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	Functional MR Imaging of the Brain (fMRI)
		Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a relatively new procedure that uses MR imaging to measure the quick, tiny metabolic changes that take place in an active part of the brain.
		fMRI is becoming the diagnostic method of choice for learning how a normal, diseased or injured brain is working, as well as for assessing the potential risks of surgery or other invasive treatment of the brain.
		fMRI uses this technology to identify regions of the brain where blood vessels are expanding, chemical changes are taking place or extra oxygen is being delivered—all signs that this part of the brain is currently processing information and giving commands to the body.
	www.radiologyinfo.org /content/functional_mr.htm (1557 words)

	fMRI - About Functional MRI(General)
		The need for individualized maps of brain function is enhanced when the presence of a tumor alters the expected location of a function, or when the location of the tumor is in an area with an uncertain function such as association cortices or language-related processes.
		Thus, eloquent motor activity and seizure activity were co-localized using fMRI, and the onset, progression pattern, time course, and relative MR amplitudes of the seizure event were observed (Hirsch, et al,1996).
		We are currently applying fMRI methods to identify brain structures uniquely involved with visual perceptions, language generation, comprehension of sequential information as in a movie, the execution of visually guided responses, and complex problem solving.
	www.fmri.org /fmri.htm (2162 words)

	Neuroguide.com - Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is used to visualize brain function, by visualizing changes in chemical composition of brain areas or changes in the flow of fluids that occur over timespans of seconds to minutes.
		44) The techniques which can be used in fMRI include gradient echo imaging (in which spin-echo's 180-degree pulse is replaced by a "reversal of magnetic field gradients;" (Heiken and Brown, 1991), echo planar imaging (a variation of spin-echo, also called "fast spin echo imaging"), and spin-echo inversion recovery imaging.
		The principle of fMRI imaging is to take a series of images of the brain in quick succession and to statistically analyze the images for differences among them.
	www.neuroguide.com /gregg.html (1871 words)

	HNL - Human Neuroimaging Lab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The second key phenomenon underlying fMRI is the physiological principle that whenever any part of the brain becomes active, the small blood vessels in that localized region dilate, causing more blood to rush in.
		In fMRI, the same scanner is optimized to detect small changes in blood flow in the brain in response to scientifically designed stimuli.
		In principle, fMRI can be used to observe the activation of brain structures in response to almost any kind of brief stimulation, ranging from sounds, to visual images, to gentle touching of the skin.
	www.hnl.bcm.tmc.edu /fMRI.html (807 words)

	SPM - Statistical Parametric Mapping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The current release is designed for the analysis of fMRI, PET, SPECT and similar modalities.
		Parametric statistical models are assumed at each voxel, using the General Linear Model GLM to describe the data in terms of experimental and confounding effects, and residual variability.
		For fMRI the GLM is used in combination with a temporal convolution model.
	www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk /spm (569 words)

	Liars Can't Hide From fMRI - Health and Medical Information produced by doctors - MedicineNet.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Six of them were told to shoot a toy gun with blank bullets and then to lie about it while they were examined with fMRI and given a polygraph, which measures changes in respiration, blood pressure and perspiration.
		In all cases, fMRI and the polygraph correctly identified liars and those telling the truth.
		We plan to investigate the potential of fMRI both as a stand-alone test and as a supplement to the polygraph with the goal of creating the most accurate test for deception," Faro said.
	www.medicinenet.com /guide.asp?s=rss&k=DailyHealth&a=40827 (386 words)

	The fMRI Laboratory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The recent discovery that MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) can be used to map changes in brain hemodynamics corresponding to mental operations extends traditional anatomical imaging to include maps of human brain function.
		fMRI produces high resolution maps of brain activity through detection of local changes in blood oxygen levels induced by task related neural activity.
		From a clinical perspective, fMRI is being used for pre- surgical planning in patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures.
	www.uhnres.utoronto.ca /fmri/mainpage.htm (155 words)

	The Basics of Brain Imaging
		Functional MRI (fMRI) relies on the magnetic properties of blood to enable scientists to see images of blood flow in the brain as it is occurring.
		An fMRI scan can produce images of brain activity as fast as every second, whereas PET usually takes 40 seconds or much longer to image brain activity.
		For example, fMRI can produce an image that distinguishes structures less than a millimeter apart, whereas the latest commercial PET scanners can resolve images of structures within 4 millimeters of each other.
	www.nida.nih.gov /NIDA_Notes/NNVol11N5/Basics.html (1142 words)

	FMRISTAT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This is useful for effective connectivity, where a new function fmri_interp has been added to resample a single fmri time series at different frame times and slice times.
		Stat_threshold has been extended to find P-values and thresholds for conjunctions, and it now adjusts P-values and thresholds for clusters if the cluster extent is measured in resels and the resels are themselves estimated by fmrilm or multistat.
		For other slices, ref_data must be resampled at the same frametimes and slicetimes as the fmri data, so use fmri_interp to do this.
	www.math.mcgill.ca /keith/fmristat (10036 words)

	Bibliography on Independent Component Analysis in Functional Neuroimaging
		Hansen, 1998] develops noisy ICA with a mean field approximation and applies it together with PCA on an fMRI data set.
		fMRI activation in a visual-perception task: Network of areas detected using the general linear model and independent components analysis.
		Investigates the variation of the hemodynamic response in fMRI with Independent component analysis and find that it varies with site, subject and task and may vary widely from trial to trial.
	hendrix.imm.dtu.dk /staff/fnielsen/bib/Nielsen2001BibICA/Nielsen2001BibICA.html (2856 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Thus, fMRI may be of important use in understanding how a given individual’s brain functions and perhaps, in the future, making psychiatric diagnoses and treatment recommendations.
		BOLD fMRI is a relative technique in that it must compare images taken during one mental state to another to create a meaningful picture.
		While there are currently no clinical indications for ordering any of these fMRI techniques, they hold considerable promise for unraveling the neurocircuitry and metabolic pathways of psychiatric disorders in the immediate future and in helping in psychiatric diagnosis and treatment planning down the road.
	www.musc.edu /psychiatry/fnrd/primer_fmri.htm (4204 words)

	People @ Washington University Psychology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		His research approach combines computational modeling (using connectionist framework), functional neuroimaging (using fMRI and PET methods), and behavioral studies (in normal and clinical populations, and under pharmacological challenge).
		In particular, his work focuses on using functional neuroimaging techniques (fMRI) to explore how brain areas are recruited when information is encoded into memory or explicitly retrieved from the recent past.
		On-going projects are concerned with ways in which people see themselves, ways in which they are seen by other people, and their beliefs about what other people think of them.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~psych/people.htm (2939 words)

	McGill Math. & Stats - Keith Worsley's Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A similar problem arises in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), where the EC is used to detect local increases in brain activity due to an external stimulus.
		Since Robert Adler's 1981 book on the geometry of random fields, the many successful applications to astrophysics and brain mapping in the last 10 years have provoked a flurry of new theoretical work.
		Liao, C.H., Worsley, K.J., Poline, J-B., Aston, J.A.D., Duncan, G.H., Evans, A.C. Estimating the delay of the response in fMRI data.
	www.math.mcgill.ca /~keith (1832 words)

	Penn Researchers Discover The Powerful Tool Of Simultaneous fMRI And PET Imaging
		Philadelphia, PA -- Clinical researchers from the University of Pennsylvania Health System (UPHS) are the first to combine fMRI and PET scanning in radiology, creating a way to compare different measurements of the brain's function concurrently.
		Brain Activity Abnormal In Children With Delayed Speech (November 27, 2003) -- Children with unusually delayed speech tend to listen with the right side of the brain rather than the left side of the brain, according to a study published in the December issue of the journal...
		The work combines the functional imaging of fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), which captures the blood flow in the brain, and PET scanning (positron emission tomography), which looks at the glucose metabolism in the brain.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/10/051013081854.htm (698 words)

	ABC News: Scientists Correlate Brain Activity with fMRI Signals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		THURSDAY, Aug. 4 (HealthDay News) — The first study to show a link between functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and actual brain cell electrical activity in humans validates fMRI as a neural research and clinical tool, according to researchers in the United States and Israel.
		The UCLA team then used this data to accurately predict the fMRI signals collected from 11 different people as they watched the same nine-minute movie clip while in an MRI scanner thousands of miles away in Israel.
		However, additional research will be needed to see whether this striking correlation between fMRI signals and single neuronal activity also exists in brain regions other than the auditory cortex," Fried said.
	abcnews.go.com /Health/Healthology/story?id=1009954 (270 words)

	Adaptive Changes in Early and Late Blind: A fMRI Study of Verb Generation to Heard Nouns -- Burton et al. 88 (6): 3359 ...
		Each fMRI run was comprised of 128 frames; each frame was 5 or 5.5 s in duration.
		Bosch V. Statistical analysis of multi-subject fMRI data: assessment of focal activations.
		Improved assessment of significant activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): use of a cluster-size threshold.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/88/6/3359 (7565 words)

	Neuroimaging Links
		FMRI basics - An FMRI information page created by the Radiological Society of North America and the American College of Radiology.
		Brief Introduction to FMRI - A brief introduction of FRMRI from Dr. Steve Smith of the Oxford University Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain.
		The FMRI Data Center - Aims to provide public acess to data from peer reviewed FMRI studies.
	www.neuropsychologycentral.com /interface/content/links/page_material/imaging/imaging_links.html (675 words)

	UCLA/Weizmann neuroscientists first to correlate actual brain activity with fMRI signals
		Neuroscientists at UCLA and Weizmann Institute of Science are the first to show a relationship between functional magnetic resonance imaging signals (fMRI), a heavily used research and clinical tool, and actual brain cell electrical activity in humans.
		However, additional research will be needed to see whether this striking correlation between fMRI signals and single neuronal activity also exists in brain regions other than the auditory cortex," Fried cautioned.
		The magnetic properties of blood allow fMRI to show changes in neural activity as a measure of brain blood flow.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=28651&nfid=mnf (418 words)

	fMRIDC - Welcome to the fMRI Data Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Answers to questions commonly posed by first-time visitors.
		Computer Generated Phantoms for Use in Evaluating fMRI Methods
		October 6, 2005 - Free test images for use in assessing data processing routines
	www.fmridc.org (111 words)

	Locating the Timekeeping Centers of the Brain
		Contemporary theories of short interval timing assume the existence of a timekeeper system within the brain, yet identifying these brain systems has been elusive and controversial.
		Using a novel functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique that tracks second-by-second changes in brain activity, investigators identified regions within the brain that are critical for this timekeeping system.
		Seventeen healthy young men and women volunteers were imaged while being asked to perceive the duration of time between the presentations of two consecutive tones.
	healthlink.mcw.edu /article/983222164.html (733 words)

	Organization for Human Brain Mapping
		The growth of human brain mapping cannot be attributed solely to increased productivity at well-established laboratories, but also to newly created functional-imaging centers and to scientists from a host of neighboring disciplines.
		Consequently, discipline-specific conferences are not meeting the needs of this new convergence of research and disciplines and the OHBM conference is aimed at gathering scientists using modern, functional, brain mapping techniques such as PET, SPECT, fMRI, EEG, MEG, optical imaging and neuroanatomical tools for assessment of the functioning of the human brain.
		The meetings focus on neuroscience and on applications of these techniques to study brain implementation of sensory and motor systems, vision, attention, memory and language in normal and pathological states.
	www.humanbrainmapping.org (242 words)

	WATCHING THE BRAIN IN ACTION: Functional Topographic Mapping of the Cortex with Conventional MRI Scanners
		In demonstrations of this real-time brain-mapping capability, a test subject - one of the researchers - lies inside an MRI scanner at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and performs a simple mental task.
		The MRI scanner records data from her brain and transmits it via high-speed network to PSC's CRAY T3E, which converts the raw fMRI data into 3-D images, compensates for head movement and identifies active areas of the brain.
		From the T3E, the data travels to a remote location via high-speed network, where observers see the subject's brain as a translucent animation showing what regions "light up" as she does the mental task.
	www.psc.edu /science/Goddard/goddard.html (687 words)

	Combining fMRI and PET scanning creates a way to compare different measurements of the brain's function concurrently (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Combining fMRI and PET scanning creates a way to compare different measurements of the brain's function concurrently
		Clinical researchers from the University of Pennsylvania Health System (UPHS) are the first to combine fMRI and PET scanning in radiology, creating a way to compare different measurements of the brain's function concurrently.
		Radiologists inject a patient with radioactive material used for a PET scan WHILE the patient is already inside an fMRI scanner.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=13723 (562 words)

	fMRI for Dummies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		I am posting slides from a workshop on Experimental Design and Analysis that I gave to the Bergen fMRI Group in Norway.
		I'm starting my new graduate course on brain imaging and updating my slides.
		It might take me awhile to update fMRI for Dummies, but you can check out the slides here if you're looking for more up-to-date versions.
	defiant.ssc.uwo.ca /Jody_web/fmri4dummies.htm (572 words)

	Tutorial for MRIcro medical image freeware
		The experimenter has drawn a region of interest to delineate this region of the cortex, but is specifically interested if the activity of the gray matter is modulated with the task.
		This technique is also useful for EPI fMRI images from healthy individuals (where EPI artifacts can also disrupt normalization).
		Most fMRI studies will generate a vast number of scans, and MRIcro is designed to ease the conversion of these scans for processing with SPM or other brain imaging packages.
	www.psychology.nottingham.ac.uk /staff/cr1/mritut.html (7928 words)

	Douglas C. Noll Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		My research is focused on the data acquisition and processing for imaging brain function using magnetic resonance imaging (functional MRI or fMRI).
		Projects include development of rapid image acquisition techniques such as spiral-scan MRI, analysis and elimination of physiological noise (cardiac, respiration) using acquisition and processing methods, elimination of movement artifacts through image registration, characterization of the fMRI temporal response to very short stimuli, and development of image processing and reconstruction methods.
		In addition to methodological developments, I collaborate closely with cognitive neuroscientists and statisticians on the design of acquisition and processing methods for fMRI experiments.
	www.eecs.umich.edu /~dnoll (165 words)

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