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Topic: Gunpowder

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	Gunpowder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gunpowder, whether fl powder or smokeless powder, is a substance that burns very rapidly, releasing gases that act as a propellant in firearms.
		Gunpowder spread to the Arabs in the 13th century.
		In Europe, the first written reference to gunpowder was set down by Roger Bacon in the works he prepared for Pope Clement IV around 1267: "a child’s toy of sound and fire made in various parts of the world with powder of saltpeter, sulphur and charcoal of hazelwood.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gunpowder (1101 words)

	Gunpowder warfare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gunpowder warfare is associated with the start of the widespread use of gunpowder and the development of suitable weapons to use the explosive.
		The understanding of "gunpowder warfare", expressed here, comes from the works of Michael Roberts who argued that a military revolution occurred in the sixteenth century that forever changed warfare, and society in general.
		Gunpowder, explosive weapons had been used in China centuries before cannon appeared in Europe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gunpowder_warfare (3456 words)

	Gunpowder - LoveToKnow 1911
		The manufacture of gunpowder seems to have been carried on as a crown monopoly about the time of Elizabeth, and regulations respecting gunpowder and nitre were made about 1623 (James I.).
		A good deal of the fieriness and violence of explosion of a gunpowder depends on the mode of burning of the charcoal as well as on the wood from which it is made.
		In the chemical examination of gunpowder the points to be ascertained are, in addition to moisture, freedom from chlorides or sulphates, and correct proportion of nitre and sulphur to charcoal.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Gunpowder (5082 words)

	Gunpowder Plot - LoveToKnow 1911
		The steps taken by Salisbury after the discovery of the gunpowder do not show the possession of any information of the plot or of the persons who were its chief agents outside Fawkes's first statement, and his knowledge is seen to develop according to the successive disclosures and confessions of the latter.
		Thus on the 7th of November he had no knowledge of the mine, and it is only after Fawkes's examination by torture on the 9th, when the names of the conspirators were drawn from him, that the government was able to classify them according to their guilt and extent of their participation.
		They now began to feel themselves abandoned not only by man but by God; for an explosion of some of their gunpowder, on the morning of the 8th, by which Catesby and some others were scorched, struck terror into their hearts as a judgment from heaven.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Gunpowder_Plot (2649 words)

	gunpowder. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In the past gunpowder was widely used for blasting and for propelling bullets from guns but it has been largely replaced by more powerful explosives.
		The origin of gunpowder was probably Chinese, for it seems to have been known in China at least as early as the 9th cent.
		Gunpowder was the only explosive in wide use until the middle of the 19th cent., when it was superseded by nitroglycerine-based explosives.
	www.bartleby.com /65/gu/gunpowde.html (277 words)

	Gunpowder Weapons of the Late Fifteenth Century
		Gunpowder weapons were the 'leading edge' of technology in the late medieval era.
		All forms of gunpowder weapons relied on chemical and metal-working advancements of the time, and their effective exploitation in warfare relied upon new thinking of the military commanders.
		The introduction of gunpowder weapons was an evolutionary process that required progress in technology and in understanding of commanders (the best of whom were not the traditional knight, or noble men-at-arms, who were the main subjects of the contemporary chronicles).
	xenophongroup.com /montjoie/gp_wpns.htm (2970 words)

	Baltimore County Golf - Gunpowder Falls Golf Course (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Gunpowder Falls Golf Course is a “mid-length” course, meaning it is a bit shorter in distance and par is set at 60, a bit lower than the standard par 72.
		A mid-length style course like Gunpowder Falls is ideal for golfers who are just learning the game, senior and junior golfers or virtually any golfer who is looking to squeeze in 18 holes in three hours (or less!).
		Gunpowder Falls’ full length driving range and large practice green are an ideal place to warm up before your round, hit a leisurely bucket of balls or take a lesson from one of the PGA Professionals on staff.
	www.baltimoregolfing.com /gunpowder (345 words)

	gunpowder
		Claims that gunpowder was invented in China rest on variable interpretations of certain passages in ancient manuscripts.
		Now, in gunpowder, the rapid burning of the charcoal in free oxygen releases additional oxygen from the saltpeter which rapidly oxidizes the sulphur, thereby creating the voluminous expansion of gases which provides the propellent power for which the substance is known.
		This is unquestionably gunpowder, for it will go off with a "bang", though not quite the "bang" one would get from the optimal formula, which is 74.64% pure saltpeter, 11.85% pure sulphur, and 13.51% charcoal.
	www.hyw.com /Books/History/gunpowde.htm (999 words)

	Gunpowder
		Gunpowder as a War Remedy by John H. Clarke, M.D. Clarke and Sheppard described using low potencies of homeopathic Gunpowder and repeating it regularly.
		While Gunpowder was not well represented in the repertory, she decided to use it due to Clarke’s description of its effectiveness with infection.
		There are additional successful cases where rehabilitators have used homeopathic Gunpowder, such as with the Pelican with the fourteen inch laceration in his chest and ground squirrel with a septic leg that had not responded to antibiotics.
	www.ewildagain.org /Homeopathy/gunpowder.htm (2679 words)

	Montgomery County Public Schools - Social Studies Department (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It was not until the end of the Tang dynasty that China found a way to use gunpowder as a weapon known as fei huo or “flying fire.” The “flying fire” was a lump of flaming gunpowder that was thrown from a machine called a catapult.
		Three types of weapons were eventually invented to use gunpowder: Explosive weapons (bombs), barrel-type weapons (guns and cannons), and propellant (rocket-type) weapons All of these inventions helped the emperors and Chinese military to conquer or control land and protect their territories better.
		The invention of gunpowder has been used to attack, to defend, to heal, and to entertain as holidays, sports events, and other celebrations worldwide are now marked with fireworks.
	www.mcps.k12.md.us /curriculum/socialstd/resources/gunpowder.html (1041 words)

	Gun and Gunpower
		The dating of gunpowder is as early as 850 A.D. This invention seems to have been discovered in China by accident - by alchemists seeking the elixir of immortality.
		The gunpowder used for military purpose was first recorded in 919 A.D. By the 11th century, explosive bombs filled with gunpowder and fired from catapults were introduced and used in China.
		According to a description of a battle scene in 1132, it took two persons to carry a "fire cannon", and the cannons were fired from a moving platform after it had been moved close to the wall of the besieged city.
	www.silk-road.com /artl/gun.shtml (448 words)

	History of Gunpowder - History for Kids!
		They made gunpowder by mixing saltpeter (potassium nitrate) with sulfur and carbon (carbon is soot, the fl stuff that you get from burning wood).
		By the 1300's, both the Chinese and the Europeans had invented the cannon, a bronze tube which used gunpowder to shoot heavy iron balls at the enemy (usually at the walls of a castle or town under siege).
		Gunpowder reached North Africa about the same time as it reached Europe, but across the Sahara Desert in West Africa and East Africa people did not know much about it until about 200 years later, when Portuguese explorers used cannon to attack them in the late 1400's AD.
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/war/gunpowder.htm (336 words)

	Old World Contacts: Armies/Gunpowder
		Third - Fourth Periods: 1000 - 1500 CE Gunpowder, reportedly produced from saltpetre, sulphur and charcoal, is a Chinese invention.
		The Chinese used gunpowder to propel rockets, and to produce incendiary and explosive projectiles thrown by catapult.
		One of the first recorded applications of gunpowder in European military history occurred at the 1346 Battle of Crecy, where the English arsenal included little gunpowder "firepots." These had little impact on the outcome of the battle, acting merely as curious adjuncts to the English longbows that won the day.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/oldwrld/armies/gunpowder.html (471 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for gunpowder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Gunpowder was used in fireworks by the Chinese as early as the 9th cent., and it was they who brought fireworks to a high stage of development.
		The gunpowder plot: terror and toleration in 1605: Simon Adams investigates the political and religious options available to the Catholics of early Jacobean England, and asks why some chose to attempt the spectacular coup in November 1605.
		Gunpowder, treason and Catholic plot ; According to television historian Dr David Starkey, a 'velvet persecution' paved the way for the Gunpowder Plot.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/05515.html (682 words)

	The Gunpowder Plot Society
		Guy Fawkes, as he is really called, is one of thirteen who have conspired to blow up the parliament, the King, and his Lords, thereby throwing the whole country into turmoil, out of which these traitors hoped to raise a new monarch sympathetic to their cause, and return England to its Catholic past.
		The circumstances that surround what drove these thirteen disaffected Catholics, led by the charismatic Robert Catesby, to such a desperate act are the focus of the Gunpowder Plot Society, for the circumstances are far from straighforward.
		Threads of research being undertaken by the GPS and its associates, and a summary of the projects we are involved in.
	www.gunpowder-plot.org (280 words)

	Gunpowder Plot would have devastated London - 05 November 2003 - New Scientist
		The Gunpowder Plot was planned for 5 November, and its failure is still marked in Britain today with fireworks and bonfires.
		They placed 36 barrels of gunpowder in a cellar under Westminster Hall, where parliament then sat, but were caught before the fuses could be lit.
		Gunpowder is generally less powerful than TNT, but Fawkes was an expert, having used explosives while serving in the Spanish army during their occupation of the Netherlands.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn4338 (543 words)

	Amazon.de: Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive That Changed the World: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A novelist and popular history writer, Kelly traces the history of gunpowder from 10th-century China to the late 19th century, when it was supplanted by Alfred Nobel’s nitroglycerin.
		Kelly takes advantage of gunpowder’s role in the histories of armaments and war to titillate with gruesome but fascinating accounts of the atrocities the destructive power of gunpowder visited on Europe: in the 30 Years War, the German states lost an estimated eight million people—one-third of their population.
		With similarly lively portraits of figures who chaperoned gunpowder to its technical peak in the 1800s, the Du Ponts on the manufacturing side, or the inventors of revolvers and rifled arms on the weaponry side, Kelly accesses history through technology.
	www.amazon.de /exec/obidos/ASIN/0465037186 (532 words)

	Gunpowder
		They were well-acquainted with saltpetre (potassium nitrate), the most potent of the three ingredients of gunpowder, its effect when burned with charcoal and sulphur, the other two, as well as with other substances.
		For over 500 years military historians attributed both the discovery of gunpowder and the invention of the gun to one Berthold Schwarz (Black Berthold), a German monk so-called because he dabbled in the 'fl art' of alchemy.
		Known as 'serpentine' (in allusion to an early type of ordnance) or 'meal' early gunpowder possessed several faults; firstly, jolting during transport caused the ingredients to separate, the heaviest ending up on the bottom of the barrel, the lightest at the top.
	riv.co.nz /rnza/hist/gun/gunpdr.htm (1401 words)

	History 2311 Gunpowder in Medieval Times by Eldred Cooper
		These were bamboo tubes filled with gunpowder that, when fired, threw a flaming missile at the enemy (377).
		"Gunpowder" describes it this way: "[T]hey charged [the tube] with fl powder to shoot an arrow." Considering the difficulties associated with travel and the lack of printing, ideas and technology spread surprisingly fast.
		When the Chinese invention of gunpowder exploded on the European continent, it penetrated the knight's armor and toppled his castle.
	jade.ccccd.edu /WriteStuff/hist2311.html (1406 words)

	Gunpowder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Gunpowder was invented by Chinese alchemists seeking an elixir of immortality.
		Some historians date the invention of gunpowder at 850 AD when a Taoist book warned of three specific elixir formulas as too dangerous to experiment.
		Explosive gunpowder was definitely used in the beginning of the thirteenth century.
	www.hyperhistory.com /online_n2/connections_n2/gunpowder.html (108 words)

	NOVA Online \| Secrets of Lost Empires \| China Bridge \| China's Age of Invention
		Gunpowder was used in Chinese rocket launchers to shoot fireworks - and weapons of war.
		Yates: Gunpowder completely transformed the way wars were waged and contributed to the eventual establishment of might over right.
		I have found the earliest illustration of a cannon in the world, which dates from the change-over from the Northern Song to the Southern Song around 1127, which was 150 years before the development of the cannon in the West.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/lostempires/china/age.html (1708 words)

	FIREPOWER AND FERTILIZERS
		Gunpowder arrived in the West from China via Byzantium and Islam, and directly from the Mongols.
		The Mongols pioneered the use of lengths of bamboo packed with gunpowder as "pipe bombs" to help blow open city gates, and they brought this technology with them during their ravages of Poland and Hungary in 1241.
		Early Western gunpowder was called "fl powder" because it consisted of a finely ground charcoal base, mixed with sulfur and saltpeter (potassium nitrate).
	www.geology.ucdavis.edu /~cowen/~GEL115/115CH16fertilizer.html (3237 words)

	Sifting Gun Powder for Better Performance
		As mention before, the process of separating gunpowder’s using the powder sieves should work better with ball powders than extruded powders unless the extruded powder length is the same as the extruded diameter.
		Overall the Czech gunpowder balls not appear as uniform or as round as the Israel gunpowder balls, for whatever that means.
		Gunpowder caught on the #30 sieve (710 to 600 micron) had a muzzle velocity standard deviation of 16 fps, while the standard deviation for the #35 sieved powder (600 to 500 micron) was 12 fps, and the adjusted standard deviation for the #45 (500 to 355 micron) is 8 fps.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /jesse99/sieving.html (5734 words)

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