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Topic: Intersex surgery

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	Intersex surgery - Definition, explanation
		Intersex surgery is one of several terms referring to surgery performed to correct birth defects or early injuries of the genitalia, primarily for the purposes of making the appearance more normal and to reduce the likelihood of future problems.
		Intersex surgery is a form of genital reconstructive surgery, which also includes surgery performed for the purpose of transforming normal adult genitalia of one sex to that of the other (discussed elsewhere as sex reassignment surgery).
		This type of surgery is not performed on children and primarily produces a small increase in the size of a normal penis, but would be less likely to produce a major functional change in a severe micropenis.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/i/in/intersex_surgery.php (4111 words)

	History of intersex surgery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Intersex surgery is one of several terms referring to surgery performed to correct birth defects due to intersex conditions or other causes, as well as early injuries of the genitalia.
		Pediatric endocrinology, surgery, child psychology, and sexuality textbooks recommended sex reassignment for a male whose penis was irreparably malformed or "too small to stand to urinate or penetrate a vagina," because the surgeons claimed to be able to construct vaginas where none existed.
		However, feminizing reconstructive surgery continued to be recommended and performed throughout the 1990s on most virilized infant girls with CAH, as well as infants with ambiguity due to androgen insensitivity syndrome, gonadal dysgenesis, and some XY infants with severe genital birth defects such as cloacal exstrophy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_intersex_surgery (4086 words)

	Intersex surgery Surgery
		Intersex surgery is one of several terms referring to surgeryperformed to correct birth defectsor early injuries of the genitalia, primarily for the purposes of making the appearance more normal and to reduce the likelihood of future problems.
		Intersex surgery is a form of genital reconstructive surgery, which also includes surgery performed for the purpose of transforming normal adult genitalia of one sex to that of the other (discussed elsewhere as sex reassignment surgery).
		This type of surgery is not performed on children and primarily produces a small increase in the size of a normal penis, but would be less likely to produce a major functional change in a severe micropenis.
	www.lumrix.net /medical/surgery/intersex_surgery.html (4018 words)

	ASA \| LGAIN -- OutWord (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		For intersex individuals subjected to genital surgery in childhood, the trauma of repeated hospitalization can be compounded by a parade of medical professionals coming to learn about intersexuality by studying them.
		Genital surgery for intersex children is emotionally damaging primarily because it conveys to them the idea that they are not lovable unless they are medically fixed.
		A final common theme in the lives of intersex people is the isolation, secrecy and shame they and their families experience in relation to the intersexed body and the repeated medical attempts to make its sexual characteristics normal in the judgment of physicians.
	www.asaging.org /networks/lgain/outword-111.cfm (667 words)

	Answers to Your Questions About Individuals With Intersex Conditions
		Intersex conditions are not always accurately diagnosed, experts sometimes disagree on exactly what qualifies as an intersex condition, and government agencies do not collect statistics about intersex individuals.
		Some intersex conditions cause babies to be born with genitals that cannot easily be classified as male or female (called ambiguous genitals).
		Sometimes surgery is necessary to correct conditions that may be harmful to the baby’s health, but usually it is not medically necessary to perform surgery immediately to make the baby’s genitals appear more recognizably male or female.
	www.apa.org /topics/intersx.html (1750 words)

	Surgery Door News - "Intersex" surgery could damage sexual function (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Clitoral surgery for infants born with ambiguous genitalia could have an adverse effect on later sexual function, UK research suggests.
		For infants born with an "intersex condition" and who are raised female, clitoral surgery is often undertaken to remove "incongruent gonadal tissue" and feminise the appearance of the genitalia.
		Ethical debate on the use of this surgery in children should be promoted and further multicentre research is needed to ensure representative samples and comprehensive outcome assessment.
	www.surgerydoor.co.uk /news/detail.asp?id=3422 (363 words)

	Who Will Make Room for the Intersexed?
		Intersexed adults have been told that because the doctors followed standard medical practice when they performed the surgery, the doctors are not liable for medical malpractice.
		If the child successfully claims that the surgery violates a fundamental right, then in order for the court to order the surgery over the objection of the child or his or her court appointed representative, the proponents must prove, by clear and convincing evidence, that the surgery is in the child's best interest.
		Surgery and check-ups will continue through the child's early years and may be extremely stressful for the child and his or her parents.
	www.cirp.org /library/legal/USA/haas1 (13180 words)

	Intersex
		When a child is born with an intersex condition, even though the doctors and parents may have thought they knew what sex the child was from prenatal sonograms, the sex of the child may be unclear.
		This doesn't mean that a person with an intersex condition has all the parts of a female and all the parts of a male; that is physiologically impossible.
		It's important to also be clear that intersex is different from transgender in that a person with intersex is born with mixed sex anatomy, where as a person who is transgendered is a person who feels himself or herself to be a gender different than the one he or she was assigned at birth.
	www.fathermag.com /206/intersex (1209 words)

	Intersex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In some intersex syndromes, genital surgeries may be a medical necessity, but often they are done solely for the purposes of gender assignment.
		While it is generally agreed that parents have a legal right to determine the nature of their child’s medical care, dissatisfied recipients of childhood surgeries have raised the complex question of whether their parents had an ethical right to consent to irreversible genital/gonadal procedures done for non-medically threatening conditions.
		Schober JM: A surgeon’s response to the intersex controversy.
	www.aglp.org /gap/7_intersex/intersex.htm (2715 words)

	Untitled Document
		Surgery on intersex infants is seen as "for their own good"-just as treatments such as hysterectomy were once performed for "women's own good" and electroshock was once performed for "homosexuals' own good."
		Intersex is an umbrella term for a constellation of conditions leading to genital and/or reproductive anatomy that is not considered standard for males or females.
		Intersex affects approximately 1 in 2,000 births, and in some cases ambiguity is strong enough that determination of male or female is quite challenging.
	ai.eecs.umich.edu /people/conway/TS/ISNA-Letter.html (1820 words)

	Queer Disability Conference - Registration Form
		That’s that intersex people, like many other sex—and I’m going to use that at the moment to mean both biological and the activity—sex outsiders are often hypersexualized and there is a conflict between the sexuality for people with disabilities and the hypersexuality for sex outsiders.
		One piece I haven’t heard mentioned is one of the contexts for the violence done to intersex infants is the violence done to all children, which is that children are seen as the property of parents.
		They didn’t prohibit the surgeries, but they said that parents are in a poor position to make these judgments because they don’t know what it is like to live with intersex, doctors haven’t given them the information that they have.
	www.disabilityhistory.org /dwa/queer/panel_intersex.html (6722 words)

	Genital Plastic Surgery
		As mentioned in the introduction, apart from the question of using surgery to reinforce a gender assignment in cases of ambiguous genitalia, there is also the debate about surgery to reduce the size of a larger-than-average clitoris in an infant/child that is clearly female.
		These intersexed adults are trying to break down the barriers of silence, shame and secrecy that have enabled such surgeries to be done without the informed consent of the indivuals concerned; and that has prevented outcome studies from being carried out.
		There is also the feminist view that this type of surgery is rooted, at least partly, in a fear by a male-dominated medical profession of the notion of a) an undersized phallus on a male person, and of b) a structure that resembles, however slightly, a male phallus on a female person.
	www.medhelp.org /www/ais/33_SURGERY.HTM (4438 words)

	Gender - Sex - 4Health from Channel 4
		The fact that someone has an intersex condition might be apparent externally but not necessarily – an intersex person may present a typical set of external sexual organs but carry partially developed organs of the opposite gender internally.
		Until recently, the existence of intersex children was still guarded by a strict taboo, with parents often encouraged to hide their child's condition at all costs, even from the affected child in some cases.
		Other less common causes of intersex conditions are Swyer Syndrome (the result of a damaged testis-determining factor on the Y chromosome) and Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome (with which the child, despite having male chromosomes, has a uterus and fallopian tubes because the Y chromosome fails to produce Mullerian inhibiting factor).
	www.channel4.com /health/microsites/0-9/4health/body/gen_intersex.html (2974 words)

	Information about Intersexuality -- NotJustSkin.org
		Thus, those subjected to intersex gender assigment surgery near birth or during childhood without their consent may experience negative emotional and sexual consequences later in life.
		Not surprisingly, data show that sexual function can be compromised by clitoral surgery; in the study population, many of the individuals who had been operated on reported sexual difficulties and inability to orgasm.
		Intersex Society of North America (ISNA) is devoted to systemic change to end shame, secrecy, and unwanted genital surgeries for people born with an anatomy that someone decided is not standard for male or female.
	notjustskin.org /en/intersex.html (552 words)

	The Independent Online - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Despite the myth that intersex babies are rare—anomalies that are as freakish and monster-like as the mythical being, Hermaphroditus, from whom their name was derived—as many as one in 2,000 infants are born intersexed.
		Though there are several dozen variations on the diagnosis, an intersex baby is not born with two sets of genitals, but rather a phallus that can be interpreted as a “mini penis” or an “enlarged clitoris,” as well as gonads that can present as either testicles or ovaries.
		She did not present as intersexed until she was 12, around the time she discovered masturbation and enjoyed the pleasure her enlarged clitoris afforded her.
	www.missoulanews.com /News/News.asp?no=2498 (1941 words)

	Confluere: "Being Accountable to the Invisible Community: A Challange for Intersex Activists and Allies" by Emi Koyama
		When we talk about intersex, we are talking about a lifelong history of shame, secrecy and isolation that are imposed on children who were born with slightly different bodies.
		As a result, the demographics of the few intersex activists who "come out" is skewed to be: mostly white, often college-educated, often LGBT or genderqueer (because queer people are already familiar with the process of coming out and doing activism, and also because they are more willing to go outside of standard sex/gender categories).
		The problem with the intersex surgery is that it's harmful and in violation of the child's right to self-determination.
	www.confluere.com /column/20031020-emi.html (1059 words)

	Genital Surgery in Intersex Infants Often Found Inadequate OB/GYN News - Find Articles
		TORONTO -- The use of genital surgery in infants born with intersex genitalia urgently needs to be reevaluated because the surgeries are often inadequate, according to a team of British experts from University College London Hospitals.
		A total of 38 of the 44 girls had undergone clitoral surgery to reduce the size of either a large clitoris or a "micropenis" (feminizing surgery), and 39 of the girls had undergone vaginal surgery to enlarge their vaginas either for menstruation or intercourse.
		Some recent studies of intersex adults found that the majority felt that surgery should be done in infancy so they wouldn't have to grow up with the stigma of abnormal genitalia.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0CYD/is_13_36/ai_76877656 (829 words)

	NOCIRC - The Rights of the Intersex Child
		Intersex children are those who were formerly known as "hermaphrodites." They have some degree of mixed genitalia.
		intersex children have a right to protection of the integrity of their body, even though it may not conform to a male or female norm.
		Kipnis and Diamond considered the ethical problems inherent in genital altering surgery on intersex legally incompetent non-consenting minors; they call for a moratorium on non-therapeutic surgery to alter the genitals of non-consenting intersex children.
	www.nocirc.org /intersexed (747 words)

	If Biology Is Destiny, When Shouldn't It Be? \| U.S. \| Intersex \| Transgender Crossroads
		Alice D. Dreger, a historian of medicine who until recently was the chairwoman of the intersex society's board, says that surgeons had sought to convert complex psychosocial issues into simple anatomical problems that could be fixed.
		The intersex society has recently called for a moratorium on all nonlifesaving surgery on intersex children until they are old enough to participate in decisions.
		An intersex condition is not pneumonia, a medical problem amenable to antibiotics and outcome studies.
	www.tgcrossroads.org /news?aid=729 (1012 words)

	Intersex Initiative: Civil Liability Approaches to Intersex Surgery
		The emergence of the intersex patients' movement and the studies showing harms of intersex surgeries have began to shift the accepted medical standard, although the vast majority of physicians continue to neglect its legal implication.
		Another potential legislative approach to restricting intersex genital surgeries is to statutorily limit parents' authority to consent in the cases involving cosmetic genital surgeries.
		We are not trying to ban intersex surgeries; we are seeking civil liability reform to hold physicians accountable for particularly reckless disregard of the informed consent standard and for the patient's (and not parents') quality of life.
	www.intersexinitiative.org /law/civil-liability.html (1288 words)

	Hypospadias: Parent's Guide to Surgery \| Intersex Society of North America
		There are some conditions however, which may require surgery to save your child from pain or illness, such as chordee which bends the penis causing painful erections, exposed mucous membrane, or adhesions.
		Although surgeons usually counsel early surgery to repair the hypospadias, we have found that surgery is frequently very harmful, both physically and psychologically.
		We have found that genital surgery performed on infants and children who are too young to understand the implications for their sexual future can be emotionally traumatic.
	www.isna.org /library/hypospadias-guide.html (980 words)

	AHN - CAH Human Rights
		Cosmetic genital surgery performed on infants, with no evidence that the surgery is necessary, and evidence that it could be damaging.
		Clitoral surgery should only be done with informed consent of the patient not at wishes of parents or medics for social reasons as it might cause major damage to sensate function.
		Clitoral surgery should only be done in extreme circumstances (such as penile phallus that is causing psychological upset) and all steps to avoid clitoral surgery should be taken.
	www.mlcull.demon.co.uk /human_rights.htm (641 words)

	Salon Health & Body \| Hermaphrodites are safe in ... Colombia? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Colombian laws, according to American intersex activists, are a far cry from the backward state of hermaphrodites' civil rights in the United States.
		Experts estimate that 2,000 intersex children in the U.S. are altered with scalpels annually, as doctors carve up hermaphroditic organs to make them appear "normal." Sensitive infant nerve tissue is lopped off and discarded; orgasmic ability is often annihilated.
		Although ethicists and a tiny fraction of physicians question the validity of non-consensual intersex surgery, they're overwhelmed by the vast preponderance of slashers.
	www.salon.com /health/sex/urge/world/1999/10/28/intersex (456 words)

	The Gateway \| Tuesday, 14 February, 2006 \| Volume XCVI Issue 34
		“Intersex is about sex, which is about bodily types,” she said.
		People with intersex are usually defined as people who have been born with something other than the standard male or the standard female anatomy type.
		There’s no evidence that the surgery fixes that or reduces that kind of harm, and it labels the child as being sexually freakish in some ways and also potentially reduces sexual sensation and interferes with health.
	www.gateway.ualberta.ca /view.php?aid=5687 (1136 words)

	Managing intersex -- Creighton and Minto 323 (7324): 1264 -- BMJ
		Intersex conditions consist of a blending or mix of the internal and external physical features usually classified as male
		Genital surgery is one of the most controversial interventions in current intersex management.
		Objective cosmetic and anatomical outcomes at adolescence of feminising surgery for ambiguous genitalia done in childhood.
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/323/7324/1264 (1073 words)

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