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Topic: Feudal society

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Feudalism

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	Feudalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Feudalism refers to a general set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility of Europe during the Middle Ages, revolving around the three key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs.
		The word "feudalism" was invented in the seventeenth century, based on the Late Latin feudum, which was borrowed from Germanic *fehu, a commonly used term in the Middle Ages for a fief (land held under certain obligations by feodati).
		For Marx, what defined feudalism was that the power of the ruling class (the aristocracy) rested on their control of the farmable lands, leading to a class society based upon the exploitation of the peasants who farm these lands, typically under serfdom.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Feudalism (2648 words)

	Encyclopedia: Feudal society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In the broader conception of feudal society, as developed in the 1930s by the French Annaliste historian Marc Bloch, the prevailing features include: The Annales School is a school of historical writing named after the French scholarly journal Annales dhistoire Ã©conomique et sociale (later called, then renamed in 1994 as) where it was first expounded.
		Feudalism was practiced in many different ways, depending on location and time period, and thus a high-level encompassing conceptual definition does not always provide a reader with the intimate understanding that historical examples can show.
		Because feudalism is a modern concept, to understand what feudalism is, it is helpful to understand the history of the term since its invention, the key definitions of feudalism used by various historians, and recent modern interpretations and revolts.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Feudal-society (1068 words)

	feudalism. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Feudalism was based on contracts made among nobles, and although it was intricately connected with the manorial system, it must be considered as distinct from it.
		In an ideal feudal society (a legal fiction, most nearly realized in the Crusaders’ Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem), the ownership of all land was vested in the king.
		The feudal method of holding land was by fief; the grantor of the fief was the suzerain, or overlord, and the recipient was the vassal.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fe/feudalis.html (1511 words)

	feudal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A feudal society is a world where oaths and obligations, vows and promises and established expectations and customs provide the only stability possible.
		Europe was not the only region to experience a feudal period, in fact as we mentioned a few weeks ago, Japan became a feudal society by the end of the Heian era and remained a feudal region until the late 16th century.
		A vassal was of lesser status than the feudal lord, but was still part of the military elite that dominated Europe for centuries based on their monopoly of military might.
	www.hcc.hawaii.edu /hcconline/hist151/feudal.htm (1891 words)

	Lecture 21: Feudalism and the Feudal Relationship
		Feudal society, then, was a society dominated by a vast network of mutual relationships based almost entirely on personal loyalty and service.
		In other words, the personal relationships embodied in the concept of feudal society as it made its appearance in the 8th and 9th centuries had become, by the 10th an 11th centuries, merely the means for the acquisition of more private property.
		Feudal society provided stability, security, and protection throughout the period of the early Middle Ages and aided in the development of political centralization during the high Middle Ages.
	www.historyguide.org /ancient/lecture21b.html (2316 words)

	[No title]
		From the feudal point of view an estate held as a fief could be freely parcelled out to under-tenants who would become the vassals of the man holding directly of the lord, provided the obligations of that intermediate tenant were not lessened by such a process.
		An appeal was impossible from the feudal point of view, because it would have meant a revision of the judgment by higher authority, and feudal litigants submitted not to higher authority but to a convention in which they had taken part.
		Feudalism, natural husbandry, the sway of the military class, the crystallisation of powers and rights in local centres, are phenomena which took place all over Western Europe and which led in France, in Germany, in Italy and Spain to similar though not identical results.
	socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca /~econ/ugcm/3ll3/vinogradoff/feudal (9209 words)

	Glossary of Terms: Fe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Feudal society is the type of civilisation, generally associated with predominantly small-scale agricultural production, based on traditional patterns of land-ownership and territory, in which the rights and duties of every member of society is defined by traditional inheritance and kinship relations.
		Feudal society differs from tribal society in being a class society, in which quite different and unequal rights and duties are enjoyed by different families, according to land rights, wealth and social status inherited from previous generations.
		Feudal society differs from slave society in that every class in feudal society has rights and is regarded as human, however lowly, whereas slaves have no rights at all and are treated as property rather than people.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/terms/f/e.htm (1622 words)

	[No title]
		Modern bourgeois society, with its relations of production, of exchange and of property, a society that has conjured up such gigantic means of production and of exchange, is like the sorcerer who is no longer able to control the powers of the nether world whom he has called up by his spells.
		Society suddenly finds itself put back into a state of momentary barbarism; it appears as if a famine, a universal war of devastation, had cut off the supply of every means of subsistence; industry and commerce seem to be destroyed.
		The inner organization of this primitive communistic society was laid bare, in its typical form, by Lewis Henry Morgan's (1818-1861) crowning discovery of the true nature of the gens and its relation to the tribe.
	eserver.org /marx/1848-communist.manifesto/cm1.txt (4278 words)

	Feudal society - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term's validity is questioned by many medieval historians who consider the description "feudal" appropriate only to the specifically voluntary and personal bonds of mutual protection, loyalty and support among members of the administrative, military or ecclesiastical elite, to the exclusion of involuntary obligations attached to tenure of "unfree" land.
		This stricter concept is discussed under Feudalism, and the bonds which it excludes under Manorialism.
		Reaching its most developed form in the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th and 13th centuries, feudal society evolved in its developed form in the northern French heartland of the Carolingian monarchy of the 8th-10th centuries, but has its antecedents also in late Roman practice.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Feudal_society (408 words)

	Feudal Society
		The Middle Ages was a time of knights in shining armor, kings and queens, lords and ladies, glorious feasts and tournaments, wandering minstrels and court jesters, and vassals and serfs.
		In return for goods and services, the feudal lord gave the peasants and villagers rights to use the land and protection from armed attacks by barbarians, Vikings, and other powerful lords and their armies.
		Society in much of medieval Europe was organized into a "feudal" system, which was based on the allocation of land in return for services to the
	www.st-thomasmore.org /School/medieval_world/html/feudal_society.html (236 words)

	FEUDALISM, Term Papers 2000, Term papers, 060129
		Specifically, the paper evaluates the concept of medieval feudalism as defined in the book and compares it to a modern developing nation where the concept of feudalism was applied to describe the changes and challenges the country faces in modernizing.
		The paper explains that, in a feudal society, no man is so high that he does not have certain obligations to the lower class, and no one is so low that they are without certain rights.
		However, because feudalism fostered a culture of violence between lords which was only finally overcome with the reconsolidation of royal power in the early modern centuries, European society probably became less stable than ever until feudalism was gone.
	www.termpapers2000.com /lib/essay/Feudalism.html?a=link1 (2945 words)

	Feudalism
		Society is hierarchically ordered with a military class of highly-trained and expensively-equipped warriors supported by a mass of peasants who provide labor and are tied to the land.
		Marx argued that societies naturally pass from feudalism to capitalism before the inevitable emergence of the classless socialist society.
		By feudalism I mean a form of society in which agriculture is the basis of economy and in which political power is monopolised by a class of landowners.
	history.wisc.edu /sommerville/123/feudalism.htm (815 words)

	Camelot Village: Britain's Heritage and History
		Society in much of medieval Europe was organised into a "feudal" system, which was based on the allocation of land in return for services to the king.
		A noble pledged himself to be the king's servant or vassal, at a special ceremony - kneeling before the king he swore an oath of loyalty with the words, "Sire I have become your man." The great nobles often divided their lands among lower lords, or knights, who in turn became their vassals.
		At the lowest rung of the society ladder were the peasants who worked the land itself.
	www.camelotintl.com /village/society.html (391 words)

	End of Europe's Middle Ages - Feudal Institutions
		This tied the Church into the feudal network as family loyalties remained intact for clergy and the hierarchy of the Church mirrored the social structure of a patriarchal secular society.
		The basic unit of these feudal arrangements was the fief, a section of land granted for temporary use.
		In an attempt to close ranks and protect social status, the noble elite turned their military attributes towards elaborate forms of "mock battle" such as jousts and tournaments, and the martial and moral aspects of feudal society were ritualised into chivalry.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/feudal.html (1248 words)

	A Feudal Society
		Unlike other feudal societies of the period, Koryo's ruling class, including the Ch'oe clan and other great military families who ruled from Kaesong, had no direct links to either the land or the peasants who worked the land.
		The capital at Kaesong was the physical embodiment of a centralized feudal society.
		Feudalistic Koryo was a "two-tiered" society where a small minority of the privileged ruling class dominated the bulk of the population.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C07/E0701.htm (2759 words)

	The Avalon Project : MANIFESTO OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY : I.
		The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with clash antagonisms.
		At a certain stage in the development of these means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal society produced and exchanged, the feudal organisation of agriculture and manufacturing industry, in one word, the feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive forces; they became so many fetters.
		Society suddenly finds itself put back into a state of momentary barbarism; it appears as if a famine, a universal war of devastation had cut off the supply of every means of subsistence; industry and commerce seem to be destroyed; and why?
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/treatise/communist_manifesto/manone.htm (3916 words)

	THE CHINESE REVOLUTION AND THE CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The emperor reigned supreme in the feudal state, appointing officials in charge of the armed forces, the law courts, the treasury and state granaries in all parts of the county and relying on the landed gentry as the mainstay of the entire system of feudal rule.
		The principal contradiction in feudal society was between the peasantry and the landlord class.
		Among all the classes in Chinese society, the peasantry is a firm ally of the working class, the urban petty bourgeoisie is a reliable ally, and the national bourgeoisie is an ally in certain periods and to a certain extent.
	www.marxists.org /reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-2/mswv2_23.htm (9191 words)

	Feudal Society and Colonization: The Historiography of New France. by Peter Moogk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Feudal Society and Colonization: The Historiography of New France.
		In ''feudal' France the peasants had greater security of land tenure, and thus they were not easily displaced for overseas colonization.
		Some are commended for coming close to the writer's ''feudal society' explanation; most are condemned for ideological confusion, inconsistency, and for having only fragmentary insights.
	www.utpjournals.com /product/chr/703/feudal6.html (968 words)

	Amazon.com: Feudal Society, Volume 1: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages (Hist of the Church) by R.
		Indeed, as picked up by Karl Marx, Feudalism, equated largely with landlord-tenant agriculture instead of sub-divided political and judicial authority, became a theoretical concept to be applied to a variety of extra-European societies, as a stage in an inevitable social evolution.
		Feudalism, with its emphasis on individual obligation and quid pro pro, was an attempt to remedy the lack of communication over long distances and lack of central authority.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0226059782?v=glance (2463 words)

	Amazon.ca: Feudal Society, Volume 2: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		But feudal one is based on the principle of contract which is premised on reciprocity.
		Marc Bloch's Feudal Society is the most informative and by far the best documented treatise one is likely to encounter among all the books and articles ever written on this subject.
		It is a wonderful companion to Carl Stephenson's slender volume, Mediaeval Feudalism, on feudal social and political institutions.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0226059790 (896 words)

	model for hist 394 final paper
		For this project I will address the issues that confronted townspeople in feudal society as they began to emerge from the feudal system and became self-governing towns.
		To accomplish this I will need to examine feudal society, how it was formed, how it was structured, and the different roles of people within it.
		Feudalism relied on a system of heredity to fill positions of power and a system of oaths to ensure loyalty among the nobles.
	web.uccs.edu /history/courses/hist394/finalpapmodel.htm (1810 words)

	Marx - Communist Manifesto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.
		Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.
		The East-lndian and Chinese markets, the colonization of America, trade with the colonies, the increase in the means of exchange and in commodities generally, gave to commerce, to navigation, to industry, an impulse never before known, and thereby, to the revolutionary element in the tottering feudal society, a rapid development.
	www2.pfeiffer.edu /~lridener/DSS/Marx/COMMMAN.HTML (3974 words)

	The Middle Ages: Feudal Life
		These manors were isolated, with occasional visits from peddlers, pilgrims on their way to the Crusades, or soldiers from other fiefdoms.
		In this "feudal" system, the king awarded land grants or "fiefs" to his most important nobles, his barons, and his bishops, in return for their contribution of soldiers for the king's armies.
		At the lowest echelon of society were the peasants, also called "serfs" or "villeins." In exchange for living and working on his land, known as the "demesne," the lord offered his peasants protection.
	www.learner.org /exhibits/middleages/feudal.html (141 words)

	[No title]
		The Amhara have a stratified feudal society, although new elites are emerging to challenge the old hierarchy.
		Position in the social hierarchy is based on land tenure, feudal relations between nobles and peasants, secular versus Coptic Church affiliation, ethnic division of skilled labor, and, to a lesser extent, age and sex.
		While it was in the best interests of the emperor to appoint as many loyal provincial governors as he could, certain hereditary nobles held traditional control of areas which the emperor, unless he wanted to go to war, had little likelihood of reclaiming.
	lucy.ukc.ac.uk /EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7825 (1350 words)

	The Feudal Society of Matewan
		Thus, the Stone Mountain Coal Company was a feudal lord in the West Virginian town of Matewan.
		Nevertheless, there are also elements of the feudal society that occur in our capitalist society today and so the line between a capitalist and feudal society is sometimes a thin one.
		Despite these similarities though, citizens of societies like Matewan benefit from the change to a capitalism system where they have the opportunity to join forces with their fellow workers and fight for workers rights or to leave the company and possibly work for another employer including themselves.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~rgabriel/matewan.html (993 words)

	SSRN-Western Frontier or Feudal Society?: Metaphors and Perceptions of Cyberspace by Alfred Chueh-Chin Yen
		SSRN-Western Frontier or Feudal Society?: Metaphors and Perceptions of Cyberspace by Alfred Chueh-Chin Yen
		The Article does not claim that cyberspace is thoroughly feudal, but it does argue that the feudal society metaphor valuably dislodges the western frontier metaphor and reminds us that law has an important role to play in shaping the future of the Internet.
		Yen, Alfred C., "Western Frontier or Feudal Society?: Metaphors and Perceptions of Cyberspace".
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=322522 (306 words)

	Utopian socialism
		The Church represented the feudal ruling class, whose aim had to be to keep the serfs exploitable and in their place.
		The response of the pre-capitalist communists was to separate themselves from the dominant society.
		Scientific socialism comprehends the socialist task to be the transformation of society, now that the economic means for the establishment of a socialist society have been realised.
	www.worldsocialism.org /spgb/feb99/utopian.html (838 words)

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