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	George Pullman - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		George Mortimer Pullman (March 3, 1831 – October 19, 1897) was an American inventor and industrialist.
		Pullman built a new plant on the shores of Lake Calumet, several miles from Chicago.
		Loathing for Pullman remained, and when he died in 1897, he was buried in Graceland Cemetery at night in a lead-lined coffin within an elaborately reinforced steel-and-concrete vault.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/George_Pullman (445 words)

	George Pullman and His Town
		George Pullman established himself in Chicago in March 1859, as a building raiser and mover.
		After 1881, when Pullman opened the town of Pullman, Illinois, to house his construction plant and his workers, he was hailed as an enlightened employer who considered the best interests of his employees.
		Pullman's peers censured him for refusing to deal with strikers during the stoppage, while a subsequent government investigation revealed his unsympathetic treatment of employees.
	www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org /pages/1721.html (220 words)

	Untitled Document
		Pullman refused...the demand of the employees for a restoration of the...wages for 1893....He agreed that none of the committee [of workers attempting to negotiate with him] should be discharged, and also stated that their grievances should be investigated....Mr.
		Pullman had given out that he had taken contracts for new work at a loss, because out of love for his employees he desired to keep the shops open....The men...thought that perhaps he was keeping the shops open, and taking work at a loss in order to get his returns in rent...
		Pullman: I could not agree to submit to arbitration....The question as to whether the shops at Pullman shall be continuously operated at a loss or not, is one which it was impossible for the company, as a matter of principle, to submit to the opinion of any third party....It would violate a principle.
	marchand.ucdavis.edu /lessons/HS/PullmanHS.htm (2937 words)

	National Railway Historical Society (NRHS)
		George Pullman is credited with the creation of the first modern, comfortable, sleeping car for railroad travel in 1858.
		Pullman created an empire, which during its peak in the 1930's was responsible for the construction, ownership, and operation of a fleet of over eight-thousand sleeper, parlor, club, and cafe cars.
		Pullman Company history courtesy of Washington, D.C. Chapter NRHS and their classic 1923 Pullman DOVER HARBOR, which still roams the main lines of America today, in part due to a grant from the NRHS Railway Heritage Grants program.
	www.nrhs.com /archives/pullman.htm (308 words)

	George Pullman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		George Pullman and architect Solon Beman built the town of Pullman for his employees near 111th street.
		Pullman joked that the town had been named for both of them: the first syllable of his name, the second syllable of Beman's.
		Pullman was so hated by his employees that when he died in 1897, his heirs feared that the body would be stolen and held for ransom.
	www.graveyards.com /IL/Cook/graceland/pullman.html (327 words)

	Lemelson-MIT Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		George Mortimer Pullman, inventor of the Pullman sleeping car, was born on March 3, 1831 in Brocton, New York.
		Pullman's father had been involved in contracting the moving of large buildings when the Erie Canal was widened.
		When Pullman moved to Chicago (at age 22), he was able to sell a similar concept there, when the city established a new sewer system.
	web.mit.edu /invent/iow/pullman.html (534 words)

	George Pullman
		George Mortimer Pullman (March 3, 1831-October 19, 1897), best known for the palatial railroad sleeping and dining cars that bore his name, was a lifelong Universalist, a leading industrialist and one of the consummate industrial managers of the 19th century.
		George was born in what is now Brocton, near Buffalo, New York, the third of ten children of (James) Lewis and Emily Caroline (Minton) Pullman.
		A graduate of Lombard University, Henry Pullman was ordained in 1855 and served churches in Albion, New York, 1854-55; Olcott, New York, 1856-59; Fulton, New York, 1860-66; Peoria, Illinois, 1867-71, and Baltimore, Maryland, 1877-1897.
	www.uua.org /uuhs/duub/articles/georgemortimerpullman.html (2426 words)

	THE PULLMAN STRIKE OF 1894
		Pullman had also prospered through the early used of ingenious promotion measures to gain attention for his cars and create a strong "corporate image." He had forced a large number of railroads to adopt uniform management systems with respect to the use of his cars on their roads.
		George Pullman's actions in meeting the crisis of the depression brought about a confrontation with his workers.Pullman drastically reduced wage rates in his factories, but he did not reduce the rents his workers paid to live in his company town.
		Pullman in his previous dealings with them, and they could not disabuse their minds of the thought that perhaps he was keeping the shops open, and taking work at a loss in order to get his returns in rent....
	marchand.ucdavis.edu /lessons/HS/Pullman.html (9649 words)

	George Pullman and Jane Addams
		Both the construction of the model town of Pullman and the establishment of a settlement facility at Hull House represented reactions to the conditions in Chicago created by rapid growth during the later half of the nineteenth century--two different reactions that are still in play in reforming urban conditions today.
		Pullman would take the movement one step further by adding aesthetic value to the light and ventilation found in the model tenement structures, as well as removing the harmful temptations to vice in Chicago by locating the town of Pullman in a secluded area.
		Pullman's, and at night he is guarded by a fire department every member of which from the chief down is in Mr.
	www.newcolonist.com /pullman_addams.html (2759 words)

	RICHARD ELY ON PULLMAN, ILL., IN 1885
		Pullman, he was commissioned by that gentleman to purchase quietly four thousand acres in the neighborhood, and this has become the site of Pullman.
		Pullman's fundamental ideas is the commercial value of beauty, and this he has endeavored to carry out as faithfully in the town which bears his name as in the Pullman drawing-room and sleeping cars.
		Pullman has partially solved one of the great problems of the immediate present, which is a diffusion of the benefits of concentrated wealth among wealth-creators.
	www.library.cornell.edu /Reps/DOCS/pullman.htm (7386 words)

	Pullman Strike of 1894
		George Pullman, like many employers of his time, was unsympathetic to his employees and their inability to adequately support themselves and their families financially.
		Pullman officials were dumb-founded and quickly realized that the strike would not end anytime soon, if action was not taken on their part.
		The Pullman Strike, in addition, emphasized the fact that there was an overall labor problem in the United States and "convinced Eugene Debs that the lives of American workers would never improve, unless they controlled governmental power through their strength of numbers in elections" (http://1912.history.ohio-state.edu/pullman.htm).
	www.stfrancis.edu /ba/ghkickul/stuwebs/btopics/works/PullmanStrike.htm (2007 words)

	George Pullman
		George Pullman was born in Brocton, Chautauqua County New York in 1831.
		George took over his fathers business of moving homes with the death of his father in 1853.
		Pullman became a major manufacturer of railroads cars, by 1890 Pullman was making 1,000 passenger cars and 12,000 freight cars a year.
	www.multied.com /bio/rec/GeorgePullman.html (158 words)

	American Experience \| Chicago: City of the Century \| People & Events
		Pullman took the capital he earned from raising buildings and moved on to developing a new venture, luxury railroad cars.
		This was not unusual in the age of the robber barons, but he didn't reduce the rent in Pullman, because he had guaranteed his investors a 6% return on their investments in the town.
		Pullman's reputation was soiled by the strike, and then officially tarnished by the presidential commission that investigated the incident.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/chicago/peopleevents/p_pullman.html (933 words)

	pullmanwebpage
		Pullman the city was where you first start to see the tyrannical side of George Pullman the man. The city was built much like a mining camp, only a lot bigger and a lot nicer.
		Pullman was often away from his wife and his family and would definitely be considered a modern day workaholic.
		Reiff's critique gives a very pessimistic view of George Pullman and really tries to shed a dark light on his accomplishments and there is a lot of evidence to support her theory.
	www.stfrancis.edu /ba/ghkickul/stuwebs/btopics/works/pullman.htm (1757 words)

	"For the Further Benefit of Our People": George Pullman Answers His Strikers
		While owner George Pullman touted it as a model town, the men and women who labored there during the 1893 depression endured starvation wages, deplorable living and working conditions, and, worst of all, Pullman’s paternalistic control over all aspects of their lives.
		There are hundreds of tenements in Pullman renting for from $6 to $9 per month, and the tenants are relieved from the usual expenses of exterior cleaning and the removal of garbage, which is done by the company.
		They are let alike to Pullman employees and to very many others in no way connected with the company, and, on the other hand, many Pullman employees rent or own their homes in those adjacent towns.
	historymatters.gmu.edu /d/5306 (1137 words)

	The Pullman Virtual Museum -- George M. Pullman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		GEORGE M. George Pullman was born March 3, 1831 in Brockton, New York.
		When Pullman heard that Chicago was going to raise its muddy streets, and hence its buildings from four to seven feet, he went to Chicago where he got the commission to raise the Tremont Hotel — at five stories, Chicago’s tallest commercial building.
		Pullman died of a heart attack on October 19, 1897 at the age of 66.
	www.eliillinois.org /30108_87/theman (715 words)

	Historic Pullman - Chicago, Illinois
		Pullman does not believe that a great manufacturing concern can meet with the highest economic and moral success where the profit is unduly large to capital, with no corresponding benefit to labor.
		George M. Pullman, founder of the Pullman Palace Car Company in 1867, created the town of Pullman, the first planned model industrial town.
		Through the effort of numerous Pullman residents, Pullman became a State Landmark in 1969, a National Landmark District in 1971, and a City of Chicago Landmark in 1972.
	members.aol.com /PullmanIL/history.html (470 words)

	George Pullman's company town a social experiment that derailed \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		In 1879, railroad car magnate George M. Pullman bought 4,000 acres south of Chicago's city limits to build a company town that would stand as a national model for efficiency and order.
		Today, Pullman is considered to be a textbook example of how not to provide employer-assisted housing.
		Pullman sought to improve relations between management and labor by creating a clean and beautiful community for his workers.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20050515/news_1h15pullman.html (744 words)

	BBC - History - George Pullman (1831 - 1897) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		American George Pullman made his name with a design for the Pullman sleeping carriage which he originally developed to carry the dead body of Abraham Lincoln to his funeral.
		As a result the Pullman Sleeping Car Company was established and a whole town was built around the business and named after its originator.
		Pullman's own death was a complicated affair - his family was so afraid that the corpse might be stolen and held to ransom that they protected the coffin with tar and asphalt, and enclosed it in a block of concrete.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/historic_figures/pullman_george.shtml (214 words)

	The Town of Pullman - Historic Pullman Foundation
		Pullman realized the necessity of building his town it would have accessibility to the big city markets and railroad connections with the enitre country.
		Since 1973 the Historic Pullman Foundation has acquired several of the town's architectural gems: the Hotel Florence, the Market Hall, the Historic Pullman Center, and the Historic Pullman Foundation Visitor Center, which sits on the site of the original Arcade Building.
		In 1991 the state of Illinois purchased the Hotel Florence and the Pullman Factory and Clock Tower buildings under the auspices of the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency.
	www.pullmanil.org /town.htm (387 words)

	Choosing Servility To Staff America's Trains
		He knew that passengers on such longer runs were tiring of sitting up all night, or trying to sleep in beds so hard that passengers labeled the experience a waking nightmare and so soiled that men kept their boots on and women never considered climbing in.
		And, from the very start, porters not only starred in George’s ads promoting his new sleeper service but were one of the features that most clearly distinguished his carriages from those of competitors (although nearly all would eventually follow his lead, hiring Negroes as porter and cooks, waiters and Red Caps).
		Pullman went on to become the biggest single employer of fls in America, and the job of Pullman porter was, for most of the 101-year history of the Pullman Company, one of the very best a fl man could aspire to, in status and eventually in pay.
	www.aliciapatterson.org /APF2101/Tye/Tye.html (1296 words)

	Houses of Worship
		George Pullman immediately agreed and said he would build such an edifice in memory of parents if the local Universalists could raise $5,000 to show their interest.
		As a result, at a meeting held in the Orleans Country Court House on August 18, 1881, the Pullman Memorial Universalist Church of Albion, N.Y. was legally incorporated.
		During the year 1893 George Pullman visited Albion and selected the site and had his own personal architect, S.S. Beman of Chicago, draw up plans for the church building.
	www.wxxi.org /worship/pg02.htm (304 words)

	Week2
		The chapters from Smith give a short history of Pullman and what it seemed to represent to its builders, boosters, and critics, as well as an overview of the strike in the larger context of the time, which includes the World's Columbian Exposition.
		George Pullman and his corporation were important sponsors of the fair, and there was a major Pullman exhibition in Louis Sullivan's Transportation Building.
		She was unable to place this article, presumably because it was too controversial, until several years after the strike, though she did present it before then as a lecture.
	faculty-web.at.northwestern.edu /amstudies/chicago/Wweek2.htm (742 words)

	Online NewsHour: Origins of Labor Day -- September 2, 1996 \| PBS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Pullman, Illinois was a company town, founded in 1880 by George Pullman, president of the railroad sleeping car company.
		Pullman designed and built the town to stand as a utopian workers' community insulated from the moral (and political) seductions of nearby Chicago.
		Its residents all worked for the Pullman company, their paychecks drawn from Pullman bank, and their rent, set by Pullman, deducted automatically from their weekly paychecks.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/business/september96/labor_day_9-2.html (701 words)

	Broken Spirits: Letters on the Pullman Strike
		The sympathetic governor wrote George Pullman a total of three times, asking him to do something about the “great distress” among his former workers.
		Typically, Pullman blamed the workers for their problems, arguing that if they had not struck they would not be suffering.
		In this way something like a normal condition could be re-established at Pullman before winter and you would not be out any more than you would have been had you shut down a year ago.
	historymatters.gmu.edu /d/5363 (1428 words)

	George Pullman, Illinois (People)
		George Mortimer Pullman was born in Chautauqua County on March 3, 1831.
		Pullman began by remodeling two old day-coaches of the Chicago and Alton Railroad into sleeping-cars, immediately finding favor with travelers and establishing a demand for improved traveling accommodations.
		In 1863 he finalized his design for the "Pioneer" and began the construction of a sleeping-car which was destined to associate the Pullman name with railway comfort.
	www.ohwy.com /il/g/gpullman.htm (163 words)

	Historic Pullman Foundation
		The Historic Pullman Foundation was founded in 1973 to serve as a vehicle for preservation and restoration activities within the Pullman Historic District in Chicago, Illinois.
		It was built in 1880-84 as a planned model industrial town by George M. Pullman for the Pullman Palace Car Company.
		Solon Spencer Beman was the architect of the town of Pullman and Nathan Franklin Barrett was the landscape architect.
	www.pullmanil.org (152 words)

	Rail Cars - Car Builder's Dictionary - CPRR Photographic History Museum
		Pullman, however, lost out to sleeping cars owned by the railroads themselves, with all profits therefor passing to the railroad companies.
		Pullman's outstanding accomplishment forshadowing his later career was to move an entire hotel which did not lose a day's business, forshadowing his ultimate success in creating mobile hotel railroad cars.
		Abraham Lincoln's Son, Robert Todd Lincoln, became President of the Pullman Company from 1897 to 1911, as the successor to George Pullman.
	cprr.org /Museum/Car_Builders_Dictionary (1266 words)

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