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Topic: Exosphere

	exosphere
		At or below the exobase, the atmosphere is sufficiently dense that collisions dominate the motion of gas molecules and atoms; above the exobase, on the other hand, collisions are so infrequent that atoms moving with sufficient velocity have a high probability of escaping from Earth's gravitational field into interplanetary space.
		The density and structure of the exosphere are influenced by a number of factors, including variations in the temperature and density of the atmosphere below the exobase, photoionization and ionization by impact with solar wind particles, charge exchange with the plasma of the plasmasphere, and radiation pressure exerted by solar far-ultraviolet photons.
		The term exosphere is also used to describe the highly tenuous atmosphere that is the only atmosphere possessed by some planets (such as Mercury) and moons (such as the Galilean satellites).
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/E/exosphere.html (279 words)

	Exosphere -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Astronomy
		In the exosphere, atoms execute ballistic orbits, but seldom undergo collisions.
		The concept of the exosphere was first introduced by G. Stoney in 1868.
		The exosphere extends from approximately 500 km upwards.
	scienceworld.wolfram.com /astronomy/Exosphere.html (53 words)

	Geocorona (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The theoretical outer boundary of the exosphere lies roughly another 100,000 km beyond this, at ~31 Earth radii, the distance at which the influence of solar radiation pressure on particle velocities exceeds that of the Earth's gravitational pull.
		The density and structure of the exosphere are influenced by a number of factors: variations in the temperature and density of the atmosphere below the exobase, photoionization and ionization by impact with solar wind particles, charge exchange with the plasma of the plasmasphere, and radiation pressure exerted by solar far-ultraviolet photons.
		The exosphere plays an important role in the plasma budget of the Earth's inner magnetosphere as a "sink" for ring current charged particles, because charge exchange with exospheric neutral hydrogen is the principal mechanism by which the ring current loses plasma and can return to its "ground state" following a geomagnetic storm.
	pluto.space.swri.edu /IMAGE/glossary/geocorona.html (446 words)

	* Exosphere - (Meteorology): Definition (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.umd.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		EXOSPHERE - This region is considered the very outer limits of the earth's atmosphere.
		Exosphere: The uppermost layer of the Earth's outer atmosphere.
		It is located between the mesosphere and the exosphere and is included as part of the thermosphere.
	www.en.mimi.hu.cob-web.org:8888 /meteorology/exosphere.html (350 words)

	Exosphere - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The exosphere is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere.
		It is only from the exosphere that atmospheric gases, atoms, and molecules can, to any appreciable extent, escape into outer space.
		The main gases within the exosphere are the lightest gases, mainly hydrogen and helium, with some atomic oxygen near the exobase.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Exosphere (180 words)

	[No title]
		Rather, Exosphere seeks a reduction or cancellation of the proposed forfeiture based on the circumstances at the time of the April 3, 2003 inspection by agents from the Tampa field office, and the good faith steps it took to comply with the Rules.
		Exosphere asserts that it has two tenants on its tower and that on March 30, 2003, Mr.
		Exosphere states that the antenna structure was repainted in September of 2003.
	www.fcc.gov /eb/Orders/2004/DA-04-3799A1.html (861 words)

	AECL 1000 Atmosphere Project Troposphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The exosphere is the last layer of the atmosphere at the top beyond the thermosphere, and emerges with "interplanetary gases, or space.
		The region where atoms and molecules escape into space is referred to as the exosphere.
		Exosphere is where molecules from the atmosphere can overcome the pull of gravity and escape into outer space.
	w3.uwyo.edu /~bmckim/atmosphere_exosphere.html (129 words)

	Exosphere: Backlash - BZP Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The Exosphere was there not just to mine protodermis, but to recover the Vahi, apparently the key to some sort of weapon or device which would let them obtain ultimate power over the universe....
		Already, rebellions were underway on nearly forty Exosphere worlds, their leaders crying 'Remember Crossroads!' And meanwhile, battle fleets from most of the free world were on their way to rendezvous with Ssrin on her desperate mission to Khass, the Exosphere homeworld.
		But even Exosphere rear-guard units fought with the skill of anyone else's elites, and Thau had to admit- with a touch of racial pride- that each Exosphere ship out there was worth two of any other frigate on the field.
	www.bzpower.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=76192 (9278 words)

	Exosphere
		The exosphere is the highest layer of the atmosphere.
		The exosphere extends to 10,000 km above the Earth's surface.
		Air atoms and molecules are constantly escaping to space from the exosphere.
	www.ace.mmu.ac.uk /eae/Atmosphere/Older/Exosphere.html (90 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Mercury Atmosphere
		Mercury has no stable atmosphere; the gaseous environment of the planet is best described as an exosphere, a medium so rarefied that the neutral atoms of its constituents never collide.
		The atoms that make up the exosphere were forced out of Mercury's crust by impacting high-energy photons and ions from the Sun and by incoming micrometeorites.
		The study of the exosphere will therefore provide another clue to the chemical composition of the surface.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31275 (110 words)

	The outer limits of the lunar sodium exosphere
		A new wide-angle coronagraphic-type imaging system used for the lunar eclipse of 16 July 2000 resulted in detections of the lunar sodium exosphere out to ∼20 lunar radii, approximately twice the size recorded with narrower fields of view during previous eclipses.
		These measurements and subsequent modeling provide a unique constraint on the fastest atoms ejected from the lunar surface that form the lunar exosphere, indicative of the most energetic space weathering processes acting on the lunar surface.
		Citation: Wilson, J. Baumgardner, and M. Mendillo (2003), The outer limits of the lunar sodium exosphere, Geophys.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2003/2003GL017443.shtml (247 words)

	Martian hydrogen exosphere charge exchange with solar wind
		Charge exchange of solar wind with the Martian exosphere has been shown to play a crucial role in the formation of the magnetic pileup boundary observed by Mars Global Surveyor.
		However, the question of how the Martian exospheric structure is quantitatively altered by charge exchange of the solar wind remains open.
		Although the change of exospheric density profile is indistinctive, simulation results show that the existence of the hot atomic hydrogen population produced by charge exchange alters the exospheric temperature structure greatly and the symmetry of the exospheric structure is totally destroyed at high altitude.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2003/2002JA009604.shtml (319 words)

	411B: M1, U3, P7: Exosphere
		The exosphere is the region where molecules from the atmosphere can overcome the pull of gravity and escape into outer space.
		The exosphere usually begins about 500 km up (notice, this is well off the chart on page 1), but there is no definable boundary to mark as the end of the thermosphere and the beginning of the exosphere.
		There is no definable upper limit to the exosphere.
	www.shodor.org /os411/courses/411b/module01/unit03/page07.html (153 words)

	exosphere - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "exosphere" is defined.
		exosphere : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language [home, info]
		Exosphere : National Weather Service Glossary [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=exosphere (150 words)

	Earth Floor: Spheres
		If we didn't have heat and light from the Sun, we would all quickly become part of the cryosphere.
		Sometimes we get visitors from the exosphere such as comet dust (which makes the meteors we see at night) and meteorites (which we see in museums).
		Very occasionally we get unwelcome visitors such as asteroids and comet heads that explode in the atmosphere or hit the ground and explode to make huge craters and change Earth's climate.
	www.cotf.edu /ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/exosphere.html (176 words)

	EPA - Air - OAQPS - APTI - Air Pollution Control - Atmosphere
		The increase in temperature stops at this height, beyond which lies the exosphere.
		The exosphere extends to 40,000 miles above the earth's surface.
		The thermosphere and the exosphere together make up the upper atmosphere.
	www.epa.gov /air/oaqps/eog/course422/ap1.html (382 words)

	E X O S P H E R E & G L O B E F I E L D
		The globe has a diameter of 12 m (39'4") and relates to the Earth at a scale of 1:1.000.000.
		Sun would be as far away as Berlin and fill up Tempelhof Airport (1.4 km ø), Wolfsburg would fit on a fingernail, Autostadt would take up 1mm2 and Exosphere itself would be of microscopic dimension (12µ), the size of a red blood cell.
		If the sun were the size of this globe, earth would be the size of an orange, 1.2km away.
	www.exosphere.org (315 words)

	Rockport Exosphere M - Dark Gaucho - Free Shipping & Return Shipping
		Brass eyelets are durable and anchored to prevent pull through.
		Rubber outsole provides a durable grip on a variety of surfaces.
		Exosphere M - Dark Gaucho is available in your size, click here
	www.shoebuy.com /sb/s.jsp?Style=46923 (164 words)

	Cassini-Huygens: Spacecraft-Instruments-Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI)
		To study Titan's interaction with the magnetosphere of Saturn and and the solar wind.
		To determine the importance of Titan's exosphere as a source for the atomic hydrogen torus in Saturn's outer magnetosphere.
		To investigate the absorption of energetic ions and electrons by Saturn's rings and icy satellites.
	saturn.jpl.nasa.gov /spacecraft/inst-cassini-mimi-details.cfm (516 words)

	Exosphere Hosting
		Welcome to the home of Exosphere hosting, reliability with speed for your web site and e-mail hosting.
		We offer a unique "one stop shop" for your web site.
		Please read our About Us page for more information.
	www.exosphere.co.uk (110 words)

	Men's Rockport Exosphere Hikers, Brown, Men's Footwear, Rockport, Rockport Hiker Boot Waterproof Leather at Sportsman's ...
		Men's Rockport Exosphere Hikers, Brown, Men's Footwear, Rockport, Rockport Hiker Boot Waterproof Leather at Sportsman's Guide
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		Perfect for trekking trails, backcountry jaunts and maneuvering off-trail wet marsh.
	www.sportsmansguide.com /cb/cb.asp?a=134441 (65 words)

	EAA Young Eagles - Ask the Expert
		The exosphere is exosphere the uppermost layer of the atmosphere.
		It begins at about 700 km or 435 miles up and fades off into the vacuum of space.
		Special thanks to the Emil Buehler Trust for funding the initial development of this website
	www.youngeagles.org /questions/afmviewfaq.asp?faqid=149 (121 words)

	Ask John Harper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		what is our exosphere what does it do how big is it do you know facts about it
		The atmosphere in this layer is sufficiently rarified for satellites to orbit the Earth, although they still receive some atmospheric drag.
		Can you give me some facts about the Exosphere so I can make some questions for a game?
	www.cyberwitch.com /wychwood/Observatory/askJohnHarper.asp?id=443 (12024 words)

	More lame humor - Dirt Rider . Net, Dirt Bikes - Motocross - Off-Road - Supercross
		What do you call a dog with no legs with steel b@lls....Sparky
		Last edited by ExoSphere : 06-27-2002 at 09:16 AM.
		What do you call a guy with no arms or legs in you mailbox.Bill
	www.dirtrider.net /forums3/showthread.php?t=52862 (440 words)

	The Exosphere
		The exosphere extends from the thermosphere out to space.
		This is a picture which shows the Earth, its atmosphere (the clouds are likely in the troposphere and stratosphere), the limb of the Earth (the dark blue curve/edge which is the mesosphere and thermosphere), and the dark blue to fl region of space (where our exosphere extends out to...).
		Click on image for full size (80K JPEG)
	www.windows.ucar.edu /cgi-bin/tour.cgi?link=/earth_science/Atm_Science/Temp_structure/structure_exo.html&sw=false&sn=541820&edu=high&cdp=/windows3.html&cd=false&frp=/windows3.html&tour=&fr=f (145 words)

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