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Topic: Grassland

	Grassland
		Grasslands stretch basically thousands of miles primarily in the continents of North America and Asia.
		Rainfall in the grasslands is somewhere between the amount of precipitation temperate forests and deserts receive.
		The Grasslands soil is usually deep, dark, and rich, called mollisols, in drier regions it is called aridisols.
	library.thinkquest.org /11353/grassland.htm (418 words)

	World Biomes - Grassland
		Grassland biomes are unaltered areas of land where grass is the dominant plant life, as opposed to other terrestrial biomes where trees occupy most of the land surface.
		Grassland are found around the globe and have served as grazing areas for a large number of animals, and have been exploited as farming grounds or plantations by humans.
		Grassland are generally semi-arid areas with little or no trees, and are inhabited by grazing mammals, ground-nesting birds, insects, and a few species of reptiles.
	www.worldbiomes.com /biomes_grassland.htm (484 words)

	Still and Silent Ecosystems: Declining Grassland Biodiversity
		Grasslands were the seedbeds for the ancestors of major cereal crops, including wheat, rice, rye, barley, sorghum, and millet.
		Although there are no globally comprehensive measures of the condition of grassland biodiversity, restricted regional studies suggest that increasing conversion of grasslands to agricultural and urban areas, fragmentation of grasslands with roads, and invasive species are responsible for declines in biodiversity (White et al.
		It already may be too late for some grasslands to provide goods or services related to biodiversity in areas where conversions to agriculture and urbanization, as well as fragmentation and invasive species, have considerably altered grassland biodiversity.
	earthtrends.wri.org /text/forests-grasslands-drylands/feature-5.html (1207 words)

	HAPET Strategic Mgmt and Mapping Tools: Grassland Bird Conservation Area Maps
		One factor thought to be adversely impacting grassland birds on their breeding grounds is the continued fragmentation of their habitat.
		Grassland Bird Conservation Areas (GBCAs) are priority areas for grassland protection and enhancement that are thought to provide suitable habitat for many or all priority grassland bird species in the tall grass prairie portion of the Prairie Pothole Region.
		Core areas are at least 95% grassland, at least 50 m from woody vegetation, and may contain up to 30% wetland habitat.
	www.fws.gov /midwest/HAPET/GrasslandBirdMaps.htm (379 words)

	Grassland ecosystems: Biodiversity
		Grasslands have been the seedbeds for the ancestors of major cereal crops, including wheat, rice, rye, barley, sorghum, and millet.
		Road networks have led to high grassland fragmentation in some areas: the Great Plains of the United States are highly fragmented with 70 percent of the grasslands less than 1,000 square kilometers while in Botswana, 58 percent of grasslands are 10,000 squar kilometers or greater.
		Comprehensive data on grassland biodiversity are not adequate to evaluate global grassland condition; we need to expand efforts to systematically collect data on biodiversity for all grassland types and for all flora and fauna, including both macro- and micro-soil fauna.
	www.wri.org /governance/pubs_content_text.cfm?cid=1071 (927 words)

	Grassland Biome
		The Grassland Biome is found chiefly on the high central plateau of South Africa, and the inland areas of KwaZuluNatal and the Eastern Cape.
		The Grassland Biome is the cornerstone of the maize crop, and many grassland types have been converted to this crop.
		Shrub encroachment in the sub-alpine grasslands, Lesotho highlands
	www.plantzafrica.com /vegetation/grassland.htm (449 words)

	Grassland
		The grassland biomes around the world are called the "Breadbaskets" because they are ideal for growing grass and cereal grains.
		The animals that live in the grasslands have had to adapt to the environment.
		The difference between the deciduous forest and the Grasslands is the precipitation is less, and dry periods often occur.
	www.dennett.mec.edu /mrholt/biomes/grassland.htm (788 words)

	Teagasc - Agri-Food - Grassland
		The country's reliance on grassland has meant that over the last 30 years there has been tremendous research and development in the grassland sector.
		To ensure that satisfactory incomes can be achieved from grassland and that quality food can be produced requires that attention be paid to four areas, soil fertility; grass quality, management and environment.
		Grassland farming is by its very nature, extensive and environmentally friendly.
	www.teagasc.ie /agrifood/grassland.htm (587 words)

	The grassland biome
		Grasslands are characterized as lands dominated by grasses rather than large shrubs or trees.
		Temperate grasslands are characterized as having grasses as the dominant vegetation.
		The soil of the temperate grasslands is deep and dark, with fertile upper layers.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /glossary/gloss5/biome/grasslan.html (1583 words)

	Grasslands Biome
		Grassland biomes are large, rolling terrains of grasses, flowers and herbs.
		A grassland is a region where the average annual precipitation is great enough to support grasses, and in some areas a few trees.
		Grasslands in the southern hemisphere tend to get more precipitation than those in the northern hemisphere, and the grass tends to be the tall-grass variety.
	www.blueplanetbiomes.org /grasslands.htm (557 words)

	Chalk Grassland HAP (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The chalk grasslands which are so characteristic of the South Downs developed and remain as a direct result of grazing by wild and domesticated animals over thousands of years.
		Payments are made to revert arable land to grassland using a seed mixture of the farmer's choice; this usually consists of rye grass and white clover.
		Chalk grassland with species-rich dosed sward in which Festuca ovina is the most abundant grass and bulky grasses such as Brachypodium pinnatum, Avenula pubescens and Bromopsis erecta are absent or at low cover.
	www.biodiversitysussex.org /chalkgrass.htm (5312 words)

	Grassland 3
		Grasslands are often the transition from desert to forest.
		The grassland occurs in the interior of the continents and rainshadows.
		Although there were once millions of bison roaming the North America grasslands, wholesale slaughter by the early European settlers brought them almost to extinction by the beginning of the 12th century.
	ths.sps.lane.edu /biomes/grassland3/grassland3.html (836 words)

	Desert Grassland
		Grassland is a semiarid biome characterized by warm, humid summers with moderate rain and cold, dry winters.
		Most of the grasslands in the western states are intermediate between the true prairies of the American Midwest and deserts.
		Compared with prairie grassland, the grasses in desert grassland are shorter, less dense, and are more frequently interspersed with desert shrubs and succulents.
	www.desertmuseum.org /visit/desertgrassland.html (918 words)

	Grassland (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In North America, grasslands are one of the most endangered environment, fragmented by development, overgrazing, and overuse.
		Pronghorn are permanent residents of the grassland, unique to this continent.
		Prairie dogs are the apartment managers of the grasslands, dozens of species of other animals finding homes and food around their towns.
	www.nps.gov /pefo/In_Depth/Grassland.htm (1153 words)

	Grassland Summary
		Grasslands, which are biomes wet enough to avoid becoming deserts but too dry to support forests, are usually flat or rolling regions that receive an average 25 to 100 centimeters of rain a year.
		Grasslands develop as a result of changes in climate, changes in plant communities, and fires.
		Grasslands are often located between temperate forests at high latitudes and deserts at subtropical latitudes.
	www.bookrags.com /Grassland (247 words)

	Grassland ecosystems: Biodiversity
		Grasslands have been the seedbeds for the ancestors of major cereal crops, including wheat, rice, rye, barley, sorghum, and millet.
		Road networks have led to high grassland fragmentation in some areas: the Great Plains of the United States are highly fragmented with 70 percent of the grasslands less than 1,000 square kilometers while in Botswana, 58 percent of grasslands are 10,000 squar kilometers or greater.
		Comprehensive data on grassland biodiversity are not adequate to evaluate global grassland condition; we need to expand efforts to systematically collect data on biodiversity for all grassland types and for all flora and fauna, including both macro- and micro-soil fauna.
	biodiv.wri.org /pubs_content_text.cfm?ContentID=1071 (927 words)

	Grassland Birds: An Overview of Threats and Recommended Management Strategies
		This discussion is focused on threats to grasslands east of the Rocky Mountains; grasslands farther west (e.g., California grasslands, palouse prairie) are beyond the scope of this presentation.
		During the past 150 years, agricultural grasslands (hayfields and pastures) have replaced the native prairies and are currently the dominant grassland habitat throughout much of the tallgrass region.
		These grasslands range from poor, xeric soils in New England, to mountain balds in parts of the Appalachian range, to wet prairie in Florida, to transitional grasslands emerging from tallgrass prairie and longleaf pine ecosystems into coastal marshes in Texas.
	www.birds.cornell.edu /pifcapemay/vickery.htm (2260 words)

	Temperate Grasslands
		Temperate grasslands are composed of a rich mix of grasses and forbs and underlain by some of the world's most fertile soils.
		The Palouse Prairie of eastern Washington state, the California grasslands, and the desert grasslands of the Southwest are also temperate grasslands.
		The temperate grassland fauna is very low in diversity, especially in comparison with the tropical grasslands or savannas of Africa.
	www.runet.edu /~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/tempgrass/tempgras.html (489 words)

	Grassland Birds \| Mass Audubon
		Large Grasslands: grasslands of more than 75 contiguous acres, including conservation lands (may be a mixture of pastures, meadows, and hayfields), airports, and capped landfills.
		Natural, permanent grasslands were uncommon, except for scattered openings that existed along river floodplains, wetlands, beaver meadows, salt marshes, and coastal sandplain grasslands and heathlands.
		By the 1800s, grasslands were widespread in the Northeast, as land was cleared for pastures and hayfields, and grassland birds undoubtedly benefited from this expanded habitat.
	www.massaudubon.org /Birds_&_Beyond/grassland/index.php (1728 words)

	South Dakota's Grassland Resource Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Grasslands are a community of plants and animals where grasses are the predominant vegetation.
		Grasslands are a renewable resource, when they are managed properly.
		The remaining grasslands are owned by state or federal agencies, including National Grasslands, National Parks, and Wildlife Refuges.
	www.sdconservation.org /grassland (213 words)

	Grassland Birds
		Alterations of the Great Plains grassland landscape were precipitated by the conversion of prairie to cropland and pasture, the removal or disappearance of native ungulates, drainage of wetlands, and an increase in woody vegetation through plantings and fire suppression.
		Grassland habitats in these parks range from large, intact tracts to small, degraded fragments.
		The development of a long-term monitoring program for grassland birds was identified as a need by the NPS to monitor population trends.
	comp.uark.edu /~anpowell/grasslands.html (328 words)

	PAGE: Grassland ecosystems (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Results show that although the major goods and services provided by grasslands are in good to fair condition, the capacity for grassland ecosystems to continue to provide these goods and services is declining.
		Indicators of soil condition show that more than half of the grasslands in the study have some degree of soil degradation; over 5 percent of these grasslands are strongly to extremely degraded.
		Indicators of grassland biodiversity show marked declines in grassland birds of North America, with negative effects from fragmentation and non-native species suggested for this region and others.
	biodiv.wri.org /pagegrasslands-pub-3057.html (474 words)

	Grassland Management
		Five methods commonly used in grassland management are grazing, haying, fertilizing, overseeding with legumes and prescribed burning.
		If your main objective is to produce the maximum amount of forage from your grasslands, you may want to investigate the use of a management intensive grazing program.
		Since warm-season grasses begin growth later in the year, they are usually not ready to be grazed until mid summer, when most of the ground-nesting wildlife have hatched their broods.
	www.mdc.mo.gov /landown/wild/landmgmt/grassland.htm (2514 words)

	Grassland Birds in Agricultural Ecosystems
		In the Great Plains, grassland and riparian ecosystems have declined and represent a small percentage of land within an agriculturally dominated landscape, but these habitats are disproportionately important to birds.
		At the population-level, the reproductive ecology of Dickcissels breeding in grasslands, and of cavity nesting birds such as Tree Swallows, Eastern Bluebirds, and House Wrens breeding in riparian zones is being monitored adjacent to fields of conventional and transgenic crop varieties.
		The widespread conversion of natural grasslands to agriculture means that most of the habitat for grassland birds that remains exists in relatively small, isolated fragments.
	www.unomaha.edu /environmental_studies/McCartyHomePage/GrasslandBirds.html (2168 words)

	Grassland Foundation
		What We Do Grasslands are the least represented habitats in parks, wildlife refuges and other protected areas, and the most in need of representation.
		Our mission is to advance the creation of protected grassland natural areas and sustainable grassland communities on the Northern Great Plains through research, education and outreach.
		Grassland Conservation and Sustainable Communities Lecture was held in Lincoln, NE on Thursday, April 12, 2007 details »
	www.grasslandfoundation.org (364 words)

	Grassland Animal Printouts - EnchantedLearning.com
		A grassland is a grassy, windy, partly-dry biome, a sea of grass.
		Deep-rooted grasses dominate the flora in a grassland; there are very few trees and shrubs in a grassland, less than one tree per acre.
		The animals that live in grasslands have adapted to dry, windy conditions.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /biomes/grassland/grassland.shtml (1225 words)

	Grassland Loss Threatens Duck Populations
		The three most important landscape characteristics are the amount of grassland within a 16-square-mile area, the amount of edge habitat between grassland and cropland within a four-square-mile area, and the density of wetland habitat within this four-square-mile area.
		Nevertheless, the preponderance of data reveals that landscapes with abundant grassland and low levels of fragmentation are much more likely to achieve the high nesting success required to grow duck populations.
		Large tracts of native grassland are vitally important to maintaining healthy duck populations and many other grassland birds.
	www.ducks.org /Page2891.aspx (938 words)

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