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Topic: Hepatitis D

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	Hepatitis D (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The hepatitis D virus is replication defective and therefore cannot propagate in the absence of another virus.
		Hepatitis D virus super-infection should be suspected in a patient with chronic hepatitis B whose condition suddenly worsens.
		Co-infection or super-infection with hepatitis D virus in a patient with hepatitis B is diagnosed by the presence of antibodies against the hepatitis D virus.
	cpmcnet.columbia.edu /dept/gi/hepD.html (275 words)

	Hepatitis D \| AHealthyMe.com
		Hepatitis D (or delta, the Greek letter "D"), is a form of liver inflammation that occurs only in patients who also are infected by the hepatitis B virus.
		Chronic delta hepatitis is a more serious disease than either chronic hepatitis B alone or hepatitis C. Certain individuals-the same ones who are at increased risk of developing hepatitis B-are the prime candidates to be infected by HDV.
		A woman who develops delta hepatitis while pregnant will do as well as if she were not pregnant; and there is no increased risk that the newborn will be malformed in any way.
	www.ahealthyme.com /topic/hepd;jsessionid=OM1FYATFYDFMCCTYAEPC4EQ (1273 words)

	WHO \| Hepatitis D
		In 1977, a previously unrecognized nuclear antigen was detected in hepatocytes of patients with chronic hepatitis B. The antigen resembled hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) in its subcellular localization.
		Hepatitis D or delta hepatitis is caused by the hepatitis delta virus (HDV), a defective RNA virus.
		Hepatitis D is a viral disease, and as such, antibiotics are of no value in the treatment of the infection.
	www.who.int /csr/disease/hepatitis/whocdscsrncs20011/en/index1.html (495 words)

	Hepatitis
		Hepatitis C is spread in much the same way as hepatitis B; compared to hepatitis B, it is more likely to be spread by exposure to blood or infected needles and less commonly spread through sexual relations or from mother to baby.
		Hepatitis D and E are rare in the U.S. Hepatitis D only causes an infection when hepatitis B is present and can make that infection more severe.
		Hepatitis E is spread in a similar fashion to hepatitis A and is found primarily in Asia, Africa, and South America.
	www.labtestsonline.org /understanding/conditions/hep.html (1197 words)

	Hepatitis Virus Alphabet: An Introduction to Hepatitis Viruses A through G (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Hepatitis A (HAV) is caused by a RNA virus which is found in feces, saliva, semen, and blood of infected people.
		Hepatitis B remains one of the major causes of human suffering in the world despite a thorough understanding of its transmission and prevention.
		Hepatitis H? The next five years should bring more widespread use of the Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B vaccines, and progress towards the development of a HCV vaccine.
	www.borland-groover.com /articles/hepatiti.htm (3050 words)

	► Delta agent (Hepatitis D)
		Hepatitis D infection involves a defective viral agent that causes symptoms only in association with hepatitis B infection.
		Hepatitis D virus may increase the severity of an acute hepatitis B infection, aggravate previously existing hepatitis Bliver disease, or cause symptoms in previously asymptomatic hepatitis B carriers.
		Hepatitis D infects about 15 million people worldwide, occuring in 5% of people with hepatitis B. Risk factors include the following:
	www.umm.edu /ency/article/000216.htm (154 words)

	Viral Hepatitis D
		Infection may occur simultaneously with Hepatitis B virus (coinfection) or it may be acquired after B (superinfection).In the case of coinfection the patient displays two transaminases peaks, the first apparently due to hepatitis B an the second, which occurs weeks later, due to hepatitis D infection.
		This course is due to the fact that the D virus infects hepatocytes heavily colonized by B viruses which provide the D with excellent help for replication.
		Hepatitis D does not increase the incidence of extrahepatic disease or hepatocellular carcinoma over hepatitis B infection.
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/MedEd/orfpath/virhepd.htm (642 words)

	Hepatitis D
		Preventing hepatitis B through vaccination also prevents hepatitis D since hepatitis B must be present in order for HDV infection to occur.
		When hepatitis D, is acquired and HBV infection already exists, chronic liver diseases with cirrhosis are more likely to occur than with an HBV infection alone.
		Hepatitis D is very rarely sexually transmitted, but using latex condoms the right way every time for vaginal, oral and anal sex greatly reduces the risk of passing or getting an STD, like hepatitis B. If your partner uses injecting drugs, talk to them about stopping.
	www.menstuff.org /issues/byissue/hepatitisd.html (964 words)

	Hepatitis
		Although hepatitis C can be spread from a mother to her fetus during pregnancy, the risk of passing hepatitis C to the fetus isn't very high (about 5%).
		Hepatitis A is usually active for a short period of time and once a person recovers, he or she can no longer pass the virus to other people.
		People with hepatitis B (the percentage who don't recover completely) or hepatitis C who continue to be infected can go on to develop chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver (the chronic degeneration and disruption of the structure of the liver).
	kidshealth.org /parent/infections/bacterial_viral/hepatitis.html (1947 words)

	Hepatitis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Hepatitis is a disorder in which viruses or other mechanisms produce inflammation in liver cells, resulting in their injury or destruction.
		Hepatitis C can exist for decades without symptoms, and nearly 300,000 people who had transfusions before 1992, including many who were children at the time, may have been infected.
		The antibody for hepatitis C is used to identify the virus but it may not show up for three to six months after the onset of the disease, so its absence is not necessarily an indication of a healthy liver.
	www.reutershealth.com /wellconnected/doc59.html (12624 words)

	eMedicine - Hepatitis : Article by Adrienne M Buggs, MD, FACEP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Hepatitis G virus, characterized in 1996, is associated with acute and chronic liver disease, but studies have not clearly implicated HGV as an etiologic agent of hepatitis.
		Hepatitis A antibody (immunoglobulin M [IgM] anti-HAV): Detecting the presence of IgM anti-HAV in serum is the standard for diagnosing acute infection with HAV.
		Hepatitis E: The disease course of HEV may be more severe during pregnancy, with a high case-fatality rate, especially when the disease is contracted during the second or third trimester.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic244.htm (6619 words)

	Hepatitis D
		Hepatitis D, also known as the delta virus, is transmitted by percutaneous and sexual transmission.
		Hepatitis D commonly causes nausea, vomiting and jaundice.
		The incubation period of hepatitis D is unknown.
	www.gastromd.com /education/hepatitisd.html (166 words)

	Hepatitis C: New Treatment Helps Some, but Cure Remains Elusive
		Hepatitis C is one of five currently identified viruses--hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E--all of which can attack and damage the liver.
		Hepatitis C is the major reason for liver transplants in the United States, accounting for 1,000 of the procedures annually.
		In about 10 percent of acute hepatitis C cases and 30 percent of chronic cases, the source of the infection cannot be identified.
	www.fda.gov /fdac/features/1999/299_hepc.html (2974 words)

	L-FMAU Is First Promising Agent for Treatment of Hepatitis D (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		By Harvey S. Bartnof, MD Hepatitis D infection (sometimes called hepatitis delta) is considered the most severe form of viral hepatitis.
		It is a "super-infection" among those with chronic hepatitis B, since the latter is a prerequisite to infection with hepatitis D virus (HDV).
		This is because HDV growth is dependent upon the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBV).
	www.hivandhepatitis.com /hep_non_aorb/ade_050800a.html (545 words)

	Hepatitis D
		Hepatitis G virus has been identified more recently, but its role in causing liver disease is not clearly defined.
		Hepatitis D or delta virus (HDV) is a defective, single-stranded RNA virus requiring the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) for its expression and replication.
		The chance of progression to cirrhosis is higher in patients with delta hepatitis than in patients solely with hepatitis B as is the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma.
	www.clevelandclinicmeded.com /diseasemanagement/gastro/hepatitis_d/hepatitis_d.htm (800 words)

	Viral Hepatitis: A Through E and Beyond (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can also cause chronic hepatitis, in which the infection is prolonged, sometimes lifelong.
		People who have hepatitis B are also at risk if they have sex with a person infected with hepatitis D or if they live with an infected person.
		Some cases of viral hepatitis cannot be attributed to the hepatitis A, B, C, D, or E viruses.
	digestive.niddk.nih.gov /ddiseases/pubs/viralhepatitis (796 words)

	Hepatitis D
		Hepatitis D is caused the by HDV virus which leads to liver inflammation.
		Hepatitis D infection is seen mainly in Central Africa, the Middle East, and central South America.
		The Hepatitis D virus is diagnosed by a blood test that indicates anti-HDV.
	www.rwjobgyn.com /atoz/Hepatitis/hepd.asp (551 words)

	Hepatitis D
		Persons who are hepatitis B carriers are at increased risk of hepatitis D infection, especially as they participate in activities which put them at risk of repeated exposure to hepatitis D (e.g., intravenous drug abuse, and unsafe sex, especially among homosexuals).
		Routes of transmission of hepatitis D are similar to those of hepatitis B. For this reason, it is seen in individuals who have received a blood transfusion or who have shared needles during drug abuse.
		What is the treatment for hepatitis D? There are no special medicines or antibiotics that can be used to treat individuals with hepatitis D. Is there a specific test for hepatitis D? A test for detection of total antibody to hepatitis D virus is commercially available.
	healthlink.mcw.edu /article/955121839.html (421 words)

	Hepatitis D (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Hepatitis D is a disease caused by a virus that can only infect cells that already infected with hepatitis B.
		When the hepatitis D virus cells previously infected with hepatitis B it called superinfection.
		The Hepatitis C Help Book is a collaboration between two of the best known and most knowledgeable practitioners working in the hepatitis field today - Misha Cohen O.M.D.,LAc.
	www.freeglossary.com /Hepatitis_D (284 words)

	Viral Hepatitis - Hepatitis C health and medical information produced by doctors
		Type B hepatitis was at one time referred to as "serum hepatitis," because it was thought that the only way hepatitis B virus (HBV) could spread was through blood or serum contamination.
		Type C hepatitis was previously referred to as "non-A, non-B hepatitis," because the causative virus had not been identified.
		However, it was known to be neither hepatitis A nor B. Usually, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is believed to be spread by blood transfusion, hemodialysis, and needle sticks.
	www.medicinenet.com /viral_hepatitis/article.htm (952 words)

	eMedicine - Hepatitis D : Article by Sean R Lacey, MD
		Background: Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is an RNA virus that is structurally unrelated to hepatitis A, B, or C virus.
		Hepatic cell death may occur due to the direct cytotoxic effect of HDV or via a host-mediated immune response.
		A hepatic panel may show alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels greater than 500 IU/L. For synthetic liver function markers, an international normalized ratio greater than 1.5 or a prothrombin time greater than 17 seconds may be the first evidence of fulminant liver failure.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic994.htm (2008 words)

	Hepatitis C
		Cirrhosis caused by hepatitis C is presently the leading indication for orthotopic liver transplantation in the United States.
		A major problem in discussing prognosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C is that it is difficult to predict who will have a relatively benign course and who will go on to develop cirrhosis or cancer.
		The diagnosis of chronic hepatitis C is made by history, serological testing and liver biopsy.
	cpmcnet.columbia.edu /dept/gi/hepC.html (1068 words)

	Delta Hepatitis (hepatitis D) Fact Sheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Delta hepatitis is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis D virus.
		Symptoms are similar to hepatitis B and may include fever, lack of energy, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, and jaundice (yellow color to the whites of the eyes or skin and darkening of urine).
		Infection with delta hepatitis can happen in a person with chronic hepatitis B infection, or new infections with hepatitis B and delta hepatitis may occur at the same time.
	www.doh.wa.gov /Topics/hdvweb.htm (508 words)

	Hepatitis D (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Hepatitis D (HDV) is caused by the HDV virus, which leads to liver inflammation.
		Hepatitis D infection is seen mainly in Central Africa, the Middle East and central South AmericaMost of Europe, the United States and Australia have low rates of infection.
		The virus is a "defective" RNA virus that requires the presence of the hepatitis B (HBV) virus to reproduce.
	atoz.iqhealth.com /Atoz/hepatitis/hepd.html (583 words)

	HEPATITIS D (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		A defective viral agent that occurs only in association with hepatitis B infection.
		The delta agent may also increase the severity of hepatitis B infection.
		A test known as anti-delta agent antibody is positive and used to confirm the diagnosis.
	www.medhelp.org /glossary2/new/GLS_2403.HTM (90 words)

	HepNet - The Hepatitis Information Network - Hepatitis D
		At least five viruses, designated by the first five letters of the alphabet, are responsible for the vast majority of cases of acute and chronic virus-associated hepatitis.
		Previous and future issues of Hepatitis Update focus predominantly on clinically relevant topics related to hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses.
		In Hepatitis Update 14, an overview of the other hepatitis viruses will be presented, highlighting important recent clinically relevant advances.
	www.hepnet.com /hepd.html (123 words)

	Hepatitis D (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		HEPATITIS C INFORMATION and SUPPORT GROUP: The experience of living with HCV, undergoing both pharmaceutical and complementary treatment...
		I had to really become an expert on hepatitis C to find out what was the...
		When the hepatitis D virus infects cells previously infected with hepatitis B, it is called superinfection.
	www.wikiverse.org /hepatitis-d (222 words)

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