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Topic: Informal economy

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	INFORMAL ECONOMY :
		The fifteenth ICLS, 1993, adopted an operational definition of the informal sector that is irrespective of the kind of workplace, the extent of fixed assets, the duration of the activity of the enterprises and its operation as a main or secondary activity.
		Employment in the informal economy is not only inferior to that in the formal economy, in terms of wages and benefits received, but also varies in terms of quality.
		A rough estimate of the informal economy in the non-agricultural sector is obtained as the proportion of the non-wage workers, self employed and unpaid family workers, to total workers in this sector.
	mospi.nic.in /informal_paper_04.htm (6083 words)

	Social Protection in the Informal Economy
		Informal economy covers all types of economic activities outside the formal economy where informal economy is one of the significant components.
		Informal workers are excluded from or under-represented in social dialogue institutions and processes due to the absence of employer-employee relations at work and also due to denial of the rights to organize resulting from temporary nature of work.
		Workers in the informal economy may be characterized by varying degrees of vulnerability and it has been heavily borne by women, migrant, ethnic minorities, less educated and child labours.
	www.nepaldemocracy.org /institutions/Informal_Economy.htm (3708 words)

	McKinsey & Company - Tackling the Informal Economy
		Informal businesses, even large ones, choose to stay that way if there is no change in the factors that generally drive them into informality: high corporate taxes and the bureaucratic burden of operating formally.
		In Brazil, where the informal economy represents a staggering 40% of GDP and half of all urban employment, it takes 152 days to register a company — three times the world average.
		The irony is that in countries with big informal economies, high tax rates are often imposed on businesses to fund generous welfare budgets, and labor laws pose strict burdens on employers to protect workers.
	www.mckinsey.com /aboutus/mckinseynews/tacklingeconomy.asp (1278 words)

	Informal Economy — The Memory Bank 2.1
		In particular, the informal economy might be a passive adjunct of growth originating elsewhere or its dynamism might be a crucial ingredient of economic transformation in some cases.
		The ‘formal’ economy is the epitome of whatever passes for regularity in our contemporary understanding, here the institutions of modern nation states, the more corporate levels of capitalist organization and the intellectual procedures devised by economists to represent and manipulate the world.
		If we are to restrict the definition of ‘informal economy’ at all, it seems reasonable to concentrate on the first two constructions – the relatively unspecified content of an economic form and subversion of such a form, its negation.
	www.thememorybank.co.uk /publications/informal_economy (1906 words)

	Informal economy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Informal economic activity is a dynamic process (not an object) which includes many aspects of economic and social theory including exchange, regulation, and enforcement.
		Therefore, if informal economic activity is that which goes unregulated in an otherwise regulated system then informal economies are as old as their formal counterparts.
		Underground economy may be understood as a synonym of informal economy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Informal_economy (1428 words)

	Monthly Review July-August 2006 Richard D. Vogel ¦ Undocumented Workers and the U.S. Informal Economy
		The social and political crises of the region are being fueled by the fact that the expanding informal economy in southern California is based on the widespread exploitation of undocumented Mexican and Central American workers.
		The picture of the informal labor force presented in chart 2 contrasts sharply with popular perceptions of immigrant workers that are based on glimpses of day laborers soliciting on street corners, domestic workers waiting at bus stops, and landscape crews packed into pickup trucks.
		Informal economies arise when the workers in one economic region of the world lose out to the workers in another region and the formal economy of the loser region contracts or collapses.
	www.monthlyreview.org /0706vogel.htm (3011 words)

	Hidden in Plain Sight: Microeconomic Measurement of the Informal Economy
		Much of the research on urban informal economy, so far, has been done in developing and transitional countries where informal economic activity makes up a large part of the economy.
		However, there is increasing recognition in the United States by government, the private sector and academia that informal economy is growing in US cities and is often significant.
		The first day of this two-day experts roundtable discussed the parameters of informal economy, measurement methods, and the state of the field.
	www.brook.edu /metro/umi/events/20060904_informalecon.htm (292 words)

	Network News: W1998: Immigrants and the Informal Economy
		It is important to note that while immigrants do much of the work in the informal economy-often work similar to what they have done in their native countries-they did not create the structures which are driving informalization.
		The informal economy is not an "import" from the Third World but, in fact, an integral part of the global economy.
		In her work on the informal economy, researcher Saskia Sassen warns that we must be careful to separate the exploitative arrangements which proliferate in much of the informal economy from the vibrant economic growth that other informal economic activities engender in neighborhoods with scarce opportunities of income or employment.
	www.nnirr.org /news/archived_netnews/immigrantseconomyhtm.htm (664 words)

	UP 538 - Economic Development Planning Resource Book (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Before intervening in the informal economy, it is vital to study the local context in detail.
		Informality, by definition, means that some aspect of a business is vulnerable to intervention by the authorities.
		Wage workers in the informal sector are frequently not subject to minimum wage or to minimum health and safety regulations.
	www.umich.edu /~econdev/informality_develop/index.html (1785 words)

	McKinsey & Company - Boost Growth By Reducing the Informal Economy
		The informal economy is not just the unregistered street vendors and tiny businesses that form the backbone of marketplaces in Asia and other emerging markets.
		The reasons why informal economies grow – and keep growing – are not hard to uncover: high corporate tax rates and the enormous cost of doing business legally.
		The costs imposed by the informal economy are not limited to the hundreds of millions of dollars in foregone tax receipts; more damaging is its pernicious effect on economic growth and productivity.
	www.mckinsey.com /aboutus/mckinseynews/pressarchive/informaleconomy.asp (970 words)

	Róbinson Rojas.- Informal economy - La economia informal .- RRojas Databank: - population - urbanización - población ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Informal sector activities also include activities that are often carried out without formal approval from the authorities and are therefore "outside" the legal and regulatory frameworks.
		The central arguments of the paper are that (a) most informal enterprises and workers are intrinsically linked to formal firms; (b) different segments of the informal economy are overregulated, de-regulated, or under-regulated; and (c) there are benefits and costs to both formality and informality.
		The paper concludes that the appropriate role for government is (i) to ensure that the formal regulatory environment is not biased in favour of formal firms and workers over informal enterprises and workers (or vice versa) and (ii) to regulate the commercial and employment relationships between formal firms, informal enterprises, and informal wage workers.
	www.rrojasdatabank.org /dev4000.htm (4473 words)

	Measuring the Informal Economy - One Neighborhood at a Time (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The study of the urban informal economy has expanded in the last thirty years, challenging researchers to find more accurate methods of quantifying its activity.
		In particular the paper focuses on the urban informal economy in particular, and evaluates different definitions and techniques for measuring it.
		It concludes by suggesting that there is much room for further research on the size, determinants and implications of the informal economy in American cities and calls for new efforts to align different methods of measuring the informal economy so they can be increasingly used to support decisionmaking processes in the public and private sectors.
	www.brookings.edu /metro/umi/pubs/20060905_informaleconomy.htm (275 words)

	UMI \| Measuring the Informal Economy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Quantifying the informal economy is essential for policy and investment decisionmakers to better understand urban markets, especially underserved and disinvested inner city and immigrant markets where the informal economy tends to be most robust.
		Personal economic growth and inclusion in the mainstream economy can result in the growth of small business, wealth creation, poverty alleviation, and the recapture of lost tax revenue—all factors that increase the economic competitiveness of cities by filling the information gaps in data and analytic tools to better understanding workers in the informal economy.
		There was a clear consensus from the participants that: there is a need for better information on the informal economy at the micro-level, and a need to align different methods of measuring the informal economy so they can be used to support everyday decisionmaking processes in the public and private sectors.
	www.brookings.org /metro/umi/collaboratory/informaleconomy.htm (563 words)

	India's informal economy
		Her study of the informal economy leads us, as well, into the country's fl economy, with which the informal economy overlaps at several points.
		She defends this thesis by arguing that the informal economy, in which the intermediate classes are hegemonic, "accounts for two-thirds of Gross Domestic Product (GDP)" and that "at least half of the informal economy is `fl'" (page 246).
		This is why she characterises the informal economy as "anti-social" - it is regulated by the intermediate classes and ruled by their narrow values based on self-interest.
	www.hinduonnet.com /fline/fl2009/stories/20030509000107100.htm (1620 words)

	Choike - Forces for Change: informal economy organisations in Africa
		While the informal economy is estimated to contribute between 38 and 49 percent towards the GNP of the four countries included in this study, workers in the informal economy have only gradually been acknowledged as stakeholders in policy formulation processes.
		Although the informal economy provides employment to between 70 and 90 percent of the labour force in Africa, none of the informal economy organisations part of our research project were involved in the consultation process leading up to the formulation of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP).
		informal economy organisations to consider investing into research capacity building in order to enable organisations to analyse policy changes and to provide an analytical response to these changes.
	www.choike.org /nuevo_eng/informes/4421.html (639 words)

	FIELD Projects: Informal Economy
		To examine the place of microenterprise in the informal economy in the United States, FIELD engaged in a collaborative research project with the Institute for Social and Economic Development (ISED) Solutions, supported with funding from the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation.
		Literature Review: summarizes research done on the U.S. informal economy, defines its size, and describes several of the theories or perspectives that attempt to explain the existence of the informal economy in the United States and other industrialized countries.
		FIELD forums: three publications that introduce and characterize the intersection between the informal economy and microenterprise (Issue 14), summarize the findings from the ethnographic research (Issue 15), and introduce one program’s experience in helping low-income microentrepreneurs document their participation in the economy and take advantage of the Earned Income Tax Credit (Issue 16).
	fieldus.org /Projects/InformalEconomy.html (1004 words)

	Portal - The Informal Economy
		The Survey of the Informal Sector is a statistical operation with the purpose of bringing to the surface, for the first time in the country, relevant data on this important economic sector.
		At international level, there is consensus around the perception that the informal economy is increasingly taking on a significant role in the economy of states, particularly in developing countries.
		The informal sector may be characterised as consisting of units involved in the production of goods or services, with the primary purpose of generating employment and income for the individuals linked to those activities.
	www.ine.gov.mz /Ingles/noticias/ieComomy (815 words)

	Measuring the Informal Economy - One Neighborhood at a Time (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The study of the urban informal economy has expanded in the last thirty years, challenging researchers to find more accurate methods of quantifying its activity.
		In particular the paper focuses on the urban informal economy in particular, and evaluates different definitions and techniques for measuring it.
		It concludes by suggesting that there is much room for further research on the size, determinants and implications of the informal economy in American cities and calls for new efforts to align different methods of measuring the informal economy so they can be increasingly used to support decisionmaking processes in the public and private sectors.
	www.brook.edu /metro/umi/pubs/20060905_informaleconomy.htm (265 words)

	Strategic Insights -- Corruption’s Reflection: Iraq’s Shadow Economy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		While definitions of the informal or shadow economy are somewhat arbitrary, most researchers[12] agree that it is largely comprised of small-scale producers and their employees, together with the self-employed producing goods as well as those engaged in commerce, transport and the provision of services.
		The non-linearity of the per-capita income/informal economy relationship suggests that the size of the shadow economy may be the result of a set of composite environmental factors such as the progress made towards a more open, equitable, transparent economy and/or governance institutions conducive to the spread of the formal economy.
		To determine which of the governance/economic freedom indices were statistically significant in defining the high and low informal economy environments, a Discriminant Analysis[26] (or profiling) of the high and low shadow economy groups was undertaken using all of the governance and economic freedom indices as discriminating (independent) variables.
	www.ccc.nps.navy.mil /si/2005/Mar/looneyMar05.asp (4621 words)

	PSI \| Informal economy
		PSI is committed to facilitating the organisation of workers in the informal economy in representative membership organisations.
		Budgets and the Informal Economy: A study of the impact of the budget on informal workers in South Africa, University of KwaZulu, Natal 31 October 2004
		This is an interesting in-depth analysis of how budgets for different public sector departments fail to take into account the interests and needs of informal economy workers, although they are the majority of the workforce and generate a significant proportion of municipal wealth.
	www.world-psi.org /TemplateEn.cfm?Section=Informal_economy&Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&TPLID=90&ContentID=8149 (724 words)

	Title: Markets, Trust, and the Informal Economy: Grassroots Development under Neoliberalism
		Itzigsohn argues that the current situation of neoliberal policies and informal markets is paradoxical: neoliberal policies necessitate the formation of supportive, self-help style informal networks, yet neoliberal reforms simultaneously undermine the prospects for the self-help options of grassroots informal economies by imposing restraints.
		The author examines the situation by analyzing the role of trust and cooperation in the informal grassroots economy, the limitations and bases of these social elements, and the effect of neoliberal policies upon trust and cooperation in informal economies.
		Another new dynamic in informal activities is the transnational cooperation that occurs as a result of immigration.
	www.iadb.org /ethics/Documentos/abs_itz_marke-i.htm (757 words)

	informaleconomy
		In 1993, the formal economy in Russia was worsening.
		The core of the informal economy is not peasant farming, but family and neighbourhood relationships of mutual support.
		So while the informal economy is seen - if it is seen at all - as the political economy of the margins, when you put it all together you can see it is not marginal at all.
	www.verdant.net /informaleconomy.htm (1994 words)

	The Informal Economy - Online Discussions - Private Sector Development - The World Bank Group
		A new study shows the informal sector - where income is unreported and illegal activities such as smuggling and fraud go undetected is large and growing in many developing countries.
		On average the informal economy in Africa is estimated to have been 42% of GDP in 1999/2000: Zimbabwe, Tanzania and Nigeria were at the high end with 59.4%, 58.3% and 57.9%.
		In transition countries by far the largest informal economy was in Georgia with 67.3% and at the lower end were the Czech Republic with 19.1% and the Slovak Republic with 18.9%.
	rru.worldbank.org /Discussions/Topics/Topic18.aspx (522 words)

	IMPROVED STATISTICS ON THE INFORMAL ECONOMY
		Tabulations on informal employment in reports and in data archives are linked to total employment so that the population can be presented in a “tree-like” structure with disaggregation into a series of component categories.
		Greater efforts will be made to promote use of national data on informal employment by researchers and policy makers; this is a critical step in justifying the allocation of resources for further development of data on the informal economy.
		Analyses to explore the relationship between informal employment and poverty, as for example discussed in agenda item “b”; additional research topics include the links between informal employment and social protection, informal employment and productivity, gender and informal employment as well as analyses of the components of informal employment.
	mospi.nic.in /informal_paper_2003_11.htm (1172 words)

	The Blessings of the Black Economy
		Other parts of the economy, which are not hidden (though would have liked to be), are penalized for their visibility.
		The informal economy is an important pressure valve for the release of social pressures, it ameliorates the social costs inherent to the period of transition and it constitutes an important part of the private sector.
		Estimating the informal economy should be a priority objective of the Bureau of Statistics, which should devote considerable resources to this effort.
	www.geocities.com /vaksam/nm043.html (3727 words)

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