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Topic: Facial recognition

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	Facial recognition system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This recognition problem is made difficult by the great variability in head rotation and tilt, lighting intensity and angle, facial expression, aging, etc. Some other attempts at facial recognition by machine have allowed for little or no variability in these quantities.
		In the recognition phase, the set of distances was compared with the corresponding distance for each photograph, yielding a distance between the photograph and the database record.
		Among the different biometric techniques facial recognition may not be the most reliable and efficient but its great advantage is that it does not require aid from the test subject.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Facial_recognition_system (1225 words)

	Face perception - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The structurally encoded representation is transferred to notional 'face recognition units' which in conjunction with 'person identity nodes' allow the person to be identified by information from semantic memory.
		Other scientists, in particular Nancy Kanwisher and her colleagues, argue that face recognition involves processes that are face-specific and that are not recruited by expert discriminations in other object classes (See the domain specificity).
		Therefore, it is still not clear in exactly which situations the fusiform gyrus becomes active, although it is certain that face recognition relies heavily on this area and damage to it can lead to severe face recognition impairment.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Facial_recognition (1403 words)

	EPIC Face Recognition Information Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Facial recognition systems also create significant privacy risks: the cameras are often hidden and there are no laws to prevent abuse.
		Facial recognition systems are computer-based security systems that are able to automatically detect and identify human faces.
		The first step for a facial recognition system is to recognize a human face and extract it fro the rest of the scene.
	www.epic.org /privacy/facerecognition (2550 words)

	findBIOMETRICS.com - Biometrics Facial Recognition Guides and Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Facial recognition systems are built on computer programs that analyze images of human faces for the purpose of identifying them.
		If facial recognition is unjustified in airports and at public events such as the Super Bowl, its use for general surveillance is even more inappropriate.
		Facial recognition is especially subject to abuse because it can be used in a passive way that doesn't require the knowledge, consent, or participation of the subject.
	www.findbiometrics.com /Pages/face_articles/face_2.html (1611 words)

	ImageWare Systems - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Facial recognition, a biometrics approach that mixes computer and security video technologies, has had its ups and downs.
		The makeover of facial recognition depends on specific applications as well as the encouragement of government as federal law and regulations encourage the acceleration of development and implementation of biometrics.
		Even before facial recognition, a handful of companies were selling identification and security systems that used iris and retinal scanning as a biometrics.
	www.iwsinc.com /News/A_FacialMakeover.cfm (1297 words)

	Tampa police try a facial recognition project again after problems shut down its first attempt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Calling the facial recognition system “an overhyped failure,” the New York-based ACLU said the police log showed the system was prone to false matches and that it never positively identified any missing or wanted individuals whose images are contained in the department’s photographic database.
		Facial recognition systems, also known as facial scanning systems, potentially could be a significant part of the homeland security equation, according to supporters.
		He said facial recognition would be ineffective even at airports because of the lack of high-quality images of terrorists to store in a database.
	www.washingtontechnology.com /news/16_21/state/17781-1.html (1198 words)

	Animetrics \| Facial Recognition Applications
		Examples of biometrics are fingerprinting, facial recognition, iris scanning, signature authentication, voice recognition and hand geometry.
		Facial recognition is simply using characteristics of the face to identify an individual.
		Facial recognition has obvious advantages for personal identification: unlike other biometrics, it is non-invasive, unobtrusive and discrete.
	www.animetrics.com /technology/frapplications.php (579 words)

	Individual Biometrics - Facial Recognition
		Facial recognition analyzes the characteristics of a person's face images input through a digital video camera.
		The development stage for facial recognition began in the late 1980s and commercially available systems were made available in the 1990s.
		One of the strongest positive aspects of facial recognition is that it is non-intrusive.
	ctl.ncsc.dni.us /biomet%20web/BMFacial.html (405 words)

	Examining the Constitutionality of Facial Recognition Surveillance Systems
		Facial recognition is part of a larger category of technologies called biometrics that uses biological information, such as iris scans and handprints, to confirm identity.
		While facial recognition systems have proven successful in these different applications, companies distributing the product emphasize the way that this technology can be used on streets and in other major public areas to identify criminals at large.
		As intrusive as facial recognition technology appears to be, it must be determined if its use in a public area is so intrusive as to constitute an unreasonable search and entitle individuals to Fourth Amendment protection as just suggested.
	www.jolt.unc.edu /vol3/Bennett.htm (4992 words)

	FACIAL RECOGNITION IN ACTION
		Facial recognition technology has allowed the sheriff's office to quickly access important identity information and retrieve records, thus allowing officers to correctly identify even uncooperative suspects and to conduct more efficient investigations.
		The Viisage pre-book kiosk uses facial recognition technology to find the face in the field of view, crop the image and provide the deputy with four pre-booking images in less than 5 seconds.
		Using facial recognition, the camera automatically maneuvers to find the face in the field of view, center the face, zoom in and focus.
	govtsecurity.com /mag/facial_recognition_action/index.html (1658 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Facial Recognition Systems Work"
		Facial recognition software falls into a larger group of technologies known as biometrics.
		Facial recognition methods may vary, but they generally involve a series of steps that serve to capture, analyze and compare your face to a database of stored images.
		Facial recognition, like other forms of biometrics, is considered a technology that will have many uses in the near future.
	computer.howstuffworks.com /facial-recognition2.htm (529 words)

	CNN.com - Facial-recognition tech has people pegged - July 17, 2001
		Currently, though, it is being used most in casinos (more than 100 across the country have facial recognition in operation) and neighborhoods (the city of Tampa uses it in outdoor cameras to spot missing children and lawbreakers).
		Facial recognition is a technology that has been around for a while.
		Facial recognition technology falls under the umbrella of biometrics, technologies that identify people based on features such as faces, hands, fingerprints and eyes.
	archives.cnn.com /2001/TECH/ptech/07/17/face.time.idg (839 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Facial Recognition Systems Work"
		One of the most innovative uses of facial recognition is being employed by the Mexican government, which is using the technology to weed out duplicate voter registrations.
		Using the facial recognition technology, officials can search through facial images in the voter database for duplicates at the time of registration.
		While facial recognition can be used to protect your private information, it can just as easily be used to invade your privacy by taking you picture when you are entirely unaware of the camera.
	computer.howstuffworks.com /facial-recognition3.htm (394 words)

	EPIC Spotlight on Surveillance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Such facial recognition systems create significant privacy risks because the technique is surreptitious, the prospects for extensive profiling are clear, and there are no laws that currently regulate these systems to prevent abuse.
		The Defense Department’s face recognition technology tests found that a 45-degree difference in position between the current and database images renders the technology ineffective, and a 15-degree difference is all that is needed to adversely affect the facial recognition technology.
		Facial recognition systems have already been used in one test to scan crowds for more than just suspected criminals or terrorists, but also for “such people as those who might have ‘valuable intelligence’ for the police,” whatever “valuable intelligence” may mean.
	www.epic.org /privacy/surveillance/spotlight/1105 (2323 words)

	Riya - Visual Search
		The difficulties of face recognition lie in the inherent variation of facial characteristics and the environment of image acquisition.
		Most of the existing face recognition systems to date usually impose restrictions to avoid those difficulties on the imaging situation, such as well-controlled environments or near-frontal, well-aligned images.
		Face and text recognition are just part of the overall scope that Riya wishes to achieve in their vision of mastering visual search online.
	www.riya.com /historyFaceRecognition (520 words)

	Ecological Facial Display Recognition
		Facial displays of this kind are extremely context dependent, for both speaker and listener.
		That is, the displayer can use a single facial display in many different contexts, and the display will assume a different meaning for the watcher depending on the context he or she perceives.
		A system for recognizing facial action with the goal of identifying emotional states will not be sufficient for visual intelligent agents of the future.
	www.cs.ubc.ca /spider/jhoey/face (780 words)

	LogicaCMG : Regular offenders can be identified by facial recognition technology
		The aim of the trial was to investigate whether facial recognition technology could support the Zuidplein security staff in tracking habitual shoplifters.
		During the trial, which lasted several weeks, the facial recognition system was implemented in the reception centre at Zuidplein.
		It was connected to the shopping centre’s existing camera infrastructure and the images picked up by the monitoring cameras were sent to the facial recognition system, which contained a database of photographs of volunteers who agreed to be registered as regular shoplifters.
	www.logicacmg.com /pressroom/press_releases/press_releases.asp?display=detail&id=1098 (469 words)

	CNN.com - ACLU slams facial-recognition software - January 8, 2002
		"Facial recognition as a surveillance tool doesn't work," said Barry Steinhardt, associate director of the ACLU and one of the authors of the report.
		She acknowledged: "We have never made an arrest as a result" of the software, but noted it was only used for about six weeks and was only monitoring one of 36 cameras.
		Eric Hemmendinger, a security analyst at Aberdeen Group Inc. in Boston, said the whole facial recognition issue could eventually be moot because of the massive amount of work the software must do in a very brief time frame.
	www.cnn.com /2002/TECH/ptech/01/08/aclu.face.recognition.idg/index.html (868 words)

	Face Recognition Homepage
		Over the last ten years or so, face recognition has become a popular area of research in computer vision and one of the most successful applications of image analysis and understanding.
		A general statement of the face recognition problem (in computer vision) can be formulated as follows: Given still or video images of a scene, identify or verify one or more persons in the scene using a stored database of faces.
		Since the former Face Recognition Homepage of Peter Kruizinga is no longer active and we believe that face recognition is an important research area, we wanted to give prospective researchers a place to start on the Internet.
	www.face-rec.org (450 words)

	Forensic Evidence.com: Identification Evidence/Facial Recognition Systems
		Although facial recognition technology has not been proven to be an accurate and effective way of identifying terrorists or wanted suspects, some of the proposed post-September 11 uses of the technology – such as in immigration and airport security – have been welcomed by the general public.
		Some facial identification advocates say that the cameras have not caught any suspects because the systems have been successful in deterring terrorists and other criminals from entering the protected area.
		There is no doubt that facial recognition systems can have a very positive impact on modern commerce as well as on crime-fighting, but there must be guidelines and limitations to the use of the technology to make it more privacy-friendly.
	www.forensic-evidence.com /site/ID/facialrecog.html (2171 words)

	International Biometric Group - Facial Recognition Technology
		Further information on facial recognition technology can also be found in IBG’s Biometrics Market and Industry Report 2006-2010, the industry's most comprehensive, extensive, and authoritative analysis of biometric technologies, applications, and global markets.
		Facial recognition technology has been evaluated in IBG's Comparative Biometric Testing, Rounds 2, 3 and 5.
		This test effort provides false match, false non-match, and failure to enroll rates for leading biometric technologies, including fingerprint, facial recognition, iris-scan, hand geometry, and voice recognition technology.
	www.biometricgroup.com /reports/public/reports_facial-scan.html (164 words)

	Passport Canada: Facial Recognition Project
		The objective of the FR Proof of Concept Project was to determine whether a Facial Recognition System was feasible, affordable and whether it effectively verified a travel document applicant's photograph or its digital rendering against those in a query database.
		The objective of the FR Proof of Concept projet was to determine whether a Facial Recognition application was mature and effective enough to meet program objectives which are to deter access to non eligible applicants.
		If a Facial Recognition System is implemented, the System will have to be scheduled for retention and disposition according to the requirements of the Privacy Act Regulations and TBS Policy on the Management of Government Information Holdings.
	www.ppt.gc.ca /publications/facial_recognition.aspx?lang=e (4435 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Facial Recognition Systems Work"
		The Tampa Police Department was testing out a new technology, called FaceIt, that allows snapshots of faces from the crowd to be compared to a database of criminal mugshots.
		Facial recognition software can be used to find criminals in a crowd, turning a mass of people into a big lineup.
		We'll also look at how facial recognition software is being used in elections, criminal investigations and to secure your personal computer.
	computer.howstuffworks.com /facial-recognition.htm (234 words)

	RAND \| Research Areas \| National Security \| Biometrics Expert Delivers Lecture on Facial Recognition
		At their current level of development, facial recognition systems show promise but are not yet advanced enough to be considered mature technologies.
		This comprehensive study of current facial recognition technologies showed that differences in factors like camera angle, direction of lighting, facial expression and other "minor" parameters can have significant effects on the ability of systems to recognize individuals.
		As a result, while the use of facial recognition at the Super Bowl has generated a significant level of public discussion on this topic, such an application is allowed under the current legal framework surrounding these activities.
	www.rand.org /natsec_area/products/facialrecog.html (854 words)

	Facial-Recognition Solutions Roundup
		Features of the system include flexible operating modes, which enable it to be used as a stand-alone facial-recognition solution or in combination with a password, and facial recognition is performed at logon, to unlock the screen lock and screen saver.
		The recognition program is resistant to changes in facial expression, hairstyles, disguises, lighting, and pose variations of up to 35 degrees in all directions.
		The solution can perform infrared facial recognition as well as continuous condition monitoring of individuals by using passive infrared imaging that is non-contact, non-invasive, and works under any lighting conditions or in total darkness.
	www.tmcnet.com /biomag/features/roundup051502.htm (2408 words)

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