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Topic: Kinetic energy penetrator

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Smoothbore

Sabot

M16A1

Flechette

Muzzle velocity

MBT

Tank

HESH

Main battle tank

Projectile

Ammunition

Depleted uranium

Shaped charge

	Plug nozzle kinetic energy penetrator rocket - Patent 4573412
		A kinetic energy penetrator having a penetrator rod which is placed inside rocket propelled motor casing to become the major load carrying member of the airframe structure.
		Historically kinetic energy penetrators have been fired from tank guns where the launch accelerations are in the magnitude of 50,000 g's.
		A penetrator diameter of approximately one inch is required to withstand these high launch accelerations; however, the diameter does not contribute to armor penetration as penetration is primarily dependent upon penetrator length.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4573412.html (968 words)

	Kinetic energy penetrator - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A kinetic energy penetrator (also known as a KE weapon) is a type of ammunition which, like a bullet, does not contain explosives, and uses kinetic energy to penetrate the target.
		The principle of the kinetic energy penetrator is that it uses its kinetic energy, which is a function of mass and velocity, to force its way through armour.
		To maximize the amount of kinetic energy released on the target, the penetrator must be made of a dense material, such as tungsten or depleted uranium (DU) alloy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kinetic_energy_penetrator (1103 words)

	Kinetic energy penetrator
		To maximize the amount of kinetic energy released on the target, the penetrator must be made of an hard and heavy material, such as tungsten or depleted uranium.
		If the penetrator was in a soft material such as lead it would flatten out on impact, and most of its kinetic energy would be dissipated as heat on hitting the hard armor and no effective penetration would happen.
		A typical rifle bullet is also a kinetic energy penetrator when faced with either body armour or lightly armoured vehicles and there have at times been moves to use the sabot and thin penetrator approach in rifle ammunition, either to lower the weight of the round or to increase penetration.
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/k/ki/kinetic_energy_penetrator.html (564 words)

	What is a Kinetic Energy Penetrator?
		A kinetic energy penetrator, or KE penetrator, is a projectile weapon that does not explode, but rather damages its target by slamming into it at high speeds.
		Larger KE penetrators, such as space rocks dropped from orbit, feature in some sci-fi stories, and could truly be developed in the longer term future, despite treaties against the militarization of space.
		The ultimate form of KE penetrator would be a relativistic projectile, an object accelerated into a target at close to the speed of light.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-a-kinetic-energy-penetrator.htm (507 words)

	Kinetic energy penetrator - {{ᏏᏖᎾᎺ}} (Site not responding. Last check: )
		kinetic ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ penetrator (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ KE ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎦᏂ, ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ kinetic ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ.
		ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᎾᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ armour-ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ armour ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ armour-ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ-stabilized ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ sabot (APFSDS), ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ penetrator (LRP), ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎦᏂ.
		ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎯᎠ kinetic ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ penetrator ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮝ kinetic ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ armour.
	www.wikigadugi.org /wiki/Kinetic_energy_penetrator (1020 words)

	MILNET: Kinetic Weapons
		There are two classes of actual penetrators, the Kinetic Energy Penetrator (KEP) which travels at speeds over Mach 6, and the Hydrodynamic Penetrator (HP) which travels near orbital speeds at Mach 25.
		The concussion wavefront of the "penetrator" combined with the heat gained in penetration effectively incinerates objects within the confines inside the armor that has been pierced.
		The current National Missile Defense system is beign developed to use hardened inert warhead chemical rocket driven KEP interceptors as its primary mid-course interceptor (post burn attack, prior to ballistic missiles returning through the atmosphere).
	www.milnet.com /kinetic.htm (658 words)

	N04-169 - Innovative Non-pyrotechnic Dispersion Device (INDD) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Kinetic energy munitions that dispense and disperse pellets prior to impact are effective against threats on the ground or at sea.
		Strain energy in SMA induced by the high munition temperatures can be harnessed, then transferred to the pellets, providing the required lateral velocity for a wide strike footprint.
		Replacing the explosive kinetic energy generation with Shape Memory Alloys results in reduced injury hazard to our military handlers and minimizes expensive transport costs associated with Class A, B, or C materials.
	www.navysbir.com /04_2/3.htm (226 words)

	GLOSS'Y J-K
		KINETIC ENERGY ANTISATELLITE (KE-ASAT) - An anti-satellite missile designed to reduce orbital debris by flying close by the target satellite and swatting it with a large paddle-like extension of the weapon.
		KINETIC ENERGY PENETRATOR - An armament consisting of a combustible cartridge case and a base case with a long-rod tungsten or depleted-uranium penetrator equipped with stabilizing fins and contained within a metal sabot.
		KINETIC KILL VEHICLE (KKV) - A Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) kinetic energy weapon intended to be carried and launched from low Earth orbit carrier satellites against enemy intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).
	www.sew-lexicon.com /gloss_jk.htm (1443 words)

	Freezerbox: Humanitarian Cancer and NATO's Murderous Legacy
		Kinetic energy penetrators are, in essence, darts made of dense metal which, when fired at high velocity, are efficient penetrators of heavy armor found on vehicles such as tanks.
		At the time penetrator research began, the Army was already aware that, "DU is a low-level radioactive waste, and, therefore, must be disposed in a licensed repository." A fact which they still recognize today.
		Over the next decades the army continued testing and honing the use of kinetic energy penetrators based on the ingredient of depleted uranium, but failed to concurrently study the effects of using the radioactive waste as a weapon, on the environment, or human health.
	www.freezerbox.com /archive/print.php?id=103 (1853 words)

	SoldierTech: Future Tank Gun Systems
		Man portable and vehicle-launched ATGMs (Anti Tank Guided Missiles) may be the most prolific anti-tank weapon on the modern armored battlefield, but the kinetic energy (KE) penetrator remains the benchmark by which armor protection is evaluated.
		For the last 50 years the sub-caliber "Sabot" KE penetrator, made from a variety of metals, from steel to tungsten to depleted uranium, has been the standard design for KE ammunition, and given its advantages (low surface area, high energy transfer) this is unlikely to change in the foreseeable future.
		You can apply a relatively low amount of electrical energy (less than 100 kilojoules) to speed up conventional propellant ignition (which would cause an earlier peak in chamber pressure, allowing more expanding gas energy to be used to accelerate the projectile).
	www.military.com /soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_TankGun,,00.html (1429 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Scientific speculation as to the anticipated penetration performance and nature of the interaction between such a kinetic energy penetrator and semi-infinite and spaced metallic targets has led us to perform laboratory scale experiments and metallographic examinations of post-impact penetrator materials.
		The single tungsten crystals were ground into kinetic energy penetrators with the {l_angle}111{r_angle} and {l_angle}100{r_angle} crystal direction being coincident with the axis of symmetry of the penetrators.
		We radiographed the penetrators during the interactions with the targets, we recovered portions of the penetrators after the ballistic experiments, and we conducted metallographic examinations of penetrator remnants.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=10153570 (349 words)

	Smoothbore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		To reliably penetrate the thick armor of modern armored vehicles, a very long, thin kinetic energy projectile is required.
		Because of the increasing use of the highly effective kinetic energy penetrator projectiles by tank guns, many modern tanks have smoothbore barrels.
		Just like the kinetic energy penetrator rounds for tanks, the flechette are too long and thin to be stabilized by rifling, and perform best from a smoothbore barrel.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Smoothbore (662 words)

	Kinetic energy penetrator - Free net encyclopedia
		Image:Obus 501556 fh000022.jpg Image:KineticEnergyProjectile.GIF A kinetic energy penetrator is a type of ammunition which, like a bullet, does not contain explosives, but uses kinetic energy to penetrate the target.
		Once the round leaves the barrel the sabot falls off, leaving the penetrator travelling at high speed and with a smaller cross-sectional area, which reduces aerodynamic drag during the flight to the target (see external ballistics and terminal ballistics).
		To maximize the amount of kinetic energy released on the target, the penetrator must be made of a dense material, such as tungsten or depleted uranium (DU).
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/KE-penetrator (711 words)

	Kinetic Energy Penetrator Long Term Strategy Study
		Abstract : To address the perceived increasing burdens associated with use of depleted uranium (DU) as a kinetic energy (KE) penetrator material, the ANCCON Task Group examined use of alternate materials, and considered the impacts of this in four broad areas: performance; the industrial base; environmental and health factors; and life cycle costs.
		Application of DU and tungsten alloy (WA) materials to the penetrators for three future weapon systems which will be fielded in the 1995 - 2000 timeframe was considered.
		The overall objective was to provide data and recommendations which could be utilized by the Government in developing a long term strategy for KE penetrator material selection, and which could also be utilized in addressing related near term problems.
	stinet.dtic.mil /oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA395913 (238 words)

	AF2025 v3c14-3c \| Space Operations: Through The Looking... \| (Ch 3c) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The basic kill mechanism for a KEW is its kinetic energy (KE) as calculated by the simple formula KE = 0.5 x (total mass) x (velocity)2.
		Ballistic missiles are popular with many countries today due to their capability to deliver a payload to the country next door or to a country on the other side of the world.
		When a penetrator strikes a target at this extreme velocity, both target and penetrator react to the collision as if they were fluids (their behavior described by hydrodynamic equations of motion).
	www.au.af.mil /au/2025/volume3/chap14/v3c14-3c.htm (2284 words)

	armada international - the air, sea and land communities' publication (Site not responding. Last check: )
		An alternative to the penetrator in dealing with one class of hard target is the US Air Force Research Laboratory's Tunnel Defeat project, intended to place up to six Mk 84 bombs from a single aircraft simultaneously within five metres of the aim-point.
		A further example of kinetic energy penetrator technology is the 130 kg US Air Force/Boeing GBU-39/B Small Diameter Bomb (SDB), which aims to achieve a penetration (1.83 metres) comparable to that of the 874 kg Blu-109/B, this by combining a slender body of exceptionally hard material with impact normal to the target surface.
		In essence, the MWS enhances the effectiveness of a small-calibre kinetic energy penetrator by using precursor shaped-charge warhead(s) to weaken the target.
	www.armada.ch /03-6/article-full.cfm (2773 words)

	Depleted Uranium: The Stone Unturned
		Kinetic energy penetrators are dense metal darts which can pierce armor when fired at a high velocity.
		Therefore, of the 9,006 pounds of DU penetrators lost in the fire, several thousand pounds of depleted uranium were potentially oxidized, scattered around the compound during the hours of violent explosions, and carried to the southeast by a steady 8 knot wind.
		Of note, the 1991 United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority report warning of "500,000 potential deaths" among soldiers and civilians exposed to DU was based on a preliminary estimate that only 80,000 pounds of depleted uranium contamination was left on Gulf War battlefields.
	www.prop1.org /2000/du/reports/970328df.htm (9285 words)

	CNN.com - Military reviewing first combat use of high-tech weapons - Aug. 12, 2003
		The penetrator rods range from the size of a nail to projectiles longer than 14 inches weighing a pound and a half.
		The PAW uses kinetic energy to release 3,700 "penetrator rods" -- projectiles used to disable an important enemy target.
		The penetrator rods range from the size of a nail to projectiles longer than 14 inches weighing a pound and a half, according to U.S. Air Force officials.
	edition.cnn.com /2003/US/08/12/hln.terror.paw (720 words)

	NTI: Global Security Newswire
		DTRA is currently working on a penetrating warhead that would release a hard or sticky foam designed to neutralize rather than blow up a WMD facility.
		Another proposal that defense officials are seeking to fund calls for an agent-defeat warhead that can provide a “high temperature incendiary kinetic energy penetrator warhead to destroy biological and chemical manufacturing and storage facilities,” the Pentagon said in a March press release.
		A D-5 missile, officials said, could also be used without any explosive warhead in the hopes that the sheer kinetic energy of the impact would render a WMD facility useless, at least temporarily until the rubble can be removed.
	www.nti.org /d_newswire/issues/2002/7/24/2s.html (1116 words)

	DEPLETED URANIUM: USES AND HAZARDS
		Also spent penetrators or parts of penetrators emit at 300 mrem/ hour and thus can not be touched or picked up without protection.
		It is important to realize that DU penetrators are solid uranium 238. During an impact approximately 40 % of the penetrator forms DU oxides which are left on the terrain, within or on impacted equipment, or within impacted structures.
		The remainder of the penetrator (60%) retains its initial shape.
	www.iacenter.org /depleted/duupdate.htm (1577 words)

	Depleted Uranium: A Post-War Disaster, Part 2
		The route of depleted uranium in the body depends upon the method of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, implantation, or wound contamination), and the size and solubility of the particles.
		The end result of the use of depleted uranium weapons is contamination of damaged equipment and the environment with dangerous levels of depleted uranium dust and debris.
		Respirable size particles formed during impacts and soluble uranium oxide dust formed by corroding penetrators may be transported by the wind or water, and may contaminate food and water supplies.
	www.ratical.org /radiation/dhap/dhap992.html (4123 words)

	Depleted Uranium Weapons
		Kinetic energy penetrators do not explode; they fragment and burn through armor "due to the pyrophoric nature of uranium metal and the extreme flash temperatures generated on impact."[5] In the 1980's, depleted uranium was also developed for use in tank armor.
		U.S. Army testing found that 18 to 70% of a depleted uranium penetrator rod burns and oxidizes into extremely small particles during impact.[13] The impact of one 120mm depleted uranium penetrator fired from an American Abrams tank therefore creates between 900 and 3,400 grams (roughly 2 to 7 pounds) of uranium oxide dust.
		Kinetic Energy Penetrator Environmental and Health Considerations (ref 2 for 4), 4-6.
	www.inesap.org /bulletin17/bul17art04.htm (3733 words)

	M829A1 120mm, APFSDS-T
		The 120mm M829 Armor Piercing, Fin Stabilized, Discarding Sabot-Tracer(APFSDS-T), cartridge is a US developed kinetic energy (KE) armor defeating round.
		It consists of a fin stabilized subprojectile with a six bladed aluminum fin, a tracer assembly attached to the rear of the fin and a depleted uranium (DU) penetrator with a ballistic tip to reduce drag.
		The M829A1 is a depleted-uranium long-rod kinetic energy penetrator round capable of defeating heavily armored vehicles.
	www.fas.org /man/dod-101/sys/land/m829a1.htm (366 words)

	Use of Illegal Weapons
		When a DU penetrator impacts a target surface, a large portion of the kinetic energy is dissipated as heat.
		Army field tests have shown that when a vehicle is struck by a DU penetrator, the heaviest contamination occurs within 5 to 7 meters of the vehicle.
		For example, when a DU penetrator cuts through armor and into the vehicle's crew compartment, it fractures, oxidizes, and burns, contaminating the vehicle with DU oxide dust.
	www.iacenter.org /warcrime/11_weapn.htm (2432 words)

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