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Topic: Genetic recombination

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Recombinant frequency

Homozygote

Recombination

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Chromosome

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Meiosis

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	Genetics - CreationWiki
		Genetics is the branch of biology that studies heredity and trait variation in organisms.
		Although geneticists and breeders have thoroughly established that genetic recombination is responsible for the variations of plant and animal breeds, we are still taught that random mutations produced the natural varieties of species such as the finches on the Galapagos islands.
		It is clear the genetic constitution of organisms is not static, and the cell's molecular machinery is altering genes and creating new alleles with each passing generation.
	creationwiki.org /Genetics (698 words)

	Genetic recombination - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Genetic recombination is the transmission-genetic process by which the combinations of alleles observed at different loci (plural of locus) in two parental individuals become shuffled in offspring individuals.
		In evolutionary biology, genetic recombination, be it inter- or intra-chromososomal, is thought to have many advantages including that of allowing sexually reproducing organisms to avoid Muller's ratchet.
		Genetic linkage describes the tendency of genes to be inherited together as a result of their location on the same chromosome.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Genetic_recombination (1131 words)

	Recombination - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Recombination usually denotes a genetic event that occurs during the formation of sperm and egg cells (especially in areas of study of biology topics).
		In chemistry, it is the state in which the hydrogen and oxygen gases form within the battery cell during charging are recombined to form water.
		In solid state physics of semiconductors, carrier recombination is a process by which electrons and electron holes are mutually eliminated, and is balanced with carrier generation to establish the carrier density at thermal equilibrium.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Recombination (266 words)

	Genetic engineering
		Genetic engineering is inherently hazardous, because it depends on designing artificial vectors to cross all species barriers, greatly increasing the potential for generating new viral and bacterial pathogens by horizontal gene transfer and recombination.
		Genetic tests are actually poor predictors for the condition of any individual; the same gene will have different effects from individual to individual because their other genes are different.
		Recombination between viruses coming from the environment and those in the organism is strongly implicated in many cancers in animals.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/dp5/genetic.htm (3473 words)

	What's Driving Evolution; Mutations or Genetic Recombination?
		In contrast, genetic recombination is performed by the cell during the preparation of gametes (sperm, egg, pollen) which are used for sexual reproduction.
		Both recombination and mutations can contribute to the evolution of an organism, but genetic recombination is the primary source of the genetic distinctions between individuals in a population, and must therefore be the principal driving force behind evolution.
		Since homologous recombination is performed by the cell, it therefore occurs by design, and we do not understand these reactions well enough to recognize the capability of these genetic modifications.
	www.nwcreation.net /geneticrecombination.html (1009 words)

	Genetic recombination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Genetic recombination is the process by which the combination of genes in an organism's offspring becomes different from the combination of genes in that organism.
		This definition is commonly used in classical genetics, evolutionary biology, and population genetics.
		However, in molecular biology, recombination generally refers to the molecular process by which two genes in a linkage group can become separated.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/g/ge/genetic_recombination.html (113 words)

	Genetic Recombination Misused
		He claims that recombination (as opposed to mutation) is the principal source of genetic variability, that the process is ‘intentionally’ controlled by the organism and therefore that the basis of Darwinian evolution is refuted.
		Gene conversion is the non-reciprocal transfer of genetic material, for example from a pseudogene to an active gene in eukaryotes in somatic cells during mitosis or as a non-reciprocal event in meiosis instead of crossing-over.
		Genetic mutation was certainly not one that he considered and a ‘random’ mechanism is certainly not a prerequisite.
	www.evolutionpages.com /Critique%20of%20Ashcraft%20article.htm (4557 words)

	Biological evolution - CreationWiki
		Biological evolution may be minimal or substantial; it embraces everything from slight changes in the proportion of different alleles within a population (such as those determining blood types) to the successive alterations that led to the diversification of the created kinds to countless unique species.
		Genetic recombination encompasses a number of mechanisms by which DNA is reshuffled in each generation, so that children are genetically distinct from the parents.
		The observable facts of genetic recombination are not in dispute between creationists and evolutionists.
	creationwiki.org /Biological_evolution (1130 words)

	IngentaConnect Mechanism and application of genetic recombination in herpesvirus... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		This well characterised virus provides a model for analysing genetic recombination in herpesviruses, a fundamental biological process by which new combinations of genetic materials are generated.
		The frequency of homologous recombination was estimated to be 0·0048–0·007 (0·48%–0·7%)/kb of the HSV-1 genome, determined using physical markers.
		Recombination is important for virus evolution, construction of mutated virus, gene therapy and vaccination in which the potential for recombination between engineered input virus and wild type virus has to be considered.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/jws/rmv/1999/00000009/00000003/art00243 (262 words)

	Schimenti Recombination Projects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Genetic recombination is a fundamental activity that is critical for repair of DNA damage, chromosome segregation during meiosis, and genetic diversification.
		Despite the key role of recombination in mammalian cell biology, our knowledge of the genetic control of this process is very poor.
		My laboratory has been engaged in developing transgenic and knockout mouse models for investigating basic properties of recombination in the germline of mice, such as the frequency and timing of recombination events during meiosis, and the function of certain genes believed to play a role in controlling meiotic recombination.
	www.jax.org /~jcs/ResDesc/ConversionWWW.html (1000 words)

	[No title]
		genetic recombination is the key in the evolution of life.
		genetic recombination that geneticists now conduct in test tubes has a tremendous potential for understanding the basic mechanisms of cell function, development of new agricultural products, and for achieving numerous advances in medicine, drug, and chemical industries.
		Recombination of this type is random and undirected and occurs purely by chance.
	launchpad.gmc.cc.ga.us /science/ramona/123u4.doc (1947 words)

	recombination - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about recombination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In genetics, any process that recombines, or ‘shuffles’, the genetic material, thus increasing genetic variation in the offspring.
		The two main processes of recombination both occur during meiosis (reduction division of cells).
		One is crossing over, in which chromosome pairs exchange segments; the other is the random reassortment of chromosomes that occurs when each gamete (sperm or egg) receives only one of each chromosome pair.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /recombination (117 words)

	Medmicro Chapter 43
		Recombination rates for herpesviruses, which are DNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus of infected cells, approximate those expected for a eukaryotic genome of the size of the herpesvirus genome.
		In retroviruses, recombination actually occurs at the point in replication when the retrovirus genome is in a DNA form and takes place by the same break-rejoin mechanism as in cells and DNA viruses.
		Studies with these live, recombinant vaccinia viruses are currently under way to determine whether inoculation of the skin with the recombinant virus can induce a protective host antibody response to the bacterial or viral antigens.
	gsbs.utmb.edu /microbook/ch043.htm (2673 words)

	Resource Scheduling with Distributed Genetic Objects
		Genetic algorithms are based entirely on judgement calls to know if the GA is improving, or how well the recombination method is working.
		The genetic algorithm for finding teaching schedules would be implemented as a class based on a distributed genetic class library, created by us, called DGO (Distributed Genetic Objects).
		It had to be able to be split up and recombined and still form a valid schedule, and we had to be able to quickly calculate a numeric fitness of a schedule.
	www.concentric.net /~bereza/research/NCUR_Paper (2916 words)

	Genetic Recombination
		Genetic recombination [Categories: Genetics] Genetic recombination is the process by which the combination of ((genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can...
		Genetic recombination is the process by which the combination of genes in an organism's offspring becomes different from the...
		Genetic recombination is the process by which the combination of genes in an organism's offspring...
	www.geneticsinfo.com /geneticrecombination (1241 words)

	Comparison of the Genetic Recombination Rates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Macrophages and T Cells -- Chen ...
		Recombination rates in different cell types are shown as percentages of GFP MOI/infection MOI (A) and percentages of theoretical maximum measurable recombination rates (B).
		Genetic consequences of packaging two RNA genomes in one retroviral particle: pseudodiploidy and high rate of genetic recombination.
		Genetic recombination of human immunodeficiency virus type I in one round of viral replication: effects of genetic distance, target cells, accessory genes, and lack of high interference.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/79/14/9337 (2358 words)

	Genetic recombination and adaptation to fluctuating environments: selection for geotaxis in Drosophila melanogaster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		If the evolution of recombination is driven by the fate of beneficial mutations (with linkage disequilibrium generated either by negative epistasis or stochastically) rather than by the removal of deleterious mutations, directional selection for fitness traits (eg traits involved in adaptation to unfavorable conditions) may result in an increase in the level of recombination.
		Recombination was not experimentally manipulated for the third or fourth chromosomes; the third chromosome carries about 40% of the genetic material in D.
		Recombination genes may also produce new genetic variability that is important in evolution, but this could be seen as an unselected consequence, rather than the cause of the evolution of recombination.
	www.nature.com /hdy/journal/v91/n1/full/6800283a.html (4664 words)

	ScienceDaily: Selection On Sex Cells Favors A Recombination Gender Gap
		Genetic diversity among organisms is promoted when genetic information is rearranged during meiosis, the cell division process that yields sperm and eggs (generically called gametes).
		An early 20th century hypothesis to explain the sex difference in recombination proposed that recombination is restrained within a pair of unlike sex chromosomes (X and Y, for example) and that the suppression spills over to the rest of the chromosomes.
		Additionally, they found that, as a trait, the sex difference in recombination rate is not a lot more similar between two species in the same genus than between two species in different genera, suggesting that the difference evolves quickly.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/02/050224110544.htm (1092 words)

	ODA Laboratory Services A primer on GMOs
		Genetically modified organism or GMO is the term applied to an animal, plant, or bacterium that has, through genetic recombination technology, had a gene(s) from either the same species or a different species introduced into its genome.
		Genetic recombination technology is used to create genetically modified food crops, because of a sought-after economic, environmental, or humanitarian benefit that results from the expression of a novel trait.
		In nature, genetic changes in plants occur spontaneously and result in a random transfer of genes within the same or closely related species.
	www.oregon.gov /ODA/LAB/gmo_index.shtml (801 words)

	Recombination, Genetic
		Mendelian Genetics is a chapter of the MIT Biology Hypertextbook, designed by the Experimental Study Group at Massachusetts Institute of Technology to supplement the course materials of their Introductory Biology course.
		The Mendelian Genetics chapter contains sections on analysing crosses, sex-linkage, meiosis and genetic recombination, linkage mapping, and Mendelian genetics practice problems.
		Presented in 2001, "Retroviral recombination during reverse transcription : an analysis of the mechanism, frequency, and effect of the viral packaging signal" is the PhD thesis of Jeffrey Anderson of the School of Medicine at West Virginia University.
	bioresearch.ac.uk /browse/mesh/D011995.html (373 words)

	The mechanisms and control of genetic recombination in plants EU - EU 9sep99
		Gene targeting is based on homologous recombination and thus allows the integration of DNA at predetermined positions and therefore allows precision manipulation of genes.
		Genetic and biochemical methods were used to identify key parameters or key genes that determine the efficiencies of homologous and non-homologous recombination in plant cells.
		In line with this observation, once recombination is initiated, however, this protein improves the precision of the recombination reaction.
	www.mindfully.org /GE/EU-GMO-Safety-Research.htm (855 words)

	Crossing-over: Genetic Recombination
		While they are pressed together, the chromosomes may break, and each may swap a portion of its genetic material for the matching portion from its mate.
		Genes that tend to stay together during recombination are said to be linked.
		Sometimes, one gene in a linked pair serves as a "marker" that can be used by geneticists to infer the presence of the other (often, a disease-causing gene).
	www.accessexcellence.org /AB/BC/Genetic_Recombination.html (489 words)

	Roles for Mismatch Repair Factors in Regulating Genetic Recombination -- Evans and Alani 20 (21): 7839 -- Molecular and ...
		junction recombination intermediates in vitro (2, 33) and
		Interaction of MMR factors with recombination intermediates in vivo was recently examined by Evans et al.
		Rad52p is essential for most types of recombination in yeast and has been implicated in early strand exchange steps (41).
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/20/21/7839 (4324 words)

	Rodney S. Nairn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Because it is recognized that critical genes involved in carcinogenesis are often altered through genetic recombination, these studies address the crucial question of how DNA damage and damage processing by specific genes may lead directly to heritable alterations in cells, which can result in malignant transformation and cancer.
		We are studying a platyfish-swordtail genetic cross in which exposure to UV light is necessary for melanomas to form, and we have cloned and genetically mapped oncogenes, several DNA repair genes, and tumor suppressor genes (e.g., p53 and CDKN2) from this organism in order to investigate their potential roles in UV carcinogenesis.
		Genetic analysis of spontaneous and UV carcinogenesis in Xiphophorus hybrid fish.
	sciencepark.mdanderson.org /Documents/rnairn/nairn.html (625 words)

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