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Topic: Descriptive linguistics

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	Linguistics - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Historical linguistics, the study of languages whose historical relations are recognizable through similarities in vocabulary, word formation, and syntax.
		Sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, and linguistic anthropology are where the social sciences that consider societies as whole and linguistics interact.
		For linguistic research that uses the methods of corpus linguistics and computational linguistics, written language is often much more convenient for processing large amounts of linguistic data.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Linguistics (1481 words)

	Linguistics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Historical linguistics enjoys both a rich history (the study of linguistics grew out of historical linguistics) and a strong theoretical foundation for the study of language change.
		Applications of computational linguistics in machine translation, computer-assisted translation, and natural language processing are extremely fruitful areas of applied linguistics which have come to the forefront in recent years with increasing computing power.
		Sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, and linguistic anthropology are social sciences that consider the interactions between linguistics and society as a whole.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Linguistics (1918 words)

	Grammar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A descriptive grammar is a grammar that describes the language as it is actually used by people, regardless of whether prescriptive grammars would consider a construction correct or not.
		Descriptive grammars are bound to a particular speech community, and attempt to provide rules for any utterance considered grammatically correct within that community.
		Teaching grammar is a combination of prescriptive and descriptive approaches with the aim of teaching a language to children and foreigners.
	www.hackettstown.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Grammar (859 words)

	Prescription and description - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In linguistics, prescription is the laying down or prescribing of normative rules for a language.
		For example, a descriptive linguist (descriptivist) working in English would describe the word "ain't" neutrally, discussing its usage, distribution and history, but not judging it as good or bad, superior or inferior.
		Outside the field of linguistics, these terms are used in a more general sense to indicate whether a statement is merely describing a state of affairs or presenting it as desirable.
	www.eastcleveland.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Prescription_and_description (1042 words)

	Descriptive Linguistics
		Linguistically oriented courses taught: Yiddish 611, History of the Yiddish Language; Yiddish 612, Yiddish Linguistic Geography.
		B.A.Waseda University, 1983; M.A. University of Connecticut, 1986 (Linguistics); Ph.D. University of Connecticut, 1988.
		(Appointed 1985) B.A., (Linguistics), University of Washington, 1975 A.M., (Linguistics), University of Illinois, 1978 Ph.D., (Linguistics), University of Illinois, 1981
	www.ling.ohio-state.edu /fields/desc.php (449 words)

	Linguistics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Broadly conceived, linguistics is the scientific study of human language, and a linguist is someone who engages in this study.
		Synchronic and Diachronic - Synchronic study of a language is concerned with its form at a given moment; Diachronic study covers the history of a language (group) and its structural changes over time.
		Theoretical and applied - Theoretical (or general) linguistics is concerned with frameworks for describing individual languages and theories about universal aspects of language; applied linguistics applies these theories to other fields.
	www.kernersville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Linguistics (1810 words)

	Descriptive linguistics at the millennium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The homework linguist was now said to command an “enormous mass of unquestionable data” merely by virtue of holding the “linguistic intuition of the native speaker”; and precisely for these “data”, a “description, and, where possible, an explanation” were to be “constructed” (1965:20).
		Though acknowledging that “the linguist who describes a language” “uses that language in the description”, he issued a plea to “rise above the level of mere primitive description to that of a systematic, exact, and generalizing science, in the theory of which all events (possible combinations of elements) are foreseen” (1969 [1943]:9, 121).
		Descriptive linguistics was sternly rebuked for not being theoretical enough, and, more specifically, for trying to construct theory out of practice, namely through the observation and analysis of data (Chomsky 1957).
	www.beaugrande.com /Descriptive.htm (9526 words)

	Linguistics: An Overview
		Linguistic material was considered of great important since it bore directly on the reading and interpretation of the ancient Vedic and Mantric texts.
		This linguistic preparation for war had to be done in a hurry, the needs were pressing, and centers were set up in dozens of American colleges for the study and teaching of languages, both the common ones and those which were then rare or exotic.
		Zipf was largely disregarded as a radical linguistic eccentric in the l930's, by l960 his work was incorporated in the index of new mathematical work, along with the cybernetics of Norbert Wiener, in a project fostered by Whatmough and the Linguistics Department at Harvard.
	community.middlebury.edu /~harris/linguistics.html (5444 words)

	Describing Morphosyntax
		The urgency of widespread descriptive linguistics at the present juncture in history is underscored by two worldwide trends.
		Though descriptive linguistics alone will not solve the problems of language and cultural extinction, it is an important part of the solution.
		Good linguistic research communicates to minority language speakers and to surrounding groups that the minority language is viable and worthy of respect.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~tpayne/dm.htm (1103 words)

	linguistics. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Phonetics, the study of the sounds of speech, is generally considered a separate (but closely related to) field from linguistics.
		Through the comparison of language structures, such 19th-century European linguists as Jakob Grimm, Rasmus Rask, Karl Brugmann, and Antoine Meillet, as well as the American William Dwight Whitney, did much to establish the existence of the Indo-European family of languages.
		In contrast to theoretical schools of linguistics, workers in applied linguistics in the latter part of the 20th cent.
	www.bartleby.com /65/li/linguist.html (621 words)

	Linguistics Courses
		Linguistics 383 (Topic 5) and Oriental and African Languages and Literatures 391 (Topic 7: Seminar in Translation: English, Chinese, and Japanese) may not both be counted.
		Linguistics 386M and 393 may not both be counted unless the topics vary.
		Linguistics 393 (Topic: Topics in Syntax) and 393S (Topic 1) may not both be counted; Linguistics 393 (Topic: Topics in Syntactic Theory) and 393S (Topic 1) may not both be counted.
	www.utexas.edu /student/registrar/catalogs/gradcat/ch4/la/lin.crs.html (1161 words)

	Department of Linguistics - Home
		Linguistics offers students an opportunity to engage in scientific and historical study of the complexities of sound, form, and meaning which distinguish human language.
		Students then broaden their competence in a specific area in consultation with the undergraduate linguistics advisor, planning a track in one of the following areas: phonology, syntax and semantics, historical linguistics, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics, and descriptive linguistics of specific languages.
		Linguistics majors are encouraged to develop fluency in a foreign language (or American Sign Language) or competence in computer programming.
	www.ling.rochester.edu (148 words)

	Memorial Lecture - Vol. I No. 2 January - March 1994 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		He has always attached importance to, what may be called, core linguistics and a data-based system of analysis and making generalizations based on pattern-similarity and insights drawn from historical linguistics with its focus on protoforms.
		According to Chatterji, ‘A linguistic investigator must… first of all have a very thorough grounding in the principles of General Phonetics, and in addition must acquire a very clear perception of the main trends in Phonology in particular speech which he is studying as well as of the allied speeches" [Chajjerji, 1978, p.
		Chatterji views language as an integral part of culture and linguistics as descriptive, historical and comparative study of languages and cultures in interaction.
	www.ignca.nic.in /nl_00205.htm (669 words)

	Linguistics 001 -- Prescriptive and Descriptive Linguistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Linguists have been involved for several millenia in the codification and preservation of languages, and we have learned a few lessons in the process.
		One thing that gets linguists particularly cheesed off is bad scholarship on the part of some language mavens, who pretend, without checking, that a principle they just thought up is hallowed by centuries of the best writers' usage, or is a necessary consequence of the fundamental laws of logic.
		Descriptive linguists like to poke fun at prescriptivists by citing some historical objections that are hard to understand today.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /courses/ling001/prescription.html (3729 words)

	Linguistics Department
		As a social science, linguistics may be related to anthropology in describing language as part of culture; or it may be related to physics in describing phonetics; it may even be considered a natural science, related to the physical science of acoustics and the biological sciences of anatomy and physiology.
		The interdisciplinary aspects of linguistic study are reflected in the organization of the program which offers a core of general linguistics courses and draws upon linguistically related courses in other departments.
		Description: Examines how gender socialization is reflected in the structure and use of language and whether gender differences in language are biologically based or a consequence of sex roles.
	www.fullerton.edu /catalog/academic_departments/ling.asp (1990 words)

	Glot International, Journal Section
		Scientific linguists succeeded in undermining the confidence of writers of dictionaries, grammars, and other such reference works, and these latter abdicated their authority to prescribe correct usage and tell right from wrong, and began turning out mere descriptions of current and past usage.
		Writers on usage go wrong in thinking that linguists' concerns are the same as theirs except that they are prescriptivists and we are descriptivists, and therefore, so they assume, against prescriptivism in all its forms.
		It is true that linguists have undermined most of the reasons formerly advanced by prescriptivists in support of their rules.
	www.linguistlistplus.com /glot/html/GI5601/GI5601_CLM1.htm (1973 words)

	Dartmouth Library Collection Development Policy
		This policy statement is restricted to linguistics as the science of language.
		Furthermore, at Dartmouth majors in Linguistics are possible in combination with a variety of subjects in the Humanities, Social Sciences, and Mathematics (computer linguistics).
		Some linguistic atlases are treated as maps (Library of Congress G class, located in the Map Room).
	www.dartmouth.edu /~cmdc/cdp/linguistics.html (373 words)

	[No title]
		Theory and techniques of comparative linguistics; proof of 'genetic' relationship between languages; procedures for sub-grouping; internal reconstruction; use of lexicostatistics.
		Methods of descriptive linguistics by application at all levels of structure to one of the lesser-known languages.
		Individual research projects in the analysis and description of articulatory, acoustic, auditory, and perceptual features of languages, and in the development of experimental techniques and instrumentation.
	www.wisc.edu /pubs/home/archives/grad00/letsci/linguiC.html (780 words)

	Linguistics at Rice University
		The Rice Linguistics Department is the home of an active community of scholars with a wide range of interests.
		Linguistics faculty have been present in various departments at Rice since the early 1960's, and the B.A. program in Linguistics was established in 1968.
		The Department of Linguistics is located on the second floor of Herring Hall, on the east side of the building.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~ling (345 words)

	Department of Foreign Languages, Salem State College: Jon Aske
		It is not only that regular folks think that linguists are people who speak many languages -- an old sense of the term which has now for the most part been abandoned -- but also among academics there is great misunderstanding of what linguistics is or what it is that a linguist does.
		The project aims to build detailed semantic descriptions of a substantial portion of the English lexicon, in which each entry is coded for computational use, described in terms of its semantic and syntactic combinatorial properties, provided with corpus-based data on the relative frequencies of its senses and valence alternatives, and linked to annotated corpus examples."
		Topics of interest for cognitive linguistics include the structural characteristics of natural language categorization (such as prototypicality, metaphor, mental imagery, and cognitive models), the functional principles of linguistic organization (such as iconicity and naturalness), the conceptual interface between syntax and semantics, the experiential and pragmatic background of language-in-use, and the relationship between language and thought."
	www.lrc.salemstate.edu /aske/linguistics.htm (2492 words)

	UT Austin Department of Linguistics :: Welcome to the Department of Linguistics!
		The University of Texas Department of Linguistics, founded in 1965, is committed to teaching and research in linguistics, the scientific study of human language.
		At the undergraduate level, we seek to bring linguistics to a wide range of students, emphasizing its connection with such diverse related areas as computer science, psychology, and philosophy; anthropology, education, and foreign languages.
		The Department of Linguistics is located in Calhoun Hall, on the west side of the South Mall of the University of Texas campus.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/depts/linguistics (281 words)

	Department of Language and Linguistics at the University of Essex, UK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Students will be able to develop their own more specific interests in selected aspects of descriptive linguistics or of the description of specific languages or dialects.
		Candidates on 10-module schemes must take a total of at least four Descriptive options over the two terms; those on 8-module schemes must take a total of at least two Descriptive options over the two terms.
		A Linguistics option means ‘ an option chosen from the set of graduate Linguistic modules available in the relevant term (including Descriptive modules not otherwise taken)’; the choice of Linguistics options should be consistent with the overall academic focus of the degree scheme, and must be agreed with the Programme Director.
	www.essex.ac.uk /linguistics/archive/oldpgt/progs/dl.shtm (199 words)

	Basic Information - Graduate Program Profile: Linguistics
		Linguistics (the scientific study of human language) is about what language is and how it works, and it’s present everywhere you turn--or at least every time you open your mouth to speak.
		There are probably a dozen subfields of linguistics, but most fall into three categories: theoretical, descriptive and experimental/psychological.
		Descriptive linguistics examines languages in context, considering socioeconomic factors and how languages change over time as well as the diversity and death of many lesser-documented languages.
	www.princetonreview.com /grad/research/programProfiles/basicinfo.asp?programID=99 (321 words)

	Articles - Grammar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Grammar is the discovery, enunciation, and study of rules governing the use of language.
		Prescriptive grammar is always formulated in terms of the descriptive concepts inherited from traditional grammar.
		Modern descriptive grammar aims to correct the errors of traditional grammar, and generalize them, so as to avoid shoehorning all languages to the model of Latin.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Grammar?mySession=4d78a2e2a05f24d363eea15a8b54aa48 (832 words)

	Descriptive Linguistics at the Millennium: Corpus data as Authentic Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The opposite approach commonly goes by the name of 'theoretical linguistics' but might, for the present discussion, be more aptly called homework linguistics.1 It is heavily theory-driven, and presents invented data from well-described languages, notably English, of which the linguists are fluent or native speakers from the start.
		Such a "linguistic theory" "provides the tools for describing" "a given text and language", and "cannot be verified - confirmed or invalidated - by reference to existing texts and languages" (1969:18).
		Even our description of the underlying organisation of data should be as data-driven as possible, rather than expressed in some purely theory-driven "deep structure" comprising "universal categories", which I hold least suitable to "provide tools for describing a text" (cf.
	www.shakespeare.uk.net /journal/1_2/beaugrande1_2.html (12778 words)

	UCSC Linguistics - Graduate Program Overview
		It concentrates on the three core sub-disciplines of theoretical and descriptive linguistics: syntax, semantics and phonology.
		While the graduate program at UCSC centers on linguistic theory, it encourages the investigation of theoretical issues through the detailed examination and analysis of particular languages.
		A highlight of the year is the annual graduate student conference (LASC, Linguistics at Santa Cruz), which is the culmination of the quarter-long professionalization course known as Research Seminar.
	ling.ucsc.edu /graduate (307 words)

	Colloquia and Events at UC Boulder Linguistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Linguistic Circle of the University of Colorado is the department's service and information arm.
		This informal discussion of the work of descriptive linguistics comes serendipitously on the heels of the recent announcement in Language of a new category of article, "Descriptive Reports." On this personal tour of the work of a field/descriptive linguist, we will explore some of the questions you always wanted to ask.
		The presentation will be oriented around current linguistic work on Native American languages and Native community efforts to preserve and revitalize their endangered languages.
	stripe.colorado.edu /~linguist/sched.html (964 words)

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