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Topic: Geographic references

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	Solutions - Technology - Geographic Entity Extraction
		Over the body of a corpus, if a name n is often given a high confidence of referring to a point p, then the likelihood that n refers to p is high even in the absence of other evidence in the document.
		For any context C, an adjustment is applied to the confidence which is a nonlinear function of the probability of a geographic reference occurring in C in the tagged corpus.
		If the system determines that Portland refers to Portland, Oregon with confidence c, then we assume that 15 miles northeast of Portland refers to the point 15 miles northeast of Portland, Oregon with confidence f(c), where f(c) is greater than c, since the presence of a well-defined relative reference serves as an additional linguistic clue.
	www.metacarta.com /solutions/technology/geographic-entity-extraction.html (1060 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Geographic references (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This relative reference is resolved in correspondence with the resolution of its anchor reference, Portland.
		Much of the geographic and demographic information for the U.S. states, counties, and cities came from the data on the site.
		The data contain information on a wide range of geographic features such as populated places, rivers, mountains, certain buildings, etc. The data provided include geographic coordinates, elevation at the point, population (if applicable), and the FIPS codes for the state and county containing the feature (but not the feature itself).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Geographic-references (374 words)

	Georeferencing in Digital Libraries
		Georeferencing is relating information (e.g., documents, datasets, maps, images, biographical information, artifacts, specimens) to geographic locations through placenames (i.e., toponyms) and place codes (e.g., postal codes) or through geospatial referencing (e.g., longitude and latitude coordinates).
		In May 2003, a workshop on Analysis of Geographic References was held as part of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics and Human Language Technology Conference (NAACL-HLT 2003) in Edmonton, Alberta (Kornai and Sundheim, 2003).
		Kornai, A., and Sundheim, B. Workshop on the Analysis of Geographic References, May 31, 2003, Edmonton, Alberta, as part of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics and Human Language Technology Conference (NAACL-HLT 2003).
	www.dlib.org /dlib/may04/hill/05hill.html (1530 words)

	Glossary of Terms - G \| OGC®
		Geocoding refers to the assignment of alphanumeric codes or coordinates to geographically reference data provided in a textual format.
		At the instance level, a geographic feature is represented as a discrete phenomenon that is associated with its geographic and temporal coordinates.
		Geoparsing refers to the capability to process a textual document and identify key words and phrases that have a spatial context.
	www.opengeospatial.org /resource/glossary/g (1525 words)

	Geographic references - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The following is a list of sources used in the creation of Biocrawler articles on various geographic topics and locations, such as cities, counties, states, and countries.
		The data are not totally accurate due to various polling errors, but they are an approximate estimate.
		In addition to location codes, the data also provides geographical coordinates for a subset of locations.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Geographic_references (600 words)

	Geographic Information Retrieval and Spatial Browsing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Geographic Information Retrieval, as we define it here, is an applied research area that combines aspects of DBMS research, User Interface Research, GIS research, and Information Retrieval research, and is concerned with indexing, searching, retrieving and browsing of geo-referenced information sources, and the design of systems to accomplish these tasks effectively and efficiently.
		Geographic querying assumes that the space is delineated by the well-defined coordinate systems of the "real world." In the following discussion, the emphasis will be on geographic querying, although the underlying implementation might be a general purpose spatial database system rather than a geographic information system.
		In traditional library cataloging practice, geographic references have been a common form of access point assigned to documents (primarily books and maps), but assignment was based on the cataloger's notion of whether geographic identification was deemed important for access to the document.
	sherlock.berkeley.edu /geo_ir/PART1.html (5601 words)

	How GIS Work (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Geographic information contains either an explicit geographic reference, such as a latitude and longitude or national grid coordinate, or an implicit reference such as an address, postal code, census tract name, forest stand identifier, or road name.
		An automated process called geocoding is used to create explicit geographic references (multiple locations) from implicit references (descriptions such as addresses).
		These geographic references allow you to locate features, such as a business or forest stand, and events, such as an earthquake, on the earth's surface for analysis.
	centrin.net.id /~agul/gis_wrk.html (305 words)

	Bayfield County GIS
		Geographic information contains either an explicit geographic reference, such as latitude and longitude or state plane coordinate, or an implicit reference such as a rural address, postal code, census tract name, forest stand identifier, or road name.
		These geographic references allow you to locate features, such as wetlands, and events, such as a toxic spill, on the earth's surface for analysis.
		A geographic information system allows you to bring all types of data together based on the geographic and locational component of the data.
	www.bayfieldcounty.org /gisinfo2.htm (1500 words)

	Geographic references: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A city is an urban area, differentiated from a town, village, or hamlet by size, population density, importance, or legal status....
		The united states geological survey (usgs) is a scientific agency of the united states government....
		Un/locode is a geographic coding scheme developed and maintained by united nations economic commission for europe, a unit of the united nations....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/ge/geographic_references.htm (1139 words)

	What Is GIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Definition of a Geographic Information System: A system of hardware, software, and procedures designed to support the capture, management, manipulation, analysis, modeling and display of spatially-referenced data for solving complex planning and management problems that involve data which is spatially referenced to the earth.
		Geographic data and related tabular data can be collected in-house or purchased from a commercial data provider.
		Geographic References: Geographic information contains either an explicit geographic reference, such as a latitude and longitude or national grid coordinate, or an implicit reference such as an address, postal code, census tract name, forest stand identifier, or road name.
	www.stlcc.cc.mo.us /fv/engtech/cors/whatis.html (1695 words)

	ECRI Environmental Criminology Research Inc.
		Geographic profiling can be used effectively not just on serial violent crime, but also on serial property/volume crime.
		A two-week course in Geographic Profiling for Analysts and Investigators is available, structured as a theory week followed by a practice week.
		The first week of the course is a basic introduction to the concepts and theory of geographic profiling, and is generally open to all interested parties.
	www.geographicprofiling.com /geopro/ref_training.html (644 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Geographic references
		Much of the geographic and demographic information for the U.S. states, counties, and cities came from the raw data on the site.
		The data are indexed by state, county, and place FIPS codes.
		The Geographic Names Information System developed by the U.S. Geological Survey.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/ge/Geographic_references (327 words)

	Smart Computing Encyclopedia Entry - geographic information system (GIS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A GIS is a computer system capable of storing, manipulating, analyzing, and displaying data that contains geographic references.
		With total sales of GIS software estimated at $1 billion, the demand and use for digital representations of geographic areas is both obvious and sizable.
		The geographic information is either expressed directly through geographic coordinates or indirectly via street addresses, postal codes, or some other location identifier.
	www.smartcomputing.com /editorial/dictionary/detail.asp?guid=&searchtype=1&DicID=17456&RefType=Encyclopedia (571 words)

	Village of Wellington :: Florida :: Palm Beach ::
		either an explicit geographic reference such as a latitude and longitude or national grid coordinate, or an implicit reference such as an address, postal code, census tract name, forest stand identifier, or road name.
		Implicit references can be derived from explicit references using an automated process called "geocoding." These geographic references allow you to locate features (like a business or forest stand) and events (like a chemical spill) on the surface of the earth for analysis.
		Both the vector and raster models for storing geographic data have unique advantages and disadvantages and modern GISs are able to use both in concert to effectively perform the most complex analysis tasks.
	www.ci.wellington.fl.us /egov_gis_howto.htm (306 words)

	Microsoft Position Paper
		These database references are usually obtained by converting coordinates to a database reference (starting point) and geographic reference(s) to a database reference(s) (waypoints and destination).
		Semantics: The interpretation of the content of a representation, such as the human-centred geographic reference on the one hand and a canonical storage representation of a database reference on the other hand.
		Road: A sequence of database references to drivable elements (links and nodes) with a humanly recognisable unity derived from (for example) a single name given by a naming authority extending over a region or a physical unity defining a single physical entity (same arrangement of lanes and type of construction).
	www.w3.org /Mobile/posdep/microsoft.html (3013 words)

	1-Can Geography Rescue Text Search?
		There are many mission-critical applications for geographic text search-counterterrorism, homeland security, law enforcement, environmental compliance, mission planning, and emergency planning to name just a few.
		Document icons representing text documents about anthrax within the geographic extent of the current map view are displayed as a layer on the map.
		Small colored square icons on the map represent documents that contain desired keywords and geographic references to the location indicated by the icon.
	www.esri.com /news/arcuser/0405/textsearch1of2.html (971 words)

	National Geographic - Inspiring People to Care About the Planet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Be among the first to read Epic Rivalry, National Geographic’s new book commemorating the 50th anniversary of the launch of Sputnik and one of the Cold War's greatest battles.
		Thrilling National Geographic footage comes to you like never before in hundreds of searchable videos of animals, culture, the Earth itself, and more.
		Founded in 1888 to "increase and diffuse geographic knowledge," the Society works to inspire people to care about the planet.
	www.nationalgeographic.com (305 words)

	Archived: Early Childhood: Where Learning Begins - Geography; References
		Geographic Review of Our World: A Daily Five--Minute Geography Program for Grades 3-11.
		Guidelines for Geographic Education, Elementary and Secondary Schools.
		Association of American Geographers and National Council for Geographic Education.
	www.ed.gov /pubs/Geography/references.html (144 words)

	2-Prototype Geographic Search and Query Tools for a Library Digital Archive
		Geographic features are described by three elements: type, name, and geographic footprint.
		For instance, a user may be interested in locating library holdings in relation to a named geographic feature or type of feature but not know the exact spatial coordinates of the feature of interest.
		This is important because the geographic search and query tools discussed will work as planned only for Digital Archive holdings that incorporate geographic references.
	www.esri.com /news/arcuser/0506/geobrowser2of2.html (843 words)

	Idaho Travel - Information
		As Nezperce, Idaho Geographic references Craigmont, Craigmont Kamiah, Kamiah Nezperce, Nezperce Reubens, Reubens Winchester, Idaho Winchester Idaho Category:Idaho counties County, of highlighting Canyon of.
		As Caldwell, Idaho Geographic references County, north Gem County, northeast Ada County, Idaho east Owyhee County, south Malheur Caldwell, Idaho Caldwell Greenleaf, Greenleaf Melba, Melba Middleton, Middleton Nampa, Nampa Notus, Idaho Notus Parma, Parma Wilder, Wilder Idaho Category:Idaho counties County, of highlighting Camas of.
		As Arco, Idaho Geographic references County, northeast Jefferson County, east Bingham County, Idaho southeast Blaine County, southwest Lemhi County, northwest Custer County, northwest Demographics Arco, Arco Butte City, Butte City Moore, Moore Idaho Category:Idaho counties County, of highlighting Bingham of.
	www.freewebs.com /information24/idaho-travel.html (437 words)

	Software offers geographic intelligence for public sector., MetaCarta, Inc.
		Program automatically identifies geographic references using natural language processing from any type of unstructured content in customer's archives such as email, Web pages, newswires, or cables.
		Geographic text queries can be saved and executed automatically at scheduled times providing a continual stream of geographic intelligence about a particular location.
		All other product or corporate references may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.
	news.thomasnet.com /fullstory/484582/rss (991 words)

	FCW.com - MetaCarta merges text, geographic searches
		The GTS can determine context to make the most logical determination, such as noting that if "Mr." or another salutation precedes the name, it is probably referring to a person, not a place.
		To focus on a specific geographic area, we zoomed in by clicking on that area of the map.
		Government agencies that need to analyze text information in a geographic context for intelligence or other purposes should consider purchasing this unique, sophisticated system.
	www.fcw.com /article78616-01-26-03-Print&printLayout (717 words)

	W3C + WAP WOrkshop Position Paper
		The key question for providers of position-dependent services is how to reliably convert to and from natural language geographic references.
		A first step would be the definition of a standard container for a geographic reference in natural language.
		negotiating modifications to geographic reference container contents to achieve equivalence between a human request at a man-machine interface and the stored contents of a database containing representations of geographic entities relevant to the delivery of location-dependent services.
	www.w3.org /Mobile/posdep/mgisw3cwappp.htm (280 words)

	Geographic Intelligence Software performs text searches., MetaCarta, Inc.
		Geographic Data Modules (GDMs) are knowledge bases utilized to identify and disambiguate geographic references, assign latitude/longitude coordinates, and rank.
		MetaCarta Geographic Text Search (GTS) is a comprehensive geographic search solution that enables users to rapidly locate high-relevance documents by combining text search with geographic and temporal factors.
		MetaCarta, MetaCarta Geographic Text Search (GTS), MetaCarta geOdrive, CartaTrees, and the MetaCarta logo are registered trademarks of MetaCarta, Inc. Other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.
	news.thomasnet.com /fullstory/485851 (973 words)

	Free GIS Data - GIS Data Depot
		Mapmaking and geographic analysis are not new, but a GIS performs these tasks better and faster than do the old manual methods.
		An automated process called geo-coding is used to create explicit geographic references (multiple locations) from implicit references (descriptions such as addresses).
		GISs are closely related to several other types of information systems, but it is the ability to manipulate and analyze geographic data that sets GIS technology apart.
	data.geocomm.com /helpdesk/general.html (1669 words)

	City of High Point NC, Municipal Government Website
		Map making and geographic analysis are not new, but a GIS performs these tasks better and faster than do the old manual methods.
		For example, geographic information is available at different scales (street centerline files might be available at a scale of 1:100,000; census boundaries at 1:50,000; and postal codes at 1:10,000).
		In a large organization, topographic databases can be used as reference frameworks by other departments.
	gisweb.high-point.net /cfusion/whatis.cfm (1814 words)

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