example of marriage which may or may not be concubinage.
		Concubinage and polygamy both fell out of disuse sometime after the return from captivity and during the rise of rabbinicism.
	www.mutah.com /mutahinbible.htm (2727 words)

	Holy Matrimony
		Concubinage was recognized in the empire as a "marriage" without dowry, with a lower status for the woman, and with provisions that the children were not legally the father's heirs.
		A woman who was party to a common-law marriage; or one who, having lived with a man in a relation of concubinage during his life his life, asserts a claim, after his death, to have been his wife according to the requirements of the common law.
		Cummons, 56 Mich. 544, 23 N. An exception against a woman suing for dower, on the ground that she was the concubine, and not the wife, of the man of whose land she seeks to be endowed.
	home.earthlink.net /~walterk12/Xian/Studies/Matrimony.html (4990 words)

	Loving Day: Celebrate the Legalization of Interracial Couples
		For the purpose of...sections 41-806--41-810, concubinage is hereby defined to be the unlawful cohabitation of persons of the Caucasian race and of the negro race, whether open or in secret.
		Concubinage is defined to be the unlawful cohabitation of persons of the Caucasian and of the colored races whether open or in secret.
		Concubinage is defined to be the unlawful cohabitation of persons of the aboriginal Indian race of America, known as the red race, and of the colored or fl race whether open or in secret.
	www.lovingday.org /map_access.htm (1762 words)

	Wikinfo \| Concubinage
		Concubinage is either the state of a couple living together as lovers with no obligation created by vows, legal marriage, or religious ceremony, or the state of a woman supported by a male lover who is married to, and usually living with, someone else.
		When involuntary, "servile concubinage" involves the chattel slavery of one member of the relationship, most typically the woman.
		Images, some of which are used under the doctrine of Fair use or used with permission, may not be available.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Concubinage (320 words)

	OSCN Found Document:Scott v State
		The defendant further moves the court to require the state to elect whether the purpose of the abduction was for marriage or concubinage.
		In this kind of case the proof of the reason for the abduction of the minor child, as to whether it was for marriage, or concubinage, 'is generally difficult to establish and will generally rest on circumstantial evidence.
		Since as heretofore noted the abduction of a female to be criminal must be for the purpose of marriage, or concubinage, and without further explanation by the court in its instruction, the jury might have concluded that since marriage was accomplished no crime had been committed.
	www.oscn.net /applications/oscn/deliverdocument.asp?citeid=56830 (3651 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Volume V: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1049-1294.
		These severe measures led to serious disturbances in Northern Italy, especially in the diocese of Milan, where every ecclesiastical office from the lowest to the highest was for sale, and where marriage or concubinage was common among priests of all grades, not excluding the archbishop.
		Those who remained single were objects of suspicion, while those who brought up their families in the fear of God were respected and eligible to the episcopate.
		Concubinage was regarded as a heinous offense and a bar to promotion.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/hcc5.ii.iii.vi.html?bcb=0 (471 words)

	Concubinage... : Philippines : Gov.Ph : Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Kung pareho kasal sa iba ang babae at ang lalake, at nagaffair sila, dalawa ang krimen; adultery sa babae at concubinage naman sa lalake.
		Concubinage is a crime punishable under our Revised Penal Codde, that is, such crime is against the State.
		They are just separated from bed and board but the validity of their marriage still exists, so there is a necessity to declare it annulled by the court if one desires to get married.
	www.gov.ph /forum/thread.asp?rootID=28970&catID=9 (1892 words)

	Jim Crow Guide To the USA - CHAPTER 5.2 - WHO MAY MARRY WHOM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Under the contradictory laws of Arkansas, a person having -any Negro blood may not engage in concubinage with a white, but may marry a white provided the Negro blood is not "visible and distinct'.
		"Concubinage between a person of the Caucasian or white race and between a person of the negro or fl race is hereby made a felony."
		Childbearing: "Any woman who shall have been delivered of a mulatto child, the same shall be prima Jade evidence of guilt without further proof and shall justify a conviction of the man." it is the duty of magistrates to issue warrants in such cases in the name of the state, and to prosecute.
	www.stetsonkennedy.com /jim_crow_guide/chapter5_2.htm (1832 words)

	SSR 88-7c
		The claimant also contended that, since she was the worker's concubine, she had a right under Puerto Rican law to inherit from the worker's estate as his widow, and she should be deemed to be the widow of the worker under 42 U.S.C. 416(h)(1)(A).
		She asserts that she lived together with the insured employee "for more than twenty years as husband and wife." And, this fact, she claims, is sufficient.
		That is to say, a concubine's rights over the property acquired during the concubinage can be established by proving that such property was acquired following "(1) an express" or "(2) an implied agreement" among the partners or (3) as a way "to prevent an unjust enrichment" of one of the parties.
	www.ssa.gov /OP_Home/rulings/oasi/53/SSR88-07-oasi-53.html (1647 words)

	China and Inner Asia Sessions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The hierarchic principles inherent in polygyny and concubinage still act like a dominant ideology even while they are under attack and even as the egalitarian ethic supposedly leaves them behind.
		To assert this is to affirm the relevance of the wanton and savvy Shanghai prostitute to the late Qing discourse of modern femininity.
		This paper examines the fallout of concubinage in eighties and nineties Taiwan as (receding) institution and (reactive) imaginary in populist feminist and fictional discourse and how it matters for sexual politics in Taiwan.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/2006abst/China/C-85.htm (1001 words)

	John W. Wertheimer \| Popular Culture, Violence, and Religion in Gloria's Story \| Law and History Review, 24.2 \| The ...
		If adulterous concubinage was as widespread as "Gloria's Story" suggests, she reasons, it should be represented in popular literature, songs, plays, films, and radio and television programs.
		One professor, a Latin American native, characterized adulterous concubinage as something that everybody in his home country knew about but scarcely anyone mentioned.
		It is represented in such films as La casa chica, a 1949 Mexican movie whose title became synonymous with the institution generally, and Rosa de dos aromas [Rose of Two Scents] (Mexico, 1989), a comedy about a wife and a concubine who simultaneously seek to bail their shared man out of jail.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/lhr/24.2/wertheimer1.html (3047 words)

	Reminiscences of Early Utah. Chapter III.
		That in all prosecutions for bigamy, concubinage and adultery, the lawful wife of the accused shall be a competent witness to prove both the first and subsequent marriage or marriages of her husband, but for no other purpose.
		Said commander is authorized upon such application to furnish such posse, and said marshal or any of his deputies were also authorized to make such application when necessary to suppress any mob, riot or disturbance of the peace.
		Provides that no alien living in or practicing bigamy, polygamy, or concubinage, shall be admitted to citizenship of the United States nor shall any person living in or practicing bigamy, polygamy or concubinage, hold any office of trust or profit.
	www.antimormon.8m.com /baskinchp3.html (931 words)

	Representations of Women in Chinese Literature (page five)
		In the course of her life, a woman could be sold into prostitution and/or concubinage repeatedly.
		The attractive younger sister of a brothel operator became the concubine to the secretary to the viceroy.
		True, some women entered prostitution and concubinage voluntarily, but their other options were so poor that their "voluntarism" seems meaningless.
	wso.williams.edu /~aschmitt/lit5.html (788 words)

	Ottoman
		Slave concubinage was the taking of slave women for sexual reproduction.
		Wives were feared to have vested interests in their own family's affairs, which would interfere with their loyalty to their husband, hence, concubines were preferred, if one could afford them.
		This led to the evolution of slave concubinage as an equal form of reproduction that did not carry the risks of marriage, mainly that of the potential betrayal of a wife.
	www.theottomans.org /english/family/harem2.asp (368 words)

	M. C. Mirow \| Gloria's Story and Guatemala's Faith: Adulterous Concubinage, Law, and Religion \| Law and History Review, ...
		John Wertheimer, the author of "Gloria's Story," has produced a complex and absorbing text that skillfully guides the reader through the microhistory of Gloria's concubinage to an enhanced appreciation of the greater legal, social, and institutional forces at play in mid-twentieth century Guatemala.
		Nonetheless, Wertheimer's analysis delves deeper: Gloria may have gained in status and stability through her concubinage, and liberal reforms such as decriminalizing adultery and casting out distinctions between legitimate and illegitimate children may have had the unintended consequence of strengthening the institution of adulterous concubinage.
		It seems unlikely that religious leaders in communities would be unaware of adulterous concubinage considering its prevalence, particularly among wealthier men in Guatemalan society.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/lhr/24.2/mirow.html (1778 words)

	Concubines In The Bible
		If we look at the period of the patriarchs, we immediately must note that concubinage etc is the expected 'norm' — note Scriptures such as Genesis 22:24; 35:22; 36:12, also note how concubinage was welcomed by wives who were barren: Genesis 16:1-3; 25:5-6; 1 Chronicles 1:32.
		Paul assumes either no marriage or monogamous marriage within the Christian life, although it is true that he never specifically refers to plural marriage or concubinage at all.
		Then, for a long period of time, plural marriages, concubinage and very large families were allowed (and the latter certainly encouraged), and there is ample reason to think that the need to re-build the world's population, post-flood, may well have been a reason for this.
	www.inplainsite.org /html/concubines_in_the_bible.html (1079 words)

	Representations of Women in Chinese Literature (page one)
		In spite of their relatively superficial differences, however, prostitution and concubinage were essentially the same thing; concubinage was a form of prostitution.
		The practice of concubinage and prostitution reinforced the idea that women were commodities.
		Perhaps because she had actually experienced it, Hsiao Fu Tzu was not nearly as enthusiastic about concubinage as her friend.
	wso.williams.edu /~aschmitt/lit1.html (864 words)

	Islamic Center of Irvine - Does Islam promote Concubinage? - Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Concubinage is the practice of cohabiting with a woman without the authority of legal marriage.
		A concubine is thus a woman with whom a man has sexual relations without legal obligations that flow from marriage and she thus has no real recourse to the law for protecting her rights in that relationship.
		The word "whom your right hands possess" here refers to women taken as prisoners of war and is by no means an implication of concubinage, for concubinage is totally prohibited in Islam.
	www.islamiccenterofirvine.com /articles.php?action=show&id=42 (1506 words)

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