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Topic: Lingala language

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	Lingala language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lingala is a Bantu language spoken throughout the northwestern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa) and a large part of the Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville), as well as to some degree in Angola and the Central African Republic.
		The origins of Lingala lie in Bobangi, a language that was spoken along the Congo River between Lisala and Kinshasa.
		Standard Lingala (called lingala littéraire or lingala classique in French) is mostly used in educational and news broadcastings on radio or television, in religious services in the Catholic Church and is the language taught as a subject at all educational levels.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lingala_language (1712 words)

	Lingala
		This one is spoken by the riverside residents of the Zaire and Ubangi rivers between Makanza and Mbandaka in the region of Equator, Zaire.
		Lingala continued to expand and it has found its origin in a mixture of diverse Congolese and Zairean languages, Swahili, French, English, etc. Zairean modern music and culture are the true sources of the enrichment of Lingala.
		Internationally, Lingala is used in several foreign broadcastings and is the subject of intense research in the Congo, Zaire as well as abroad.
	thor.prohosting.com /~linguist/lingala.htm (787 words)

	Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The colonial language was kept as the official language at the time of independence because it was widely spoken around the educated groups in the country, it was ethnically neutral, and eased communication between all the different ethnic groups of the Congo.
		Lingala is a language which gained its modern form in the colonial period, with the push of missionaries to uniformize and teach a local vehicular language.
		Lingala was made the official language of the army under Mobutu, but since the rebellions the army also uses Swahili in the West.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo (644 words)

	HLW: Appendices: Languages Cited
		Lingala is the first language of about 300,000 people in the two neighboring countries called Congo in central Africa, but is a second language for many more, at least 7,000,000 people, making it one of the most important languages in central Africa.
		Lingala began along the Congo River, first as a trade language, later, when Congo was colonized by Belgium, as a way for the colonists and their intermediaries to communicate with the local people.
		As in other sign languages, there is a strong tendency for signs in ASL to be iconic, that is, to be motivated by their meanings rather than completely arbitrary.
	www.indiana.edu /~hlw/Appendices/languages.html (3920 words)

	Congo, Democratic Republic of the - MSN Encarta
		At least 219 languages are spoken in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, mainly from the Niger-Congo language family, but also many Nilo-Saharan languages.
		French is the official language, although it is mainly known as a second language.
		Lingala is widely spoken in Bandundu, Equateur, and Orientale provinces.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761561261_3/Congo_Democratic_Republic_of_the.html (536 words)

	Contact Languages in the Bantu Area
		Otherwise, Lingalaís lexifier is primarily Bobangi (Alexandre 1967, Samarin 1982, Hulstaert 1989).
		Nonetheless, in both cases an indigenous language was adopted by exogenous populations who were kept on the margins and precluded by the circumstances of their immigration from participating in the regular lives of the natives.
		He concludes that ìLingala is changing from a simple Bantu language of the middle Congo banks, and becoming a mixed language with a considerably extended vocabulary and phonemic inventory, a development that is comparable to that of Swahili, and in many ways to that of Englishî (163).
	humanities.uchicago.edu /faculty/mufwene/mufw_bantucon.html (6659 words)

	Lingala language/Swadesh list - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This word list should not be considered as an elementary lexicon to communicate with speakers of a given language; for such a purpose, the numerous existing Wikitravel lexicons are more useful.
		Its only objective is to give a rough idea of the language, by showing its lexical and, when possible, phonetics basis.
		The words preceded by a hyphen (-) are radicals of a verb or an adjective; various prefixes may be used, as requested by the noun class system of the Lingala.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lingala_language/Swadesh_list (315 words)

	HLW: Word Forms: Units: Syllables
		Languages also differ in terms of how consonants and vowels can be combined into syllables, the "phonotactics" of the language, and we will also look at this property of languages in this section.
		In a tone language such as Lingala, Mandarin Chinese, or one of the thousands of other tone languages of Africa, Asia, or the Americas, each syllable has an associated tone, that is, a pitch level or movement.
		Each tone language has a small set of tone categories, or tonemes, which are used to distinguish words in the language just as phonemes are (and, as we'll see later, in languages like Lingala also to distinguish grammatical forms).
	www.indiana.edu /~hlw/PhonUnits/syllables.html (2917 words)

	Ethnologue: Zaïre
		Lingala is the lingua franca, spoken by all ages and sexes.
		Lingala is the lingua franca; in some areas up to 60% speak it and 40% understand it in varying degrees.
		Cluster of dialects or languages: Lalia, Mongo-Nkundu, Ngando, Ombo.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/pater/ethno/Zair.html (8787 words)

	Ntama Journal of African Music and Popular Culture
		Consequently, speakers of those numerous Zambian languages lacking official status, -- the guess is that there are 73 languages in the country -- feel deprived of their ethnic identity, having to cling to a day-in day-out practice of code switching.
		For Angola, their acknowledgement as languages to be used in primary and adult education is the first such step in the country's history and must, of course, be highly praised.
		Lingala developed as a trade language during the Belgian colonial penetration and was soon spoken on both sides of the Congo / Zaïre river from the twin city of Kinshasa and Brazzaville up to about 130 km from Kisangani.
	ntama.uni-mainz.de /content/view/48/37/1/2 (1028 words)

	Wiktionary:Multilingual coordination - Wiktionary
		We are aware that many of the world's 6,500 languages are not well-represented on computers or the web, and we are committed to working with language speakers and computing organizations to support as many languages as possible (right to fork).
		The URL of the wiktionary for a given language is xx.wiktionary.org, where xx is the 2-letter language code as per ISO 639.
		For languages without an ISO 639 2-letter language code, the 3-letter language code is used, or if that also does not exist, a custom 3-letter language code is made.
	en.wiktionary.org /wiki/Wiktionary:Multilingual_coordination (655 words)

	NALRC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The National African Language Resource Center is a federally funded, nonprofit National Foreign Language Center dedicated to the advancement of African language teaching and learning in the United States.
		The Center’s mission is to serve the entire community of African language educators and students in the United States by sponsoring a wide range of educational and professional activities designed to improve the accessibility and quality of African language instruction in the United States.
		It is one of fourteen National Language Resource Centers (NLRCs) funded by the U.S. Department of Education to improve the teaching and learning of foreign languages in the United States.
	lang.nalrc.wisc.edu /nalrc/announce/Updates.html (1011 words)

	Epilepsy Action: Lingala Language Epilepsy Helpline for UK re
		In partnership with the organisation Language Line, telephone advice and information is available in 150 languages, including Lingala.
		All Language Line interpreters are highly qualified in their field.
		Language Line interpreters are specifically trained in telephone interpreting.
	www.epilepsy.org.uk /services/freephone_languageline.cfm?idl=42 (261 words)

	African Languages - Krio, Pidgin, Lingala, Oromo (ASC)(MSU)
		No formal dialect survey of these languages has come to our attention, but Dwyer states (personal communication, 1983) that Krio and the Cameroon and Nigerian Pidgins are mutually intelligible, although they should be definitely taken as separate languages as far as materials are concerned.
		Lingala belongs to the Ngala Group of Bantu (Guthrie C36) and is spoken along the Lomami, the Ubangi, and the Zaire rivers as far as Kinshasa in Zaire, as well as up the Sangha River through Congo-Brazzaville and the Central African Republic.
		Lingala is broadcast in Zaire (La Voix du Zaïre and Radio Candip), in the Congo (La Voix de la Révolution), and in Angola (Radio Nacional de Angola).
	www.isp.msu.edu /AfrLang/language5.htm (531 words)

	BU \| African Studies Center \| Language Study \|
		There are as many as 400 languages spoken in Nigeria and multilingualism is so common that the majority of the population speak at least one of the three major languages Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba.
		The Yoruba language is a tonal language whereas English is a pitch accent language.
		Intensive instruction in a wide range of African languages is available during the summer at BU and through a cooperative program with a consortium of other African studies programs.
	www.bu.edu /africa/languagestudy/index.html (1007 words)

	Contemporary Lingala Language New Testament Released - Evangelical Covenant Church
		IBS "Lingala New Testament and Psalms" is the result of more than 10 years of work by the IBS-DRC translation team.
		Other Lingala versions of the New Testament are available, although the language nuances differ, said an Evangelical Covenant Church World Mission representative.
		An Old Testament version of the Bible in Lingala was distributed in Congo in 1971 - it had been produced by Covenant missionary Sigurd "Sig" Westberg and a non-Covenant missionary named John Carrington.
	www.covchurch.org /cov/news/item3558.html (415 words)

	Lingala language resources
		Lingala with emphasis on conversational fluency and on increased ability in reading and comprehending texts, including newspaper prose and Central African cultural materials, in at least two Lingala...
		Lingala Bible Lingala is one of the languages of Democratic Republic of Congo (Africa).
		Lingala Christian Videos The addresses of where you may buy a video in the Lingala language are with the list of addresses of the producers and...
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Lingala.html (1408 words)

	Ethnologue 14 report for language code:LIN
		LINGALA: a language of Democratic Republic of Congo
		The following is the entry for this language as it appeared in the 14th edition (2000).
		It has been superseded by the corresponding entry in the 15th edition (2005).
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=LIN (119 words)

	Future of Kiswahili
		Kiswahili has acquired an important status in East Africa, namely in Tanzania where it is not only a national language, but the language of education, business, research and even politics.
		Lingala, the language of the army and the capital city Kinshasa, has suffered a setback with the arrival of a leadership from the Kiswahili speaking areas.
		Until quite recently, Kiswahili was the African language that tied together the three countries of East Africa.
	www.richmond.edu /~kkasongo/Future.htm (460 words)

	PanAfrLoc \| PanAfrLoc / Lingala (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Lingala belongs to the Ngala Group of Bantu (Guthrie C36).
		Most materials are prepared in one of two styles, either in classical/literary Lingala or in popular Lingala.
		Lingala is primarily a lingua franca throughout the area described above.
	www.bisharat.net /wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Lingala (702 words)

	LINGALA language
		See what people groups speak this language from the Joshua Project.
		See also the alphabetical language list and full country list.
		Another reference on countries, languages and people groups is Peoplegroups.org.
	globalrecordings.net /language/88 (141 words)

	Learn Lingala - Lingala Books, Courses, and Software
		Welcome to the Lingala page, featuring books for learning Lingala, a member of the Bantu family of languages and the most important of the four national languages of the Democratic Republic of Congo!
		This book is designed for the upper intermediate to advanced English speaking student of Lingala, and contains Lingala texts of two long pieces of prose fiction and a short play with an English translation of each, and cassette recordings read by a native Lingala speaker.
		An introduction by the translator provides background on the Lingala language and a summary of the three texts that make up the book.
	www.101language.com /lingala.html (272 words)

	Lingala Fonts, Lingala Music & Recreation, Lingala Reference, Lingala Software - Mac, Lingala Software - Windows, ...
		Lingala is the main lingua franca of northern Zaire, spoken (usually as a second language) by as many as 15 million people.
		We are pleased to read in the newspapers that many of our friends are pressing for the teaching of European languages in the schools for Blacks.
		It is the same with Lingala, Swahili, Kongo, Luba, etc., which we have not yet thoroughly mastered, but which we are discarding in favor of French, Flemish, and English.
	www.worldlanguage.com /Languages/Lingala.htm?CalledFrom=211716 (223 words)

	Republic of the Congo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		French is the official language of Congo, and Lingala and Munukutuba are the trade languages.
		Currently, a dramatized Faith Comes By Hearing New Testament is available in the Lingala language, (click to hear sample) spoken by 300,000 people in the Republic of the Congo.
		Also, a non-dramatized Faith Comes By Hearing Gospel of Luke is available for the Munukutuba language, (click to hear sample) which is spoken by over 1.1 million people in Congo.
	www.fcbh.org /africanamerican/internationalmissions/congo.htm (523 words)

	Winne.com - Report on Congo DRC, Paving the reconstruction
		With more than 300 ethnycies registered in DRC the number of languages listed is 221, a natural and cultural diversity to explore.
		DRC Swahili is spoken by (1) all leaders, nearly all young people and men (speak well in certain domains), (2) most women and older men (less fluent), (3) many older women and young children (limited everyday fluency).
		LINGALA (NGALA) [LIN] Including second language speakers: 8,400,000 in DRC (1979 Muyunga); 9,100 in Central African Republic (1996).
	www.winne.com /congo/bf09.html (9134 words)

	Lingala translator, Lingala to translation project, translator, arts translation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Lingala translation, freelance translator, translation agency, translation agencies
		Translator resources, translation quotes, Lingala language translator, professional translation and interpretation talents, worldwide community of conference interpreters, Lingala interpreters and vice versa.
		and translation agencies of this community are language specialists providing translation from to Lingala and Lingala to for a variety of fields in many industries.
	www.traduguide.com /translation/translator_24.asp?langfrom=ln&langto=en (181 words)

	Yale Helps Local International Students Learn English
		New Haven, CT. — The English Language Institute at Yale University is hosting eight New Haven high school students who are recent immigrants to the United States, for a six-week summer language program that ends August 5.
		Alan Giddons, an instructor at the Yale English Language Institute, has studied the Lingala language since he visited the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1986.
		He was surprised to learn that Bertozzi, one of his students this summer, speaks Lingala, especially since 250 different languages are spoken in the Congo.
	www.yale.edu /opa/newsr/05-08-01-01.all.html (251 words)

	PanAfrLoc \| PanAfrLoc / Congo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Lingala and Kituba have legal status in the constitution as "national vehicular languages" (Aménagement linguistique)
		National languages of Congo are written in Latin script.
		At least one language, Lingala, uses modified letters (extended characters).
	www.bisharat.net /wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Congo (245 words)

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