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Topic: Gorbachev

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Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev

Breshnev

Mikhail Gorbachev

Andropov

Andropov

Yegor Ligachev

Nikolai Ryzhkov

Grigory Romanov

Yeltsin

Perestroika

Collapse of the Soviet Union

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History of communism

	Mikhail Gorbachev —
		Mikhail Gorbachev has proved to be one of the most significant figures of the Twentieth Century.
		Whilst President of the USSR his reforms of Perestroika and Glasnost paved the way for the fall of Communism, the reintroduction of democracy to Eastern Europe and the end of the Cold War.
		Gorbachev - The Master Key of the Universal Heart by Sri Chinmoy
	www.writespirit.net /authors/mikhail_gorbachev (87 words)

	Gorbachev - MSN Encarta
		Mikhail Gorbachev, born in 1931, leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1985 to 1991, the last leader of that country and the key figure in the liberalization and subsequent disintegration of Soviet and Eastern European Communism.
		Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was born to peasant parents in the village of Privol’noye, in the agrarian Stavropol’ Territory in southwestern Russia.
		Gorbachev was admitted to law school at Moscow State University in 1950, partly because of his ability and hard work and partly because of his humble origins and his status as a probationary member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), a rarity for one so young.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761552563/Gorbachev_Mikhail_Sergeyevich.html (831 words)

	Mikhail Gorbachev
		Gorbachev was born on the 2nd of March 1931, and was raised on a collective farm in the Stavropol region where he worked at a machine tractor station.
		Gorbachev who had emerged as a dominant figure in the Soviet ranks was given the position of general secretary of the Soviet Communist party in March of 1985 after the deaths of Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko.
		Gorbachev failed because of the totalitarian nature of the Soviet society created by Lenin and later reinforced by Stalin; it failed by the overall betrayal of the Bolshevik revolution and its leaders who were obsessed with absolute power.
	www.bu.edu /econ/faculty/kyn/newweb/economic_systems/NatIdentity/FSU/Russia/Gorbachev_lg.html (2021 words)

	Untitled Document
		Gorbachev was born in 1931 in the fertile southern region of Stavropol, an area of diverse ethnicities and prosperous peasants that underwent severe famine during the first years of his life.
		Gorbachev's problem was similar to Khrushchev's: he challenged the privileges of the Party elite without increasing the purchasing power of the population.
		Gorbachev created legislation that authorized the creation of "cooperatives": in reality these were private enterprises and they charged prices for their products that were beyond the purchasing power of ordinary workers.
	www.westernmind.com /syllabus/syllabus20c/24_gorbachev.html (2102 words)

	Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Regarded as a skilled technocrat and a reformer, Gorbachev joined (1978) the Communist party secretariat as agriculture secretary, and in 1980 he joined the politburo as the protégé of Yuri Andropov.
		Following the death of Konstantin Chernenko (Andropov’s successor) in 1985, Gorbachev was appointed general secretary of the party despite being the youngest member of the politburo.
		By 1990, however, Gorbachev’s perestroika program had failed to deliver significant improvement in the economy, and the elimination of political and social control had released latent ethnic and national tensions in the Baltic states, in the constituent republics of Armenia, Georgia, Ukraine, and Moldova, and elsewhere.
	www.bartleby.com /65/go/Gorbache.html (538 words)

	Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
		Born in the agricultural region of Stavropol (1931), Gorbachev studied law at Moscow University and in 1953 married a philosophy student, Raisa Maksimovna Titorenko.
		Following the death of Chernenko in 1985, Gorbachev was appointed General Secretary of the party despite being the youngest member of the Politburo.
		Gorbachev dissolved the Communist party, granted the Baltic states independence, and proposed a much looser, chiefly economic federation among the remaining republics.
	www.historyguide.org /europe/gorbachev.html (453 words)

	Mikhail Gorbachev
		Mikhail Gorbachev, the son of an agricultural mechanic on a collective farm, was born in Privolnoye in the Soviet Union on 2nd March, 1931.
		Gorbachev's grandfather, Pantelei Yefimovich Gopkalo, was a staunch member of the Communist Party (CPSU) and was chairman of the village kolkhoz.
		On the death of Chernenko in 1985 Gorbachev was elected by the Central Committee as General Secretary of the Communist Party.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /COLDgorbachev.htm (3472 words)

	TIME 100: Mikhail Gorbachev
		Writing about Gorbachev — who he was, where he came from, what he was after, and what his personal stake was (there had to be one) became just as intriguing as trying to figure out what Russia's future would be.
		How Gorbachev left power and what he has done since are unique episodes in Russian history, but he could have foreseen his own resignation: he prepared the ground and the atmosphere that made that resignation possible.
		Gorbachev is such an entirely political creature, and yet so charismatic, that it's hard to come to any conclusions about him as a person.
	www.time.com /time/time100/leaders/profile/gorbachev.html (373 words)

	Boston Globe Online / Table of Contents
		Those who know him say that Gorbachev, the man who triggered all this, is a complex and often contradictory person, a mix of pragmatist and dreamer, in- fighter and idealist, man of action and now, a leader of perhaps fatal irresolution.
		What Gorbachev is striving to do, said another aide, Georgi Shakhnazarov, is "to bring the Soviet Union back into Europe," from which it has been separated by decades of distrust, conflict and ideological competition.
		Yesterday, as the Nobel award became known, Gorbachev was sweeping from meeting to meeting, conferring with visiting US executives, personal aides, parliamentary leaders and newspaper editors on his planned economic reforms.
	www.boston.com /globe/search/stories/nobel/1990/1990k.html (1208 words)

	frontline: the gulf war: oral history: mikhail gorbachev
		Gorbachev: The world had become different and the two superpowers were in the situation where we had to show whether we were able to cooperate in this new situation, especially on such a critical issue like aggression.
		Gorbachev: I think this meeting, after Malta, was one of the key meetings in the development of the Soviet-American relations, it was of great importance.
		Gorbachev: All was within the framework that Bush was anxious for us not to begin our own separate policy behind the back of the United States and the Security Council.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/oral/gorbachev/1.html (2669 words)

	Mikhail Gorbachev
		Mikhail Gorbachev's role in the collapse of the Soviet regime reinforced American ideals of democracy and became the defining moment of the 1980s.
		Gorbachev and President Ronald Reagan at the Geneva Summit on November 21, 1985.
		Gorbachev's role in the collapse of the Soviet regime in Eastern Europe reinforced American ideals of democracy and freedom, and became the defining moment of the 1980s.
	www.heroism.org /class/1980/gorbachev.htm (346 words)

	Gorbachev @ Colgate
		Gorbachev's stint at Colgate is part of a tour that includes a ceremony in his honor as recipient of the King David Award from the Jerusalem fund, a series of discussions in Washington, D.C. with environmental groups and talks in Louisiana, as well as interviews and a conference.
		Gorbachev's expectations for Russia were unclear, due in part to the fact that he said it is necessary to wait and see what Yeltsin's administration does before making a prediction about the future.
		Gorbachev served as president of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1985 through 1990, the year in which he became the only president of the Soviet Union and earned the Nobel Peace Prize.
	departments.colgate.edu /russian/gorbachev.html (1856 words)

	Temperament in Revolution: Gorbachev
		Gorbachev only replaced some of the most aging members of the Politburo with younger people, who were open to reform.
		Gorbachev, in everything an Idealist, exhibited a great deal of tact and compassion while informing the departing members of the Politburo that they were being replaced.
		Gorbachev did exactly what he had done before he attained power, except that he could extend his ideas much farther because he was the leader of the Soviet Union, where the political leaders had almost unlimited power over the country.
	ganymede.nmsu.edu /tharriso/Gorbachev.html (1568 words)

	CNN Cold War - Profile: Mikhail Gorbachev
		Hoping to shift resources to the civilian sector of the Soviet economy, Gorbachev also began to argue in favor of an end to the arms race with the West.
		Throughout his six years in office, Gorbachev always seemed to be moving too fast for the party establishment, which saw its privileges threatened, and too slow for more radical reformers, who hoped to do away with the one-party state and the command economy.
		At the end of the year, Gorbachev was forced to resign as president of a Soviet Union no longer in existence.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/gorbachev (525 words)

	PWHCE Who's Who of Russia: Mikhail Gorbachev
		Gorbachev became a candidate member of the CPSU in 1950, at the age of 18.
		Gorbachev was not a liberal-democrat; his reforms were not designed to end the Soviet Union but to give it new life.
		These reforms, and Gorbachev's statement that the Soviet Union would not militarily prevent satellite states from asserting their independence led to centrifugal forces and threats to legitimacy beyond the limited flexibility of late-soviet Russia, and concerned harliners pressured Gorbachev.
	www.pwhce.org /rus/gorbachev.html (381 words)

	Mikhail Gorbachev (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Gorbachev dramatically altered the Kremlin's foreign policy and sought improved relations with the United States.
		He is also founder and president of the Gorbachev Foundation, a nonprofit, nonpartisan educational organization focusing on major socioeconomic and political issues.
		Gorbachev's rise to power began in a northern Caucasus village near Stravropol, where he was born in 1931.
	www.neu.edu /voice/980622/citations/mgorbachev.html (618 words)

	Gorbachev Urges G8 to Back Solar Power, Not Oil or Nuclear
		Former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev urged the world's biggest industrialized nations to set up a 50-billion-dollar (44-billion-euro) fund to support solar power, warning that oil or nuclear energy were not viable energy sources for the future.
		Gorbachev -- who chairs an environmental thinktank, Green Cross International -- called on leaders of the Group of Eight (G8) industrialized nations to invest in renewable energy sources, in a statement marking the 20th anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster.
		The debate has been amplified by the need for some European countries to plan soon for the replacement of earlier generations of nuclear power stations that are due to come to the end of their lifespan in the next two decades.
	www.commondreams.org /headlines06/0427-03.htm (609 words)

	Gorbachev Calls for 'New World Order'
		Gorbachev made the comments Tuesday in a speech to the 91st annual Insurance Leadership Forum -- the same conference at which Ambassador L. Paul Bremer made his widely reported remarks about troop levels being too low in Iraq.
		According to the Council of Insurance Agents and Brokers, Gorbachev said the new world order he advocates should adhere to international law, rely heavily on the United Nations and not seek to impose the views of one country or a group of countries on others.
		Gorbachev also said leaders of industrial nations should not reject those who protest globalization: Any attempt at building the new world order will not succeed "if we ignore poverty in the world," Gorbachev was quoted as saying.
	www.infowars.net /Pages/Oct_04/071004_gorbachev_new_world_order.html (369 words)

	WashingtonPost.com: The Gorbachev Factor
		Some, who in more recent years have castigated Gorbachev for his `half-measures', have found it convenient to forget that the actual changes promoted or sanctioned by Gorbachev exceeded their wildest dreams, making a nonsense of predictions that he had neither the will nor the power to alter anything of consequence in the Soviet system.
		Gorbachev's chairmanship of the sessions did not satisfy the conservative majority of the delegates, who were irritated by the fact that he gave the floor to representatives of the radical minority--and in particular Andrey Sakharov--more often than their numerical representation warranted.
		Gorbachev was cited by 22.6 per cent of the population and occupied fourth place after Lenin (68 per cent), Marx (36.2 per cent), and Peter the Great (31.9 per cent).(33) To find Lenin and Marx enjoying the highest esteem of all would have been unthinkable in Poland, Hungary, or Czechoslovakia.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/gorbache.htm (4252 words)

	Mikhail Gorbachev's biography: Soviet leader
		Gorbachev, the youngest man to hold supreme power in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) since Joseph Stalin, was born in Privolnoye, in the Stavropol region of Russia.
		Between 1985 and 1990, Gorbachev sought to reform Soviet society by introducing perestroika (Russian "restructuring") of the economy and glasnost' (Russian "openness") in political and cultural affairs.
		In June 1992 Gorbachev was officially expelled from the CPSU for allegedly having contributed to its downfall.
	infonotas.com /biography/mikhail-gorbachev/biography-mikhail-gorbachev.htm (583 words)

	CNN.com - Gorbachev: Pope was 'example to all of us' - Apr 4, 2005
		Gorbachev, who once said the collapse of the Iron Curtain would have been impossible without John Paul II, said the pope condemned communism the first time the two met in 1989, shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall.
		Gorbachev's economic reforms, known as perestroika, helped liberalize Soviet society in the 1980s.
		The former Soviet leader, who was forced to resign as his nation broke up in 1991, said the pope also expressed criticism for capitalism during their 1989 meeting.
	www.cnn.com /2005/WORLD/europe/04/03/pope.gorbachev/index.html (446 words)

	The American Experience \| Reagan \| People & Events \| Mikhail Gorbachev
		Mikhail Gorbachev was born to peasants on March 2, 1931, in the famine-stricken Caucasus region.
		That November, Reagan said of Gorbachev, "There was warmth in his face and his style, not the coldness bordering on hatred I'd seen in most senior Soviet officials I'd met until then." He sensed then "the moral dimension in Gorbachev." Gorbachev, in turn, called Reagan a great American and a great leader.
		The USSR was in dire economic straits, and Gorbachev needed a respite from the arms race.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/reagan/peopleevents/pande01.html (803 words)

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