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Topic: Music of South Africa

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	South Africa - Travel Guide and Tourist Information
		South Africa lies at the southernmost part of the African continent.
		Most of South Africa has elevations of over 914m (3,000 ft) and at least 40% of the surface is at an elevation of over 1,220m (4,000 ft).
		The coastal belt in the west and south varies from 3 to 30 miles in width, is between 152m (500ft) to 182m (600ft) above sea level, and is very fertile, producing citrus fruits and grapes, particularly in the Western Cape.
	www.africaguide.com /country/safrica (350 words)

	South Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		South Africa is often referred to as The Rainbow Nation - a term coined by Archbishop Desmond Tutu and later elaborated upon by then-President Nelson Mandela as a metaphor to describe the country's newly-developing multicultural diversity in the wake of separatist apartheid ideology.
		South Africa's most prevalent biome is grassland, particularly on the Highveld, where the plant cover is dominated by different grasses, low shrubs, and acacia trees, mainly camel-thorn and whitethorn.
		South Africa is a middle-income country with an abundant supply of resources, well-developed financial, legal, communications, energy, and transport sectors, a stock exchange (the JSE Securities Exchange), that ranks among the 10 largest in the world, and a modern infrastructure supporting an efficient distribution of goods to major urban centres throughout the region.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/South_Africa (6228 words)

	Music of South Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		South Africa is very diverse, with many native African ethnic groups as well as European and Indian peoples.
		Afrikaans music was primarily Dutch in character, along with French and German influences, in the early twentieth century.
		The German autoharp arrived in South Africa in the nineteenth century, brought by Lutheran ministers proselytizing among the Pedi.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Music_of_South_Africa (3348 words)

	Music of South Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Afrikaans music was primarily Dutch in character, along with French and German influences, in the early 20th century.
		Bubblegum is a form of pure South African pop music arose in the middle of the 1980s, distinctively based on vocals with overlapping call-and-response vocals.
		The German autoharp arrived in South Africa in the 19th century, brought by Lutheran ministers proselytizing among the Pedi.
	www.sanger.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Music_of_South_Africa (2746 words)

	Music of Africa - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Music of Africa
		The continent of Africa is the home of thousands of different musical styles, but these divide roughly into two regional traditions: North African music, which is strongly influenced by Islam and Arab music; and the music of sub-Saharan Africa (sometimes called ‘Black Africa’), which many people consider to be ‘true’ African music.
		The music of western, central, and southern Africa is based on rhythm much more than melody or harmony, and so percussion instruments, especially drums, almost always play a prominent part.
		Music is almost always a group activity with an emphasis on polyphonic forms resulting from group improvisation on short, simple themes, and cross rhythms formed by playing different rhythmic patterns together.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Music+of+Africa (1121 words)

	allAfrica.com: South Africa: Rough Guide to the Music of South Africa (Page 1 of 1)
		South African music is gaining greater recognition beyond the borders of this African country.
		This phenomenon which I describe as musical Pan Africanism, is echoed in the African reggae of Lucy Dube, in the Mbube of Solomon Linda's Original Evening Bird, in the Mama Ka S' Bongile of Soul Brothers and in Wamukhona Yini E New York of Ladysmith Black Mambo.
		For example, this last group is known as the exponents of iscathamiya, the capella style born in the mines of South Africa.
	allafrica.com /stories/200611140823.html (781 words)

	NationMaster.com - Encyclopedia: Music of South Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Music is conceptual time expressed in the structures of tones and silence.
		Folk Music, in the original sense of the term, is music by and of the common people.
		South Africa is often referred to as The Rainbow Nation - a term coined by Archbishop Desmond Tutu and later elaborated upon by then-President Nelson Mandela as a metaphor to describe the country's newly-developing multicultural diversity in the wake of separatist Apartheidist ideology.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Music-of-South-Africa (450 words)

	ipedia.com: Music of South Africa Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Christian missions provided the first organized musical training in the country, producing many of the modern country's earliest musicians, including Enoch Sontonga, who wrote the national anthem "Nkosi Sikelel, i Africa".
		Hillbilly string bands led by a concertina were popular, as were elements of American country music, especially Jim Reeves.
		Few South African bands gained an lasting success during this period, however, with the exception of the Movers, who used marabi elements in their soul.
	www.ipedia.com /music_of_south_africa.html (2898 words)

	World Music Central - The Rough Guide to South Africa, 2nd Edition
		South Africa has an extremely varied and energetic music industry with lots of big name artists featured here alongside a number of exceptional but lesser known talents and covering an extraordinary variety of forms: bubblegum, Kwaito, maskanda, Zulu a cappella, township jive and pennywhistle jive (kwela) to name but a few.
		Amongst the most popular of the artists on the Rough Guide to the Music of South Africa (RGNET1178CD) is the seminal and Grammy-award winning Ladysmith Black Mambazo, whose mastery of the Zulu a cappella (iscathamiya) style has made them a massive worldwide success.
		South African Pop — known as bubblegum is showcased with two giants of the genre Chicco and Yvonne Chaka Chaka, whose track ‘UmQombothi’ is an upbeat party song celebrating African sorghum beer.
	www.worldmusiccentral.org /article.php/20061114201139630 (551 words)

	South African music - SouthAfrica.info
		The story of South African music is one of dialogue with imported forms, and varying degrees of hybridisation over the years.
		From the earliest colonial days until the present time, South African music has created itself out of the mingling of local ideas and forms with those imported from outside the country, giving it all a special twist that carries with it the unmistakeable flavour of the country.
		Western music was played by slave orchestras (the governor of the Cape, for instance, had his own slave orchestra in the 1670s), and travelling musicians of mixed-blood stock moved around the colony entertaining at dances and other functions, a tradition that continued into the era of British domination after 1806.
	www.southafrica.info /ess_info/sa_glance/culture/music.htm (333 words)

	Ethnic & World : Africa - South Africa, Part 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The music is relentlessly upbeat and refreshing, while Fako spends his words on the social and political issues of his divided world.
		The collection was compiled by South African researcher Rob Allingham and is drawn from the archives of South Africa's leading record label Gallo - Rob has the enviable task of cataloging this important resource.
		Gospel music is one of the most popular music forms in South Africa and this collection shows why.
	www.rootsandrhythm.com /roots/ETHNIC/ethnic_a22.htm (2194 words)

	Useful links to top South African music sites with compact disc buyers guides, profiles, news, CDs reviews and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Their music catalogue features anything from boeremusiek and township jive to choral and heavy metal with a nifty search function helping you to track down whatever you might want.
		With an emphasis on mainstream popular music there is a balance between established local and international artists although some attention is also given to new acts.
		Music is obviously a really important part of this and so the site features hordes of stuff on local artists.
	www.outlawrecords.co.za /salinks.php (1214 words)

	BBC - Radio 3 - World - Guide to World Music: South Africa
		South African pop has been long and deeply influenced by Europe and the US, yet it has a character distinct from anything else in Africa or the world.
		From 50s pennywhistle jive to 90s bubblegum to 21st-century kwaito (hip-hop), South African styles are unique, yet immediately accessible to global audiences.
		South Africa's first fl superstars, national icons in the 40s and 50s.
	www.bbc.co.uk /radio3/world/guidesafrica.shtml (142 words)

	The rhythm of South Africa - SouthAfrica.info
		The live music, dance and theatre scene is buzzing in South Africa, at venues ranging from bushveld festivals and botanical gardens to dark nightclubs and posh theatre complexes.
		One of the more interesting ways to listen to South African music is at one of many outdoor summer concerts - at the Kirstenbosch, Durban and Roodepoort Botanical Gardens or the Oude Libertas Amphitheatre in Stellenbosch.
		Music, visual arts, dance, theatre and much more keeps this small university town awake 24 hours a day for 10 days at the beginning of July.
	www.southafrica.info /plan_trip/holiday/culture_heritage/music.htm (484 words)

	South Africa Music Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		1997 "Popular Music, Appropriation, and Circular Culture of Labor Migration in Southern Africa: The case of South Africa and Malawi." Language, rhythm, and sound: Black popular cultures in the twenty-first century.
		This essay examines the music of Labor migrants in South Africa and Malawi.
		Kirby, Percival R. 1931 "The gora and its Bantu successors: a study in South African native music." Bantu studies.
	www.paulahollinsdesigns.com /pages/MbiraBiblio/MbiraSouthAfricaBiblio.html (135 words)

	ABS-CBN Interactive
		South Africa is now "the best-kept secret on the touring circuit," says Attie Van Wyk, owner of Cape Town-based promoter Big Concerts.
		There is also a practical objective, he admits, with MTV recording the concerts to compensate for a dearth of quality music videos featuring African artists.
		South Africa's post-apartheid standing remains a strong draw for many artists, including jazz saxophonist Kirk Whalum, who appeared December 17 at Limpopo Province's Mapungubwe Jazz Festival.
	www.abs-cbnnews.com /storypage.aspx?StoryId=26265 (1110 words)

	SOUTH AFRICAN MUSIC
		Ironically, they went to collect both South African Music Awards at the same province, North West, at Sun City Superbowl, not far from where their near fatal accident occured.
		In 2003, Mafikizolo is releasing a new album titled "Kwela", staying true to their latest style of marabi music and the 50s sounds where they build on the old days of Sophiatown.
		The trio's music in Sibongile is kwaito-cum-marabi house music for sure, full of bumpin' beats and basslines, bleeps and wonderful effects, yet it's raw and full of energy.
	www.music.org.za /artist.asp?ID=160&v=true (803 words)

	Music in South Africa - USSAS - University Scholarships for South African Students, Inc.
		The music is characterized in many cultures by the inclusion of the spoken word, dance, and poetry.
		One example of a music genre that has evolved through this struggle is Reggae, which is a result of Africans being brought to Jamaica and combining their native music with the native instruments and customs there.
		Other music styles which owe their development in part to African musicians are jazz, rhythm and blues, hip hop, and rap.
	www.ussas.com /sa_music.html (948 words)

	South African Music
		From the progressive 1960s, when many of South Africa's finest musicians were forced into exile by the constraints of apartheid, to the modern era and the sound of the new 'rainbow nation', it also takes in the great jazz era of the 1950s.
		Ladysmith has always defined itself by merging Christian gospel music with a native South African musical tradition called isicathamiya, which was developed by mine workers who sang to entertain themselves after their grueling work.
		Audio CD As the sounds and fashions of 1940's American swing jazz infiltrated South Africa, the urban musicians embraced it and mixed it with traditional styles such as the melodic kwela and the church vocals of mbube, producing a fusion known as marabi.
	www.africaguide.com /country/safrica/music.htm (1046 words)

	African Music on the Internet
		Africa 05 is a partnership of the Arts Council, the British Museum and the South Bank Centre.
		An introduction to African music in 100 CDs is a directory arranged by country, name of artists or groups, CD titles, artists (including compilations), style of music, instrument, language, type of music, and label.
		Their Music of Africa series is for those with a general interest in African music.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/africa/music.html (8433 words)

	South Africa's rhythm - the popular music of South Africa is popular in the US also American Visions - Find Articles
		One of the music's hallmarks was its large choral arrangements (similar to gospel singing in the fl church); another was its rhythmic element, which could be both different from and much more complex than that of our rhythm and blues and rock.
		While we were absorbing Africa's musical resources, Africa was also listening to America and Britain, expanding its music to meld synthesizers and samplers--to say nothing of rhythrm and blues, gospel, rock and rap influences--with their traditional instruments, such as koras (guitar-like string instruments), mbiras (thumb pianos), and tame and djembe drums.
		Underpinning all of this diversity is the use of African percussion and rhythms that serve as a unifying factor on the album.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1546/is_n6_v12/ai_20084316 (890 words)

	South Africa Music
		A South African film, based on Georges Bizet's Carmen, and set in a Cape Town township, wins the top award, the Golden Bear, at the 2005 Berlin Film Festival.
		The Trust brings music education projects to music teachers and students in disadvantaged communities in which it works such as Soweto, Alexandra Township, Atteridgeville, Eersterust, Mamelodi, Kuils River, Nyanga, Guguletu, Khayalitsha, Ga-Rankua, Orange Farm.
		"South African Music Week is run by the MIDI Trust in partnership with the Department of Arts and Culture and a strategic partnership has been formed with the Department of Education." Music performance schedules, South African music overview, music career advice, links to related sites.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/africa/southafrica/rsamusic.html (877 words)

	Amazon.com: The Drumcafe's Traditional Music of South Africa: Books: Laurie Levine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The traditional music of fl South Africa, and particularly its presence in ceremonies and rituals such as initiation and divination, is explored in this work.
		Through parallel chapters designed to facilitate comparisons between various musical cultures, the text identifies the primary fl language groups of South Africa and provides their physical location within the country, the tribes and clans that live in each region, and a brief history.
		Numerous forms of music are examined, grouped according to the musical instruments played or by performance style—communal and solo music, songs with lyrics, and songs with dances.
	www.amazon.com /Drumcafes-Traditional-Music-South-Africa/dp/1770090460 (721 words)

	WorldViews: The Music of Africa
		There is the traditional music of drums (perhaps the predominant musical reference point in the minds of Westerners); there is the modern or popular music of Mali's Ali Farka Tour e, Nigeria's King Sunny Ade and his African Beats, and South Africa's Ladysmith Black Mambazo.
		In the Time of Cannibals: The Word Music of South Africa's Basotho Migrants (Coplan 1994) and A Song of Longing: An Ethiopian Journey (Shelemay 1994) are case studies of music in two distinct African environments, immigrant mine workers f rom Lesotho and the Falashas of Ethiopia.
		Dancing Prophets: Musical Experience in Tumbuka Healing (Friedson 1996) is focused on the Tumbuka of Malawi, while South Africa and Sierra Leone, respectively, are the locations for two other studies: Nightsong: Performance, Power, and Practi ce in South Africa (Erlmann 1996) and Seeing with Music: The Lives of Three Blind African Musicians (Ottenberg 1997).
	worldviews.igc.org /awpguide/music.html (1175 words)

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