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Topic: Culture of Finland

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	EUROPA - Culture - Finland
		There are two ministers at the Ministry of Education: the Minister of Education and Science is in charge of matters relating to education and research; the Minister of Culture is responsible for matters relating to culture, sports, youth, copyright, student financial aid and church affairs.
		In the cultural sector, these resources are used to support theatres, cultural events, museums, music institutes, art institutes, cinema, and orchestras.
		Subordinate to the Ministry of Education is the Arts Council of Finland.
	ec.europa.eu /culture/portal/sites/members/finland_en.htm (326 words)

	Finland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Republic of Finland (Finnish: Suomen tasavalta Swedish: Republiken Finland) is a Nordic country in northeastern Europe, bounded by the Baltic Sea to the southwest, the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west.
		The judicial system of Finland is divided between courts with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with responsibility for litigation between the individuals and the administrative organs of the state and the communities.
		The climate in Southern Finland is a northern temperate climate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Finland (3512 words)

	Culture of Finland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		People in Finland are reserved when meeting strangers and sometimes take a long time to become familiar with others but, as a result, relationships are deep and lasting.
		Equality is an important part of Finnish culture as in other Nordic countries, so much so that success or what may be seen as a deliberate attempt to distinguish oneself from others may be viewed with hostility.
		Historically, the Finns have had to be a tough people to survive with their own culture and language in the face of incessant Russian aggression alternating with Swedish rule.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Culture_of_Finland (474 words)

	Wikinfo \| Finland (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Republic of Finland (Suomen Tasavalta in Finnish, Republiken Finland in Swedish) is a Nordic country, bound by the Baltic Sea to the southwest, the Gulf of Finland to the southeast and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, bordering Sweden, Norway and Russia (sea border with Estonia).
		Finland's nearly 700-year association with the Kingdom of Sweden began in 1154 with the introduction of Christianity by Sweden's King Erik.
		In 1808, Finland was conquered by the armies of Czar Alexander I and thereafter remained an autonomous Grand Duchy in personal union with the Russian Empire until the end of 1917.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Finland (1315 words)

	Encyclopedia: Culture-of-Finland (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Finlands National Broadcasting Company YLE (Yleisradio in Finnish, Rundradion in Swedish) was founded in 1926.
		Finland All official holidays in Finland are established by acts of Parliament.
		Flag ratio: 11:18 Flag ratio: 11:18 Flag ratio: 11:19 The Flag of Finland or siniristilippu dates from the beginning of the 20th century, and is modelled on the Danish flag, the Dannebrog.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Culture_of_Finland (1054 words)

	Introduction: Finland, basic facts (the s.c.nordic FAQ) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Finland shares a common border in the north with Norway, in the east a long border (1,269 km) with Russia, on the south it is bordered by the Gulf of Finland, and on the west by the Gulf of Bothnia and Sweden.
		Most of Finland is made of ancient granite bedrock, which has been shaped and fractured by numerous ice ages, the marks of which can be seen e.g in the complex lake system, the equally complex archipelagos and the huge boulders scattered all over the country.
		Finland's rivers are short and shallow, the longest being located in the north.
	www.lysator.liu.se /nordic/scn/faq41.html (956 words)

	Finland History & Finland Culture \| iExplore
		The Russians continued to covet the territory and as Swedish influence in Europe waned at the beginning of the 18th century, Finland was briefly occupied by the Russians.
		In 1917, Finland was an autonomous region within the Russian Empire but, in the aftermath of the Bolshevik Revolution, Finland declared independence, which the new Soviet government accepted after brief efforts to re-assert control.
		Finland is also a member of the Nordic Council and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
	www.africa.com /dmap/Finland/History (1095 words)

	EUROPA - Culture - Finland (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Ministry of Education is responsible for developing educational, science, cultural, sport and youth policies as well as international cooperation in these fields.
		There are two ministers at the Ministry of Education: the Minister of Education and Science is in charge of matters relating to education and research; the Minister of Culture is responsible for matters relating to culture, sports, youth, copyright, student financial aid and church affairs.
		Subordinate to the Ministry of Education is the Arts Council of Finland.
	europa.eu.int /comm/culture/portal/sites/members/en/finland_en.htm (335 words)

	Finland Travel
		Sweden lies to the west of Finland, northern Norway to the north, and Russia to the east.
		Finland has a rich folk culture, which is reflected in the country's crafts, literature, music, and painting.
		Finland demanded that the eastern part of Karelia be made part of Finland, like the rest of Karelia, or that it be made independent of Russia.
	www.northerner.com /finland.html (4662 words)

	Nordic Culture > Swedish Language in Finland - Scandinavica.com
		Finland is a multilingual country where Finnish, Swedish and Sami are spoken.
		The Swedish-speaking population in Finland is mainly descended from peasants and fishermen who settled on the western and southern coasts of Finland between the years 1000 and 1250 A.D. Finland belonged to Sweden until 1809, when it became part of the Russian empire.
		The 1919 Constitution declares that Finnish and Swedish are the national languages of the Republic of Finland and stipulates that the cultural and social needs of the two language groups shall be met by the State on equal grounds.
	www.scandinavica.com /culture/language/finswede.htm (1218 words)

	People and Culture (from Finland) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		It is bordered on the north by Norway, on the northwest by Sweden, on the southwest by the Gulf of Bothnia, on the south by the Gulf of Finland, and on the east by Russia.
		Christianity was known in Finland as early as the 11th century, and in the 12th century Henry, bishop of Uppsala (Sweden), began organizing the church there.
		One of the northernmost countries of Europe, Finland is located between Russia on the east, Sweden on the west, and the tip of Norway on the north.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-200679 (839 words)

	Finland Travel Guide @ TravelNotes.org
		Countries neighbouring Finland are: Sweden, Norway and Russia, with Estonia across the Bay of Finland to the south.
		The city is in south-west Finland, on the rapids that connect Lakes Näsi and Pyhä.
		The Kainuu region, is in the middle of Finland.
	www.travelnotes.org /Europe/finland.htm (1090 words)

	OPM - Culture in Finland
		The remit of the Ministry of Education comprises national cultural institutions; publicly funded and subsidised museums, theatres and orchestras; local cultural provision; and subsidised organisational and civic activities.
		Conclusions of the Conference on the Northern Dimension and Culture in Kajaani
		Northern cultural partnership to be discussed in Kajaani on 8 and 9 October
	www.minedu.fi /OPM/Kulttuuri/?lang=en (231 words)

	St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture: Tom of Finland
		Tom of Finland is now considered, in the words of his biographer, "the foremost name in gay erotic art" and the critic Nayland Blake has defined him "one of the gay world's few authentic icons," noting Tom's influence on artists as different as Robert Mapplethorpe, Bruce Weber, and Rainer Werner Fassbinder.
		Tom of Finland was born Touko Laaksonen in 1920 in Kaarina, then a rural area in the southwestern part of Finland.
		Tom of Finland's drawings counteract also the enduring stereotype of "the sad and unhappy homosexual": the men in them are clearly having a lot of fun and are proud of their sexual orientation.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_bio/ai_2419201220 (880 words)

	Your window on Finland — Virtual Finland
		Conceived in Finland, the concept continues its triumphal progress in 29 countries.
		Finland's forests and fens abound with berries and mushrooms, most of them fine delicacies.
		Finland is expert in energy efficiency and the use of an array of energy sources.
	virtual.finland.fi (324 words)

	Scandinavian Review: Finland's cottage culture
		There is an old saying in Finland: "If one is happy, one must be silent." This helps explain why, when the rest of Europe heads for sea or ski resorts, Finns holiday in contemplative solitude, preferably by a lake.
		Finland was an entirely agrarian economy until the 1950s.
		I was often tempted by the breakfasts of porridge with fresh or sour milk, thick yogurt and berry compote.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3760/is_199704/ai_n8765660 (991 words)

	Finland Flag, Finland History, Culture of Finland, Economy of Finland, History of Finland
		The Swedish-speaking population, found mainly in the coastal area in the south, southwest, and west and in the Åland Islands (where Swedish is the sole official language), is slowly declining and constitutes roughly 5 percent of the total.
		Finland's flag is white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag.
		Finland was one of the 11 countries that joined the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) on 1 January 1999.
	www.mapsofworld.com /country-profile/finland1.html (478 words)

	Finland Culture
		Finland's national epic, the Kalevala, compiled in the 19th century by the scholar Elias Lönnrot from old Finnish ballads, lyrics, and incantations, played a vital part in fostering Finnish national consciousness and pride.
		Indeed, the development of almost all Finland's cultural institutions and activities has been involved with and motivated by nationalist enthusiasm.
		Among the peasants, traditional epic poems continued to be sung to the accompaniment of the zither-like kantele, and wood carvings and rugs were still decorated with the traditional polychromy and spiral, swastika (an ancient symbol), and similar simple, geometric designs.
	www.traveldocs.com /fi/culture.htm (363 words)

	Open Directory - Regional: Europe: Finland: Society and Culture: Religion (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Finland Helsinki Mission Alumni - Dedicated to missionaries who served in the finnish mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
		Religion and Churches in Finland - Describes the role of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church as the established state church and the role of other churches and religious communities in the Finnish constitution, law and social fabric.
		St Birgitta of Sweden's Influence in Finland - An essay on how Birgitta had effects on Finnish culture during her lifetime and immediately after, when her cult was revived some decades later, and after the Lutheran Reformation.
	dmoz.org /Regional/Europe/Finland/Society_and_Culture/Religion (455 words)

	Local/Finland/Finnish Culture (Site not responding. Last check: )
		To begin with the colourful history of Finland, both in bad and in good, which is so eventful although not till the latest centuries.
		Finland is also a land of thousands of lakes.
		Finland is today well known for its high quality industrial products and high-level education, which creates very professional knowledge for science and technology.
	www.paysu.com /announce/localsubfinlandsubfinnishculture.html (671 words)

	Finland Flag,Finland Map, Finland Culture : SphereInfo.com
		Finland is situated in the far north of Europe, bordered to the west by Sweden and the Gulf of Bothnia, to the north by Norway, to the east by the Russian Federation and to the south by the Gulf of Finland.
		Of the total land area, 10 per cent is under water, and 65 per cent is forest; Finland is situated almost entirely in the northern coniferous zone.
		The Swedish-speaking population, found mainly in the coastal area in the south, southwest, and west and in the Åland Islands (where Swedish is the sole official language), is slowly declining and constitutes roughly 5 percent of the total.
	www.sphereinfo.com /finland (588 words)

	The Sámi (the s.c.nordic FAQ) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The cultures have been formed both by different surroundings and living conditions and varying contacts with other cultures; in Sweden and Norway the Germanic culture, in Finland the Finnish culture and in Kola peninsula the Russian and Karelian cultures.
		The disintegration of the hunter/gatherer culture and the transition to other forms of occupation meant that the old world view had less significance for the Sámi, although at first the christian beliefs were adopted alongside with the original beliefs.
		The Cultural Heritage Act, passed in 1978 in Norway, states that everything which is more than 100 years old and related to the cultural heritage of the Sámi, is automatically protected by law - this is to protect historic sites and monuments.
	www.lysator.liu.se /nordic/scn/faq23.html (3700 words)

	Finland Travel Information \| Lonely Planet Destination Guide
		Finland is for the most part a quiet land, where a ramshackle cottage by a lake and a properly stoked sauna is all that's required for happiness.
		In the south, the capital Helsinki is a paradise for lovers of art and architecture.
		Most museums and galleries are open year-round, and there is as much to do in the depths of winter as there is at the height of summer.
	www.lonelyplanet.com /worldguide/destinations/europe/finland (407 words)

	Finland photos @ Nomads'Land stock photos
		Population is relatively scarce, and most of the five millions Finns live in the south, close to Finland's capital Helsinki.
		Finland history and culture are young in many respects: its cold climate made for late human settlement, and the country gained full independence from neighboring Russia and Sweden less than a century ago.
		But Finnish forests and people are difficult to approach, and it takes much time and effort to overcome the archetypes and truly discover the country's nature and culture.
	www.maion.com /photography/finland (196 words)

	Helsinki, Finland Travel Guides and Maps
		This Insight Guide Finland is an essential reference book on Finnish Festivals and events, Finnish regions, as well as the Finnish way of life.
		Perfect for tourists, students, or business people, A Short History of Finland is a readable and authoritative introduction to the Finns and their present position in the modern world.
		Finland is an excellent cultural reference for first time visitors to Finland or for those just interested in Finnish culture, from Finland's climate and history to how to socialize, drink and smoke with Finns.
	www.helsinki-finland.com /visiting (340 words)

	Finnish Culture; Brent's Finland Page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		My name is Brent Cassidy and I came to Finland in 1997 to study Scandinavian culture at the University of Oulu.
		The purpose of this Web Site is to share my cultural observations and experiences while living in Finland.
		Below are interesting texts and pictures from Finland and abroad.
	netti.nic.fi /~bcassidy (153 words)

	Read about Culture of Finland at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Culture of Finland and learn about Culture of ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Equality is an important part of Finnish culture as in other
		Nordic countries, so much so that 'success' or what may be seen as a deliberate attempt to distinguish oneself from others may be viewed with hostility.
		Finnish designers and musicians led the way, and today Finland is known for its technological productions like Nokia and Linux.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Culture_of_Finland (428 words)

	Culture of Finland -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nontheless, there are some general characteristics often associated with Finnish society and every day (A particular society at a particular time and place) culture.
		Finns are generally a reserved people, like other Nordic peoples in (A constitutional monarchy in northern Europe on the western side of the Scandinavian Peninsula; achieved independence from Sweden in 1905) Norway or (A Scandinavian kingdom in the eastern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula) Sweden.
		The Finnish national character is called (additional info and facts about sisu) sisu, for which an English equivalent does not exist.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/cu/culture_of_finland.htm (610 words)

	REGIONS & CULTURE: Finland's hot potato - Karelia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Thanks to the strong influence of the people who live there and of their evacuee kith-and-kin scattered all over the rest of the country, the essence of what it is to be Finnish has a very visible Karelian component.
		Therein lies the central reason why it is not in our interests to return the area to Finland." At the end of 1998 it was estimated that the population of Karelia had fallen to just over 200,000 Russians, a large part of whom were military and government officials.
		When they were evacuated and resettled all over Finland, they brought a new joy and lightness to the life of the nation.
	www.publiscan.fi /cu13e-9.htm (2082 words)

	Finland :: Culture in Finland
		A great many Finns have left their mark on the global scene, even though modern Finnish culture can be regarded as relatively young in comparison with other European cultures.
		After six centuries of Swedish domination and a century of Russian rule, Finnish culture flourished in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, right before and around Finnish independence.
		The emerging national feeling and the newfound focus on the Finnish language and heritage contributed to the special character of Finnish culture: a distinctive combination of national traditions and international trends.
	geo.international.gc.ca /canada-europa/finland/right_nav/culture_finland-en.asp (103 words)

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