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Topic: Haemoglobin

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	Haemoglobin - a molecular lung: 2
		We saw that dioxygen is taken up by haemoglobin in a different way to myoglobin, so that their dioxygen uptake curves are different.
		Haemoglobin (Hb) can carry four molecules of dioxygen and when one molecule is taken up, it facilitates the uptake of the others - this is known as a cooperative mechanism or allostery.
		This is the basis of the cooperative uptake and release of dioxygen by haemoglobin, as it shifts backwards and forwards between the T- and R-states.
	www.ul.ie /~childsp/CinA/Issue65/TOC28_Haemoglobin.htm (2435 words)

	Haemoglobin - MSN Encarta
		Haemoglobin, most prevalent of the special blood pigments that transport oxygen; it is present in all but the least complex of animals.
		Haemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs or gills, where blood is oxygenated, to body cells.
		The haemoglobin is converted into bile pigments, the colour of which is responsible for the appearance of bruises.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567357/Haemoglobin.html (833 words)

	WHO \| Sickle-cell disease and other haemoglobin disorders
		Haemoglobin disorders are inherited blood diseases that affect how oxygen is carried in the body.
		Haemoglobin disorders are inherited from parents in much the same way as blood type, hair color and texture, eye colour and other physical traits.
		The strategic objectives of the Department are to raise awareness about the global epidemic of chronic diseases; create healthy environments, especially for poor and disadvantaged populations; slow and reverse trends in common chronic disease risk factors such as unhealthy diet and physical inactivity; and prevent premature deaths and avoidable disability due to major chronic diseases.
	www.who.int /entity/mediacentre/factsheets/fs308/en/index.html (791 words)

	Haemoglobin
		Haemoglobin is the iron-containing protein attached to red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.
		Haemoglobin bonds with oxygen in the lungs, exchanges it for carbon dioxide at cellular level, and then transports the carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be exhaled.
		Haemoglobin is made up of four subunits, with a haem (iron-containing) group in each for oxygen binding.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Haemoglobin (335 words)

	- monitoring of canine and feline diabetes
		Glycosylated haemoglobin is produced by the non-enzymatic, irreversible binding of glucose to haemoglobin in erythrocytes.
		The glycosylation of haemoglobin is a gradual process and is not affected by acute or transient hyperglycaemia.
		Glycosylated (glycated) haemoglobin concentration can be used as a screening test for diabetes mellitus, as well as for the monitoring of glycemic control in treated diabetic animals, based on red blood cell lifespan.
	www.caninsulin.com /Glycosylated-haemoglobin.asp (216 words)

	haemoglobin
		For example, alpha thalassaemia hydrops fetalis is the commonest genetic problem among the Southern Chinese and haemoglobin E/b thalassaemia is the commonest haemoglobin disorder among Thais, Cambodians, Burmese and Bengalis.
		Couples at risk of having children with haemoglobin disorders can be identified by simple blood tests, and informed of their I in 4 chance of an affected child in each pregnancy, before they have children.
		Of course, if treatment became good enough to permit normal survival, the global prevalence of the haemoglobin disorders would be the same as their birth prevalence, about 2/1,000 of the world population.
	www.thalassaemia.org.cy /articles/02Haemoglobin.htm (1808 words)

	Haemoglobinopathy Registry - Haemoglobinopathies
		The type of haemoglobin that an individual has is determined by the haemoglobin gene that they have inherited from both their parents.
		Haemoglobin is the component of the red blood cell that carries oxygen around the body and each individual inherits one haemoglobin gene from each parent.
		Each time a couple is expecting a child, the child will have one haemoglobin gene from each parent, to be able to make their own haemoglobin genes.
	www.europeanhbregistry.org.uk /information/haemoglobinopathies.html (768 words)

	What Is Haemoglobin (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For instance, the user's noun is replaced with other nouns, or their adjectives are replaced by other adjectives, and even many words in the same sentence can be replaced.
		Her unique perspective and practical strategies what is haemoglobin proven to help front-line employees and leaders in many different industries.
		The incoming letters are in number of what is haemoglobin for the beginners, 3-4 for the intermediates and 4 for the experts.
	plasticwave.bigport.info /what-is-haemoglobin.html (1581 words)

	WEHI - Education - WEHI-TV - DNA - Haemoglobin and Sickle Cell Anaemia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This animation depicts aspects of the haemoglobin molecules and the mutant form that causes the disease sickle cell anaemia.
		The haemoglobin binds with four molecules of oxygen (blue) in the lungs, and then releases them again when the blood passes through body tissues with low oxygen concentrations.
		When the sickle-mutant haemoglobin gives up it's oxygen to the tissues, a conformational change results in an amino acid (yellow-green) to pop out and cause the molecule to stick together and form stiff fibers.
	www.wehi.edu.au /education/wehi-tv/dna/haemoglobin.html (185 words)

	haemoglobin - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		haemoglobin (hemoglobin) A conjugated protein that binds molecular oxygen in a loose, easily reversible manner and is used as a respiratory pigment in many groups of animals, particularly the vertebrates.
		Each haemoglobin molecule is a tetramer (see DIMER) of four peptide chains, each bound to a haem group.
		In lower animals the haemoglobin occurs freely in the blood plasma, but in the vertebrates it is confined on the surface of specialized blood cells, the erythrocytes.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1O8-haemoglobin.html (107 words)

	The Haemoglobin Molecule in medicine blog (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Haemoglobin is the main component of the red blood cells, which carry oxygen from the lungs through the arteries to the tissues and help to carry carbon dioxide through the veins back to the lungs.
		Sickle-cell anaemia, for instance, is an inherited disease due to a mutation in one of the haemoglobin genes.
		Consequently when the haemoglobins of different species are compared, we should expect the sequences in man and apes, which are close together on the evolutionary scale, to be very similar, and those of mammals and fishes, say, to differ more widely.
	www.buzznet.com /tags/medicine/journals/17695 (6628 words)

	PPS 96' - Protein Interactions: Haemoglobin 1 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Whereas myoglobin exists as a monomer, haemoglobin is a tetramer: each of the four subunits is similar in terms of fold to myoglobin.
		Haemoglobin is a hetero-tetramer, consisting of two alpha subunits and two beta subunits (a "dimer of dimers"), the alpha subunits (141 residues in human haemoglobin) and beta subunits (146) being homologous.
		The binding of a molecule of oxygen to a haemoglobin subunit stabilizes the R state, and thereby increases the affinity of remaining deoxygenated subunits for oxygen.
	www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk /PPS2/course/section12/haemogl1.html (523 words)

	Physiology: The haemoglobin enzyme
		Haemoglobin is well known for its function in the vascular system of animals, transporting oxygen from the lungs or gills to peripheral tissues.
		Haemoglobin is widely distributed among prokaryotes, unicellular eukaryotes, plants and animals.
		The physiological role of Ascaris haemoglobin was previously proposed to be a ferrihaemoprotein reductase activity in the squalene epoxidation reaction, a pathway for sterol biosynthesis
	www.natureasia.com /get.pl5/japan/nature/chinosouzou2/33imai/index.html (799 words)

	Magnetic Resonance TIP - MRI Database : Haemoglobin
		Haemoglobin is an Fe chelate tightly binding one Fe ion in its II oxidation state where it carries the charge 2+ (ferrous iron).
		Oxyhaemoglobin (the principal haemoglobin in arterial blood) has no substantial magnetic properties, but deoxyhaemoglobin (present in the draining veins after the oxygen has been unloaded in the tissues) is strongly paramagnetic.
		Because deoxygenated haemoglobin attenuates the MR signal, the vascular response leads to a signal increase that is related to the neural activity.
	www.mr-tip.com /serv1.php?type=db1&dbs=Haemoglobin (997 words)

	IngentaConnect Hypochromic red cells and reticulocyte haemoglobin content as mar... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A reticulocyte haemoglobin content <26 pg and a percentage of hypochromic red cells >2.5 have been proposed as markers of iron-deficient erythropoiesis in such subjects, but it is unclear which parameter is superior.
		The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of a reticulocyte haemoglobin content <26 pg in detecting iron deficiency were 100% and 73% respectively, compared with 91% and 54% for a percentage of hypochromic red cells >2.5.
		The reticulocyte haemoglobin content is superior to the percentage of hypochromic red cells in detecting iron deficiency in haemodialysis patients.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/oup/ndt/1999/00000014/00000003/art00659 (403 words)

	Haemoglobin - levels of structure
		Haemoglobin (and myoglobin) produced in otherorganisms may have a slightly different amino acid sequence, or extra amino acids, but the next levels of structure are not greatly altered by these variations.
		The main bonding involved in stabilising the structure of each haemoglobin chain is the attachment of a haem group (a porphyrin ring containing iron).
		Although we talk of haemoglobin and oxy-haemoglobin as single substances, there are in fact 3 stages between "deoxygenated" and "fully oxygenated" haemoglobin.
	www.biotopics.co.uk /as/haemoglobinproteinstructure.html (707 words)

	Guideline 54 Section 3: Haemoglobin transfusion thresholds
		The transfusion threshold is the haemoglobin value at which transfusion will normally be indicated, under stable conditions and in the absence of other clinical signs or symptoms of anaemia.
		When a patient refuses a blood transfusion, preoperative haemoglobin is an important determinant of operative outcome, particularly in patients with ischaemic heart disease.
		Despite having a significantly different mean haemoglobin compared to control patients (85 v 103 g/l), there was no difference in 30 or 60-day mortality, nor in ventricular dysfunction.
	www.sign.ac.uk /guidelines/fulltext/54/section3.html (1278 words)

	Haemoglobin \| DoctorNDTV: Health Information on Haemoglobin
		Haemoglobin (Haeme=iron; globin=a type of protein) is the main component of red blood cells (RBCs).
		The level of haemoglobin is measured to check the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
		The total amount of haemoglobin in the blood is measured by a simple test in the laboratory.
	www.doctorndtv.com /topicsh/Haemoglobin.asp (369 words)

	Indiaparenting.com - Haemoglobin During Pregnancy
		It appears from the information that you have sent me that your wife has thalasemia minor, a condition in which pregnancy, if monitored properly, can be taken up to term without having any adverse effects on either the baby or the mother.
		Low haemoglobin levels lead to a condition known as anaemia which must be investigated and promptly corrected at all times, especially so in pregnancy.
		Haemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen to the various parts of the body.
	www.indiaparenting.com /faqs/pregnancy/haemoglobin_pregnancy.shtml (1013 words)

	Allostery in haemoglobin (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In fact the binding of oxygen to one haemoglobin subunit induces conformational changes (discussed before) that are relayed to the other subunits, making them more able to bind oxygen by raising their affinity for this molecule.
		The curve for haemoglobin is said to be sigmoidal, which reflects its cooperative binding, whereas that for myoglobin is hyperbolic which reflects noncooperative binding.
		The binding of oxygen to haemoglobin is affected by the concentration of H
	www.chm.bris.ac.uk /webprojects2001/hoyle/page3.htm (413 words)

	Protein Interactions: Haemoglobin (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The significance of the sigmoidal curve is that it means that haemoglobin A becomes highly saturated at high oxygen partial pressures, and releases a significant amount of oxygen at pressures which are fairly low, but not extremely so.
		Haemoglobin may be considered to exist in two states: the tense (T) state, and the relaxed (R) state.
		The orientation of the four subunits in the tetrameric haemoglobin molecule is indicated in this diagram.
	www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk /PPS95/course/10_interactions/haemoglobin.html (1567 words)

	haemoglobin
		In the lungs or gills where the concentration of oxygen is high, oxygen attaches to haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin.
		The oxygen is later released in the body tissues where it is at a low concentration, and the deoxygenated blood returned to the lungs or gills.
		Haemoglobin will combine also with carbon monoxide to form carboxyhaemoglobin, which has the effect of reducing the amount of oxygen that can be carried in the blood.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0006815.html (261 words)

	Haemoglobin (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Haemoglobin is the oxygen transport protein of the red blood cells (erythrocytes).
		Vertebrate haemoglobins consist of two pairs of subunits each containing a haem group which can bind one molecule of molecular oxygen.
		Haemoglobin also transports carbon dioxide away from the tissues to the lungs where it is exhaled.
	www.bmb.leeds.ac.uk /tpdg/hglobin.htm (136 words)

	Fish Haematological Techniques: Haemoglobin Determination
		Calculating the concentration of haemoglobin in the blood is a rapid method of detecting disease conditions in fish, including
		For the purposes of this module, the cyanohaemoglobin method, as the most widely used procedure in determining haemoglobin concentration in fish (and in other animals), is described.
		The more important types of anaemia in fish are: normocytic anaemia caused by acute haemorrhaging, bacterial and viral infections, and metabolic diseases resulting in red cell destruction; microcytic anaemia due to chronic haemorrhaging, e.g.
	www.aqualex.org /elearning/fish_haematology/english/3Haemoglobin-1.htm (226 words)

	Determination of iron in blood.
		This detaches the iron from the Haemoglobin molecules.
		Haemoglobin is the red pigment present in the red blood cell and has a molecular weight of 64 450.
		Haemoglobin has two important functions- it carries oxygen and carbon dioxide, and acts as a buffer in maintaining the blood reaction (Ghai, 1988).
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/medical_student/38466 (424 words)

	The Open Door Web Site : IB Biology : Haemoglobin
		The haemoglobin molecule is made of four polypeptide subunits each with a haem group.
		Haemoglobin has a relatively small molecular weight for a respiratory pigment.
		The haemoglobin floating free in the plasma would increase the colloidal osmotic pressure of the plasma making it very viscous.
	www.saburchill.com /IBbiology/chapters01/004.html (323 words)

	What is Sickle Cell Anaemia?
		The function of haemoglobin is to carry oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body.
		This means that this person has enough normal haemoglobin in their red blood cells to keep the cells flexible and they don't have the symptoms of the sickle cell disorders.
		Another problem is that red blood cells containing sickle haemoglobin do not live as long as the normal 120 days and this results in a chronic state of anaemia.
	www.sicklecellsociety.org /education/sicklecell.htm (853 words)

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