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	About Lynching
		Although lynchings declined somewhat in the twentieth century, there were still 97 in 1908 (89 fl, 8 white), 83 in the racially troubled postwar year of 1919 (76, 7, plus some 25 race riots), 30 in 1926 (23, 7), and 28 in 1933 (24, 4).
		Although lynching was by no means an isolated, aberrant occurrence in the 1920s when the Klan was resurgent or in the 1930s when the depression fueled the hunt for racial as well as political scapegoats, the phenomenon was no longer virulent enough to claim one victim every two to three days.
		The effects of lynching are diverse: paralysis, solidarity; and escape, often to ghettos in the North.
	www.english.uiuc.edu /maps/poets/g_l/lynching/lynching.htm (2864 words)

	Lynching - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lynching is a term loosely applied to various forms of violence, usually murder, conceived by its perpetrators as extra-legal punishment of offenders by a summary procedure, ignoring, or even contrary to, the strict forms of law, notably execution, or used as a terrorist method of enforcing social domination.
		Lynch law is frequently prevalent in sparsely settled or frontier districts of the real or a virtual world where government is weak and officers of the law too few and too powerless to enforce law and preserve order, or the law is weak itself.
		The term "lynch law" came in to general use as a loosely employed description of efforts to maintain the established order either by the use of actual lynchings against those who would change it, or even their mere threat, which often proved sufficient to silence activists and critics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lynching (1609 words)

	Lynching in the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lynchings aimed at preventing freed men from voting and bearing arms can be seen as extralegal ways of enforcing the Black Codes, which were largely invalidated by the 14th and 15th amendments in 1868 and 1870, and were followed by the Jim Crow laws.
		Lynching with a racial tone was not limited to the South; the New York Draft Riots were sparked in part by job competition between Irish-American immigrants and free fls, and during the riots 11 fls were murdered, with many more beaten, and their property destroyed.
		Lynching was not uncommon in the west and midwest, but was virtually nonexistent in the northeast, except for Wilmington, Delaware (June 12, 1903); Port Jervis, New York, (June 2, 1892); and Coatesville, Pennsylvania (May 23, 1891; December 13, 1899; and August 13, 1911).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States (6918 words)

	lynching. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The term is derived from the older term lynch law, which is most likely named after either Capt. William Lynch (1742–1820), of Pittsylvania co., Va., or Col. Charles Lynch (1736–96), of neighboring Bedford (later Campbell) co., both of whom used extralegal proceedings to punish Loyalists during the American Revolution.
		Lynching was common among North American pioneers on the frontier, where legal institutions were not yet established.
		Racially motivated lynchings, which often involved the mutilation and immolation of the victim, might be witnessed by an entire local community as a diverting spectacle.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ly/lynching.html (448 words)

	79.02.04: The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States,1880-1950
		Lynching therefore was a cruel combination of racism and sadism, which was utilized primarily to sustain the caste system in the South.
		The NAACP lynching statistics tend to be slightly higher than the Tuskegee Institute figures, which some historians consider “conservative.” For example, in 1914, Tuskegee Institute reported fifty-two lynchings for the year, the “Chicago Tribune” reported fifty-four, and The Crisis, the official organ of the NAACP,gave the number as seventy-four.
		Lynchings occurred most commonly in the smaller towns and isolated rural communities of the South where people were poor, mostly illiterate, and where there was a noticeable lack of wholesome community recreation.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1979/2/79.02.04.x.html (5745 words)

	American Experience \| The Murder of Emmett Till \| People & Events
		Lynching, an act of terror meant to spread fear among fls, served the broad social purpose of maintaining white supremacy in the economic, social and political spheres.
		In fact, most victims of lynching were political activists, labor organizers or fl men and women who violated white expectations of fl deference, and were deemed "uppity" or "insolent." Though most victims were fl men, women were by no means exempt.
		With lynching as a violent backdrop in the South, Jim Crow as the law of the land, and the poverty of the sharecropper system, fls had no recourse.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/till/peopleevents/e_lynch.html (963 words)

	Lynching in America (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lynching was a practice all too common in the United States.
		Lynching is most often associated with race relations after the end of the civil war and the destruction of slavery.
		Lynching was a form of terror used to suppress the minority African-American population.
	history.osu.edu /Projects/Lynching/default.cfm (137 words)

	Digital History
		Lynching continues to be used as a stinging metaphor for injustice.
		Lynchings were most common in regions with highly transient populations, scattered farms, few towns, and weak law enforcement - settings that fueled insecurity and suspicion.
		We venture to assert that seven-eighths of every lynching party is composed of pure, sporting mob, which goes...just as it goes to a cock-fight or prize-fight, for the gratification of the lowest and most degraded instincts of humanity.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /database/article_display.cfm?HHID=213 (884 words)

	Legacies of Lynching
		As spectacle, lynching was intended to serve as a symbol of white supremacy.
		Legacies of Lynching examines the evolution of lynching as a symbol of racial hatred and a metaphor for race relations in popular culture, art, literature, and political speech.
		Markovitz credits the efforts of the antilynching movement with helping to ensure that lynching would be understood not as a method of punishment for fl rapists but as a terrorist practice that provided stark evidence of the brutality of Southern racism and as America’s most vivid symbol of racial oppression.
	www.upress.umn.edu /Books/M/markovitz_legacies.html (377 words)

	Lake City Lynching (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lynching was first and foremost about a racial majority violently policing the color line against fls who whites deemed had stepped out of their “place” of enforced subservience and inferiority in political, economic, and social relations.
		But in the aftermath of the lynching many white southerners were troubled by their inability to saddle the postmaster with a “crime” that would “excuse” lynching according to the popular notions of the day.
		One jury investigating a lynching reputedly rendered the solemn verdict: “the deceased came to his death by swinging in the air”; another, “the deceased came to his death by taking too great a bite of hemp rope” (Sinclair 250-51).
	www.usca.edu /aasc/lakecity.htm (3164 words)

	Melanie Beals Review of Brundage, Lynching in the New South (Site not responding. Last check: )
		From this, he concludes that lynching was a distinctively Southern phenomenon which was generated by the social, economic, and political concerns developing after the Civil War.
		Brundage argues that lynching cannot be characterized by broad sweeping generalizations that scholars, particularly in the fields of sociology and anthropology, have proposed.
		Lynching in the New South fits with re-cent efforts by scholars such as Rabinowitz and John Cell to invest-igate the effect social and economic circumstances had on race rela-tions.
	www.uky.edu /RGS/AppalCenter/beals_b.htm (739 words)

	Black Women in the NAACP Promote an Anti-Lynching Bill, 1918-1923, Introduction
		Most lynchings in the South were of fls, and in the North, whites.[4] White officials, who dominated Southern governments after federal troops left in 1877, did not extend legal protections commonly available to whites to African Americans.
		These stories stress, contrary to popular myth, that only a sixth of the 3,465 people lynched from 1889 to 1922 were accused of rape (see Document 7).[12] The injustice of the crime and the horror the victims experienced fueled the cause of the Crusaders and were powerful components of their publicity flyers.
		Lynching, Talbert claimed, was a "terrible blot upon America's civilization" and, contrary to common beliefs, did not serve to protect white women against rape as too few of those lynched were accused of this particular crime (see Documents 7 and 12).
	womhist.binghamton.edu /lynch/intro.htm (1898 words)

	History of Lynching in the United States, Jana Evans Braziel
		During these years we may estimate that there were 2,018 separate incidents of lynching in which at least 2,462 African-American men, women and children met their deaths in the grasp of southern mobs, comprised mostly of whites.
		Although lynchings and mob killings occurred before 1880, notably during early Reconstruction when fls were enfranchised, radical racism and mob violence peaked during the 1890s in a surge of terrorism that did not dissipate until well into the twentieth century" (17).
		"Lynchings were concentrated in a swath running through Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana: the region often referred to as the 'Black Belt'" (36).
	www.umass.edu /complit/aclanet/ACLAText/USLynch.html (640 words)

	Lynching in America: Carnival of Death by Mark Gado
		The Waco lynching focused national attention, once again, in 1916 on the problem of lynching: a systemic, persistent and horrifying practice that was rampant throughout the South for decades.
		Lynching arose from the ashes of a ruthless and costly war that pitted brother against brother and father against son.
		Lynchings are, in effect, the most extensive series of unsolved murders in American history.
	www.crimelibrary.com /classics2/carnival (690 words)

	lynching, blacks, america, south, United States
		The Gavagan bill stated that any local or state officer who refused to protect an individual in custody or to prosecute lynch mob members would be guilty of a felony punishable by a fine up to $5,000 and imprisonment up to five years.
		The lynching of African-Americans in the South was rare before the Civil War, reached a peak in 1892, increased again somewhat during the 1930s, and finally gradually disappeared after 1950.
		In one of the first studies of the lynching problem in the United States, Arthur F. Raper wrote in The Tragedy of Lynching (1930), "Mobs do not come out of the nowhere; they are the logical outgrowths of dominant assumptions and prevalent thinking." Explain in your own words what you think he meant.
	www.crf-usa.org /brown50th/lynching_america.htm (1608 words)

	Lynching
		Lynching is the illegal execution of an accused person by a mob.
		She continued her campaign against lynching and Jim Crow laws and in 1893 and 1894 made lecture tours of Britain.
		This swelling wave of lynch murders and mob assaults against Negro men and women represents the ultimate limit of bestial brutality to which the enemies of democracy, be they German-Nazis or American Ku Kluxers, are ready to go in imposing their will.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /USAlynching.htm (5216 words)

	lynching
		Thomas Lynch - Lynch, Thomas, 1749–79, political figure in the American Revolution, signer of the...
		Jack Lynch - Jack Lynch Age: 82 Irish politician who served as prime minister from 1966 to 1973 and from 1977 to...
		Jessica Lynch, American prisoner of war, was rescued in April from a hospital in Nasiriya,...
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/society/A0830735.html (563 words)

	Sheridan: Con-Law: LYNCHING
		One meaning of lynching was "rescuing" an accused person from jail and hanging him before he had a chance to be tried.
		According to one commentator on yesterday's radio, lynching died out as a practice after Southern states, fearful that Congress might eventually pass an anti-lynching law, decided to prosecute these murderers themselves, rather than to lose control of the criminal justice process.
		Lynching may be considered an artifact of the White Supremacy/Slavery system, one of its "badges and incidents," in my view.
	sheridan_conlaw.typepad.com /sheridan_conlaw/2005/06/lynching.html (1746 words)

	The History of Jim Crow
		The number of lynchings estimated for 1880-1884 was 233 compared to 381 for the next five-year period, peaking at 611 for the years 1890 to 1894.
		These new legal restrictions were backed in turn by acts of intimidation, the use of chain gangs and prison farms, debt peonage, the passage of anti-enticement laws, and a wave of brutal lynchings that dominated the southern racial scene for the next forty years.
		Some historians claim that the vicious lynching of African Americans that began in the 1880s with stepped up frequency was different from anything in the past because of its mob, public spectacle.
	www.jimcrowhistory.org /history/creating2.htm (4463 words)

	[No title]
		"Lynchings were among the first hate crimes in this nation, and this apology is long overdue," said Abraham H. Foxman, ADL National Director.
		While historically associated with race-motivated hangings in the South, lynching today is more broadly defined as a method of intimidation where mob terrorism is used to humiliate and dehumanize.
		Lynching touches all races and religions, and warrants specific recognition as a unique felony under the law.
	www.adl.org /PresRele/DiRaB_41/4735_41.htm (313 words)

	Lynching Statistics for 1882-1968
		Lynchings were becoming a popular way of resolving some of the anger that whites had in relation to the free fls.
		Of the lynching that did not take place in the South, mainly in the West, were normally lynchings of whites, not fls.
		Most of the lynching in the West came from the lynching of either murders or cattle thief's.
	faculty.berea.edu /browners/chesnutt/classroom/lynchingstat.html (523 words)

	H-Net Review: Bruce E. Baker on Legacies of Lynching: Racial Violence and Memory
		Markovitz's history of lynching, in the introduction, is a deft synthesis of an array of scholarship, though it relies particularly heavily on Grace Hale's account of the rise of spectacle lynchings in the last decade of the nineteenth century, massive events drawing thousands of spectators and participants.
		Markovitz is probably correct to state that "the lynchings that were most effective as tools of political education and terrorism were staged as massive public spectacles," but it does not necessarily follow that these spectacle lynchings then exercised an overwhelming influence on collective memory of lynching.
		Since lynchings were usually meant to be remembered as examples of white supremacy, anti-lynching activists were in some sense working on a parallel path, insisting that when later Americans thought of lynching, they thought of it as the most horrific metaphor for white supremacy.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=56711097864116 (3156 words)

	Lynchings in America
		The sixty photo postcards and other material were temporarily housed in the library at Emory University to allow scholars to have access to it, but are now being held by their owner at withoutsanctuary.org.
		This book, Without Sanctuary: Lynching photography in America (by James Allen, Hilton Als, Leon F. Litwack, with a forward by Congressman John Lewis; Twin Palms Publishers, 2000), is a new, startling book on this shocking topic of lynching in America.
		The first Waco horror : the lynching of Jesse Washington and the rise of the NAAC / Patricia Bernstein.
	www.liu.edu /cwis/cwp/library/african/2000/lynching.htm (2325 words)

	"The Anti-Lynching Crusaders: The Lynching of Women," [1922]
		Typically lynch victims were fl men, but in this document, like several others reproduced in this project, the Crusaders emphasized the incidence of lynchings where women -- fl and white -- were the victims.
		Their slogan is: "A Million Women United to Stop Lynching." They are trying to raise at least one dollar from every woman united with them and to finish this work on or before January 1st 1923.
		These alleged causes are telegraphed from the place where the lynchings take place and often the news gatherer is in sympathy with the mob.
	womhist.binghamton.edu /lynch/doc7.htm (1219 words)

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