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Topic: Coral reef

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	The Coral Reef Alliance - Coral Reef Overview
		Coral reefs are one of the most complex and colorful tropical ecosystems, rivaling rain forests in their richness of life.
		Coral reef organisms build massive and intricate physical structures that are home to some of the most fascinating plants and animals in the world.
		A good way to imagine a coral reef is to think of it as a bustling city or community, with the buildings made of coral, and thousands of inhabitants coming and going, carrying out their business.
	www.coralreefalliance.org /index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=62&Itemid=0 (2086 words)

	Coral Reef - MSN Encarta
		A coral reef is a reef that has been built largely or entirely by corals, tiny animals that live together in colonies.
		Patch reefs occur along a continental shelf where mound-shaped hillocks on the sea floor are close enough to the surface to allow corals to settle and grow.
		Fringing reefs occur along a rocky coastline where corals or coral remains extend outward from the shore and form an outermost line or ridge that runs parallel to the shore.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761572186 (1476 words)

	Coral Reefs
		Coral reefs are the most diverse and beautiful of all marine habitats.
		It is not unusual for a reef to have several hundred species of snails, sixty species of corals, and several hundred species of fish.
		This shot of a reef on the north coast of Jamaica vividly captures the large amount of shade cast by the dominant elkhorn coral Acropora palmata.
	life.bio.sunysb.edu /marinebio/coralreef.html (2733 words)

	Coral Reef Ecology
		Reefs are among the most biologically diverse environments in the world, and have the greatest biodiversity of the shallow-water marine ecosystems.
		Coral reefs tend to be limited to 30 degrees north and south of the Equator.
		Coral are prone to effects from environmental changes, and, because thousands of marine species may be affected by such changes, alteration of a reef’s environment threatens the entire coral ecosystem.
	www.esi-topics.com /coralreef/index.html (675 words)

	Coral Reef Protection \| Habitat Protection \| US EPA
		Reef building coral communities also require tropical or sub-tropical temperatures, and exist globally in a band 30 degrees north to 30 degrees south of the equator.
		Coral reefs and their associated communities of seagrasses, mangroves and mudflats are sensitive indicators of water quality and the ecological integrity of the ecosystem.
		However, reefs located near coastal populations are showing increasing signs of stress and are not faring as well as reefs which are more distant from centers of human population.
	www.epa.gov /owow/oceans/coral (1430 words)

	Coral Reefs Biome
		Corals are closely related to sea anemones and sea jellies, and use their tentacles for defense and to capture their prey.
		Corals can be a variety of colors, white, red, pink, green, blue, orange and purple, due to natural pigments and the zooxanthellae in their tissues.
		Coral reefs are a big source of biodiversity, without the reef, many of these plants and animals would die.
	www.nceas.ucsb.edu /nceas-web/kids/biomes/coral.htm (989 words)

	Coral Reef: Formation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Coral reefs are an exception to the lack of life in the marine tropical waters.
		The coral animal reproduces sexually with a microscopic planktonic larval form that is abundant in tropical waters during coral reproduction.
		A barrier reef forms as the oceanic island begins to sink into Earth's crust due to the absence of volcanic island building forces, the added weight of the coral reef, and erosion at the surface of the island.
	www.biosbcc.net /ocean/marinesci/04benthon/crform.htm (1444 words)

	NPCA \| Coral Reefs
		Reefs form as generation after generation of coral polyps live, build, and die, creating vast strongholds for themselves and many other plants and animals.
		Coral reefs may take hundreds, even thousands, of years to form, typically growing as slowly as 5 millimeters and no more than 20 centimeters per year.
		Mangrove trees and seagrasses that normally act as filters for coral reefs are being rapidly destroyed as development increases, leading to heightened soil erosion.
	www.npca.org /marine_and_coastal/coral_reefs (546 words)

	Coral reef - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although corals are found growing in most areas of a healthy coral reef, the elevation of the reef flat relative to sea level (and considering tidal range) imposes significant constraints on coral growth.
		Aside from humans, mammals are rare on coral reefs, with visiting cetaceans such as dolphins being the main group.
		Data from 414 reef monitoring stations throughout Indonesia in 2000 found that only 6 percent of Indonesia’s coral reefs are in excellent condition, while 24 percent are in good condition, and approximately 70 percent are in poor to fair condition (2003 The Johns Hopkins University).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Coral_reef (3768 words)

	= Reef Relief = Coral Reef Ecosystem =
		Coral reefs are the most biologically diverse marine eco-systems on earth, rivaled only by the tropical rainforests on land.
		Corals reached their current level of diversity 50 million years ago.The delicately balanced marine environment of the coral reef relies on the interaction of hard and soft corals, sponges, anemones, snails, rays, crabs, lobsters, turtles, dolphins and other sea life.
		Coral reefs occupy less than one quarter of one percent of the earth's marine environment, yet they are home to more than a quarter of all known fish species.
	www.reefrelief.org /coralreef (703 words)

	Reef - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Many reefs result from abiotic processes—deposition of sand, wave erosion planning down rock outcrops, and other natural processes— but the best-known reefs are the coral reefs of tropical waters developed through biotic processes dominated by corals and calcareous algae.
		Although corals are major contributors to the framework and bulk material comprising a coral reef, the organisms most responsible for reef growth against the constant assault from ocean waves are calcarous algae, especially, although not entirely, species of coralline algae.
		Rugose corals built their skeletons of calcite and have a different symmetry from that of the scleractinian corals, whose skeletons are aragonite.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reef (546 words)

	Coral Reef
		Coral Reefs are the "Rainforests" of the ocean.
		Although corals have a wide distribution in the world’s oceans, the varieties that form reefs are typically restricted to relatively shallow, warm tropical waters between latitudes 30° north and 30° south.
		Coral is a general term used to describe a group of cnidarians, which indicates the presence of skeletal material that is embedded in the living tissue or encloses the animal altogether.
	www.solcomhouse.com /coralreef.htm (2379 words)

	NOAA Photo Library - The Coral Kingdom
		Over those millions of years, coral reefs have evolved into the rainforests of the sea –a place of great biological diversity that is home to thousands of species that are found no where else.
		Darwin’s model of fringing reef on young high islands progressing to older atolls fringing coral lagoons and Dana’s independently arrived at concept of similar age progression from young to old followed by the probability of sunken flat-topped seamounts are as valid today as they were over 150 years ago.
		Louis Agassiz conducted his first studies of coral reefs in 1851 when he was commissioned by the Coast Survey to study the Florida Reefs as related to navigation of the Florida Straits.
	www.photolib.noaa.gov /reef (508 words)

	ORAD Coral Bleaching Index Page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Coral reefs flourish mainly in the tropical latitudes, extending at most to 30° north or south of the Equator in only a few cases.
		The polyps of the coral are left bereft of pigmentation and appear nearly transparent on the animal's white skeleton.
		The ability of the coral to feed itself in the absence of zooxanthallae may be very important to its survival during and after a bleaching event.
	coralreefwatch.noaa.gov /satellite/index.html (552 words)

	Coral Reefs - Global Issues
		Coral Reefs are perhaps one type of ecosystem that is neglected more than any other and is also one of the richest in biodiversity.
		It is believed that almost all species of corals were affected by high sea surface temperatures during 1998 which led to global coral bleaching and mortality.
		This would devastate coral reefs globally to such an extent that they could be eliminated from most areas of the world by 2100.
	www.globalissues.org /EnvIssues/Biodiversity/CoralReefs.asp (797 words)

	Coral Reef Environment, Coral Reef Conservation, Endangered Marine Animals
		Coral reefs are the most biologically diverse ecosystems of the ocean and are rivaled only by the tropical rainforests on land.
		Coral reefs contribute about 25 percent of the total fish catch in developing countries, providing food for one billion people in Asia alone.
		WWF is working to develop and test conservation strategies to better protect coral reefs from bleaching while also working to stop global warming, the root cause of the almost epidemic coral bleaching currently underway.
	www.worldwildlife.org /coral/index.cfm?searchen=google (272 words)

	Sea and Sky: Corals & Anemones Page 2
		This coral is usually found in colors ranging from yellow to purple, gray, green, and brown.
		This coral is common throughout the reefs of the Indo-pacific region.
		The Clubbed Finger Coral is a common species throughout the reefs of the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico.
	www.seasky.org /reeflife/sea2b1.html (256 words)

	Coral Reef Animal Printouts - EnchantedLearning.com
		The reef's massive structure is formed from coral polyps, tiny animals that live in colonies; when coral polyps die, they leave behind a hard, stony, branching structure made of limestone.
		There are coral reefs off the eastern coast of Africa, off the southern coast of India, in the Red Sea, and off the coasts of northeast and northwest Australia and on to Polynesia.
		Major threats to coral reefs are water pollution (from sewage and agricultural runoff), dredging off the coast, careless collecting of coral specimens, and sedimentation (when silt or sand from construction or mining projects muddies the waters of a reef and kills coral, which needs light to live).
	www.enchantedlearning.com /biomes/coralreef/coralreef.shtml (1038 words)

	ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies
		The ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies undertakes world-best integrated research for sustainable use and management of coral reefs.
		According to ISI Essential Science Indicators, the Centre's four major research partners all rank in the top 20 institutions world-wide for citations for coral reef science with JCU ranking 1st (among 1644 institutions in 103 countries) (http://esi-topics.com/coralreef/inst/c1a.html).
		It is the largest single institutional contributor to the Global Coral Reef Targeted Research Program, funded by the World Bank, and is an Institutional Member of the Resilience Alliance.
	www.coralcoe.org.au (478 words)

	The Coral Reef Ecology Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Unfortunately, as our understanding of corals and coral reefs increases, it becomes apparent that the effects of the human population on these communities may be increasing as well.
		Coral reefs of the western Pacific are much more diverse than those of the Atlantic and Caribbean.
		Because of the important ecological and economic roles coral reef communities fulfill, an understanding of the stresses and dangers to the reefs is necessary.
	www.uvi.edu /coral.reefer (546 words)

	Scoop: Coral Reef Ecosystems Speech. Dr Jimmie Rodgers
		However, it is exactly because of this that coral reefs and their associated ecosystems and biodiversity in the Pacific Islands region are coming under increasing pressure.
		It is to do with galvanizing behavioural change in people and ensuring that they recognise their coral reefs not only as a resource for exploitation for livelihood and/or economic gain, but also a sacred resource that must be safeguarded for future generations.
		Reef management and conservation in small islands states in the region cannot be approached in the same way as in the larger and more developed countries [12].
	www.scoop.co.nz /stories/WO0611/S00083.htm (2365 words)

	About NOAA's Coral Reef Information System
		Coral reef threats, both natural and anthropogenic, also are explored.
		Unlike coral reef ecosystems elsewhere in the world that are threatened by human mismanagement, the coral reefs of the NWHI are generally healthy and pristine.
		Almost all reef building corals are sessile organisms, meaning they spend their entire adult lives fixed to the same spot on the sea floor.
	www.coris.noaa.gov /about/welcome.html (621 words)

	CORALS&CORAL REEFS - Reef Ecosystem
		The coral reef ecosystem is a diverse collection of species that interact with each other and the physical environment.
		The reef is also home to a variety of worms, including both flatworms and polychaetes.
		The coral crab crushes sea urchins and clams with its strong claws.
	www.seaworld.org /animal-info/info-books/coral/reef-ecosystem.htm (651 words)

	NOAA's National Ocean Service: Coral Reef Conservation
		Coral reefs are some of the most biologically rich and economically valuable ecosystems on Earth.
		National Action Plan to Conserve Coral Reefs (pdf, 216 kb) to serve as the nation's blueprint for reversing the worldwide decline of coral reef ecosystems.
		As co-chair of the Task Force, and as directed by the Coral Reef Conservation Act of 2000 (pdf, 35.5 kb), NOAA has the responsibility to conserve coral reef ecosystems.
	www.nos.noaa.gov /topics/oceans/coralreefs/welcome.html (833 words)

	Coral Reef
		We can all protect the coral reefs by remembering that they are created by a fragile and delicate animal.
		Reefs and small islands featuring coral are always found in tropical seas and oceans.
		Coral reefs are facing many threats, both by nature and mankind.
	library.thinkquest.org /CR0215471/coral_reef.htm (1135 words)

	IGOS Coral Reef Theme
		Coral reefs are a significant coastal ecosystem under major threat, with an urgent need to improve and coordinate observation capabilities, and to integrate space-based and in situ observing programmes in support of management action.
		The development of the IGOS Coral Reef sub-theme has been linked to the International Coral Reef Action Network (ICRAN), a partnership of international organizations, Regional Seas programmes and non-governmental organizations working to reverse the decline in coral reefs.
		The objectives for the Coral Reef sub-theme fall into two categories: those relevant to the observing community in the IGOS Partnership, and those of particular interest to the coral reef community.
	coral.unep.ch /igoscr.htm (1640 words)

	The Coral Reef Aquarium
		Other structures include the calice (the upper opening of the corallite), the coenosarc (the coral tissue that stretches over the surface of the coral between the polyps), the coenosteum (the skeletal material around the corallites), and the corallum, which is the skeleton of the coral.
		Coral reefs grow about a meter every one thousand years, so you see why it's very difficult for a reef to recover if it is destroyed.
		Coral bleaching occurs when the corals lose their algae (the algae or dinoflagellate is what cause the beautiful colors that a coral has).
	members.aol.com /cebrezzie/aquarium/page16.htm (5367 words)

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