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Topic: Hierarchical organisation

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	Hierarchical organization
		A hierarchical organisation means any system of relations among entities wherein the direction of activity issues from a first party to a second party, but not the other way around.
		Hierarchical organization is a common way to structure a group of people, where members chiefly communicate with their immediate superior and with their immediate subordinates.
		One branch of political philosophy is vehemently opposed to hierarchical organisation: the libertarian socialist branch of anarchism.
	www.fastload.org /hi/Hierarchical_organization.html (429 words)

	Section 2.4 (Vision) -- Trends In The Internal Organisation
		The trends lead to changes in the internal organisation, in which the role of the traditional hierarchical organisation is pushed to the background.
		However, to be able to respond to changes in the environment fast and flexibly, one needs a flexible organisation in which employees have a high degree of freedom to decide how to do their work.
		Overall, the entire organisation of a company should have the nature of a network to be able to meet the present demands with respect to flexibility and co-operation.
	home.hetnet.nl /mr_14/41/daanrijsenbrij/vision/eng/vis240h1.htm (2259 words)

	Mod. 4 evaluation
		In the other hand if the organisations are using adult education as an instrument to achieve one or different ideologies that are shared by the members of the organisation, the result could be an engagement of the members on a high level.
		The goal of the organisation for foster-care is to mediate between foster families and foster children to provide a safe and loving home for children who cannot live with their parents because of all kinds of problems.
		Every worker in the organisation for foster-care should have the opportunity to tell the consultant (and the other workers in the organisation) what he or she experiences as the main problems (What caused their irritation?) and (for the stage of planning and action) how these problems according to them can be solved best.
	www.sspfrance.com /aee/module4_eval.htm (16225 words)

	Hierarchical organization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A hierarchical organization is an organization structured in a way such that every entity in the organization, except one, is subordinate to a single other entity.
		Hierarchy originally meant "rule by priests", and it is from the organization of hierarchical churches such as the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches that the name of this concept arises.
		Hierarchies and hierarchical thinking has been criticized by many people, including Susan McClary and one branch of political philosophy which is vehemently opposed to hierarchical organisation: the libertarian socialist branch of anarchism is generally opposed to hierarchical organization in any form of human relations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hierarchical_organization (772 words)

	J.3 What kinds of organisation do anarchists build? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The second type of organisations, popular organisations, are discussed in detail in section J.5 which gives specific examples of the kinds of social alternatives anarchists support and create under capitalism (community and industrial unions, mutual banks, co-operatives and so on).
		An organisation in which half the members thought that union struggles were important and the other half that they were a waste of time would not be effective as the membership would spend all their time arguing with themselves.
		In addition, an anarchist organisation must also be a 'collective memory' for the oppressed, keeping alive and developing the traditions of the labour movement and anarchism so that new generations of anarchists have a body of experience to build upon and use in their struggles.
	flag.blackened.net /intanark/faq/secJ3.html (18423 words)

	[No title]
		Hierarchical systems are made of interrelated subsystems each of which are in turn hierarchical in structure.
		This property means that a subcomponent of a hierarchical system does not have to be concerned with the mechanisms within other subcomponents with which it interacts.
		Simon presents a case that we should expect to find hierarchical organisation within evolved complex systems, where the direction of evolution is towards increased complexity.
	www.arch.usyd.edu.au /~rob/study/SciencesOfTheArtificial.html (2390 words)

	Web (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The aim of this research was to investigate the determinants of e-mail use in a hierarchical organisation.
		Thirdly, the Army is a hierarchical organisation consisting of soldiers, non-commissioned officers and commissioned officers.
		Although e-mail is used to communicate with all personnel on an almost equal level the organisation be should also be aware that sensitivity to equivocality varies with communication direction: there is a growth in sensitivity to task equivocality as communication direction moves from lateral and upward to downward communication.
	www.cs.adfa.edu.au /~gshaw/Web.html (3285 words)

	Inclusive Democracy and Participatory Economics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		an organisation is characterised as hierarchical when it consists of members/organs which are not equal to each other but instead some (lower units) are subject to the will of others, to which they are in a position of subordination.
		The hierarchical organisation of society does not just refer to production relations where the boundaries between authority (which is linked to experience, age etc) and power (which is implied by the hierarchical organisation) are easily drawn.
		The institution therefore that the hierarchical organisation presupposes is not the division between tasks and functions, which is conceivable in every social organisation, but the institutionalisation of these tasks and their hierarchical implications.
	www.inclusivedemocracy.org /fotopoulos/brdn/vol9_3_1.htm (9531 words)

	THE FACILITATING EFFECT OF THE HIERARCHICAL ORGANISATION OF CONCEPTS TO THE SYLLOGISTIC REASONING
		In this study recent theoretical propositions about the facilitating influence of the explicit hierarchical organisation of concepts on the syllogistic reasoning were empirically tested.
		Pupils in grades 10, 11, and 12 and university students were presented with two logically identical sets of syllogisms with two kinds of fantasy content: hierarchical (concerning hypothetical classification of animals from another planet) and non-hierarchical (concerning behaviour of human-like creatures).
		It was found that, in all age groups, the indeterminate syllogisms with the hierarchical content were solved significantly more accurately as compared to the non-hierarchical condition, while there were no differences in correct answers for determinate syllogisms.
	www.kirj.ee /trames/tr-ab-4-4-05.htm (174 words)

	Reply to the SWP's "Marxism and Anarchism" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In other words, it is an act of liberation in which the hierarchical power of the few over the many is eliminated and replaced by the freedom of the many to control their own lives.
		It is the organisational principle of the army or police, not of a free society.
		Thus the issue is not whether we organise or not organise, nor whether we co-ordinate joint activity or not, it is a question of how we organise and co-ordinate -- from the bottom up or from the top down.
	anarchism.ws /writers/anarcho/swp.html (11196 words)

	A role for closed structures in stability of biological systems
		It is also implicitly assumed that such hierarchical organisation is the only means to achieve the overall behaviour of the complex individual.
		Indeed, the organisation as different, interwoven, levels is a feature that strikes all those who study living material.
		It is however a frequent accident to suffer from a lesion in one or another tissue after aggression by a microorganism, or by all kinds of objects: and it is easy to observe that the global behaviour of the organism permits repair of the damage with remarkable efficiency.
	www.pasteur.fr /recherche/unites/REG/HTML_files/Tree_ring.html (2732 words)

	H.4 Didn't Engels refute anarchism in his essay "On Authority"? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		For anarchists, this is done by self-managed workers associations in which hierarchical authority is replaced by collective self-discipline (as discussed in section 12 of the appendix on "What happened during the Russian Revolution?").
		Nor is it a fact of nature that work organisation should be based on a manager dictating to the workers what to do -- rather it could be organised by the workers themselves, using collective self-discipline to co-ordinate their joint effort.
		It will persist 'independently of all social organisation.' To co-ordinate a factory's operations requires 'imperious obedience,' in which factory hands lack all 'autonomy.' Class society or classless, the realm of necessity is also a realm of command and obedience, of ruler and ruled.
	struggle.ws /anarchism/faq/secH4.html (8898 words)

	Storming the Ivory Tower
		Even military men and women are nowadays trained to consider issues of management, organisation and decision-making, as well as the relationship between leaders and those they lead.
		One result of the present hierarchical structure is that it is mainly older scientists who determine the distribution of resources, both between different fields and between different approaches within a given field.
		When I, as a professor, have insisted that my department or research centre is not very hierarchical, the consultants have countered that how hierarchical an organisation is and how open those at the top are to the views of people below them are precisely the things that are perceived differently up and down the hierarchy.
	www.fortunecity.com /emachines/e11/86/ivory.html (1984 words)

	AHP - A GUIDE TO HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
		When it comes to setting up an organisation, we have found that a hierarchical organisation (often called a bureaucracy) tends to be destructive of the people in it, and also tends to be much too rigid in a fast-changing society.
		An organisation of less than 200 people hardly ever needs to be hierarchical, and the vast majority of organisations in this country have less than 25 people in them, in terms of permanent employees.
		Usually we start at the top and work down, because the people at the top have the most power to obstruct any solutions they don't agree with, and also because if they change the others are more likely to take the change process seriously.
	www.ahpweb.org /rowan_bibliography/chapter18.html (855 words)

	The global telecom industry: Building new models (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This means moving to a more flexible and networked organisational relationship among their people, putting customers’ needs and individual learning ahead of personal agendas and internal power struggles.
		At fault is a fundamental mismatch between what people are rewarded for—supporting their boss—and what the organisation needs for success, which is to cut costs and become more agile and responsive to customers.
		The relative unit cost of production is shown, which illustrates that not only can a networked organisation instigate real change in a tenth of the time a hierarchical one can, but its true cost of doing business is 20% that of its somewhat less lean and mean cousin.
	www.pwc.com /extweb/execpers.nsf/DocID/AA80986678D24B2C8525715B0062667E (2337 words)

	Towards a democratic conception of science and technology
		Similarly, it is not industrialism in general and its theoretical idealisation that created the present eco–damaging form of economic organisation but the specific type of industrial society that developed in the last two centuries in the framework of the market/growth economy.
		In all hierarchical societies, some concentration of wealth has always accompanied the concentration of political and military power in the hands of the various élites—a fact usually `justified’ through a system of social rules based upon religion.
		Therefore, the hierarchical society took a new form with the rise of the market economy in the West and of the planned economy in the East.
	www.democracynature.org /dn/vol4/fotopoulos_technology.htm (10588 words)

	Corporate mentoring programs - succession planning change management process consultants - managed organizational change (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A large and diverse oil company underwent global restructuring that utilised a change management process to transition from a hierarchical organisation to one with a flat structure.
		This programme provided the organisation with templates, tools and processes for identifying mentors and mentorees, matching mentors with mentorees, involving and managing the line manager relationships of those involved with the programme, and monitoring the progress of the mentoring relationships.
		After the organisational structure was flattened, the company wanted to ensure that staff development continued well.
	www.thelearningattitude.com /csmentoring.htm (578 words)

	Anarchy! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		As such anarchism opposes all forms of hierarchical control - be that control by the state or capitalist - as harmful to the individual and their individuality as well as unnecessary.
		Because hierarchy is the organisational structure that embodies authority.
		they maintain that the ideal of the political organisation of society is a condition of things where the functions of government are reduced to minimum.
	members.tripod.com /pippi_zaza/id9.html (4670 words)

	ICCM '96 Session - The Virtual Christian Organisation
		The virtual organisation is one where there is no need to know the physical location of a person in the organisation.
		The organisation was originally split into two parts by function, ministry and fund raising.
		The virtual organisation is still myth, as there are still many cultural issues to be overcome.
	iccm.gospelcom.net /us/1996/mon0830.html (972 words)

	ECS EPrints Service - Hierarchical Distributed Reference Counting
		In this paper, we argue that a conceptual hierarchical organisation of massive distributed computations can solve this problem.
		By conceptual hierarchical organisation, we mean that processors are still able to communicate in a peer to peer manner using their usual communication mechanism, but GC messages will be routed as if processors were organised in hierarchy.
		We present an extension of a distributed reference counting algorithm that uses such a hierarchical organisation.
	eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk /2752 (252 words)

	Published Subject Indicators For Modelling Hierarchical Relationships (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Associations which are typed by a topic which is an instance of this type represent a parent-child relationship between two or more topics.
		The player(s) of a role which is typed by an instance of this type in an association of the type Hierarchical Relation Type is the upper element in the hierarchy.
		The player(s) of a role which is typed by an instance of this type in an association of the type Hierarchical Relation Type is the subordinate element in the hierarchy.
	www.techquila.com /psi/hierarchy (127 words)

	Ilex - Security and identity management
		Meibo features a display component for hierarchical organisation charts to access business resources efficiently.
		Compiled information on hierarchies is therefore available to users, and since it comes straight from the directories, they can be sure that it will always be up-to-date.
		Meibo’s organisation chart component is an integral part of the product and enables information to be displayed in different forms, including raked, stepped, stepped/raked, etc. It works with multimedia and handles both text and images.
	www.ilex.fr /en/produits/meibo-fonctionnalites-organigramme-hierarchique.htm (103 words)

	An Incomplete Data Cube - Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The utility of the hierarchical organisation is that the user can easily navigate between high and low precision views of the same aggregate data.
		The hierarchical organisation supports drill-down, an operation that increases the precision of the aggregate data being viewed, and roll-up, which decreases that precision.
		For instance, suppose that a store manager is using a data cube to look at monthly sales for shoes and notices that sales in January were low.
	www.eecs.wsu.edu /~cdyreson/pub/IncompleteDataCube/overview.htm (850 words)

	Livres de Gilbert Chauvet - Theoretical Systems in Biology : Hierarchical and Functional Integration - Volume I
		Spatial organisation in the cell : concept of structural discontinuity
		On the functional organisation in a biological structure: the example of enzyme organisation
		The paradigm of self-association applied to the enzyme organisation: role of local and bulk phase
	www.admiroutes.asso.fr /gilbertchauvet/tpt1.htm (671 words)

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