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	Niccolò Machiavelli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Niccolò Machiavelli was born in Florence on 3 May 1469, the son of a lawyer and minor noble, and died there on 21 June 1527 after a short illness.
		Machiavelli accepts that these things are in and of themselves morally wrong, but he points out that the consequences of failure — the ruin of states and the sack of cities — can be far worse.
		Machiavelli’s arguments for participation makes clear the nature and importance of organizational commitment, while his argument for political and governmental forms to be dynamic and adaptable according to circumstance and aims also foreshadows the concept of organizational ‘fit’ developed much later by Miles and Snow.
	www.thoemmes.com /encyclopedia/machiavelli.htm (1096 words)

	Niccolò Machiavelli - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Machiavelli was born in Florence, the second son of Bernardo di Niccolò Machiavelli, a lawyer of some repute, and of Bartolommea di Stefano Nelli, his wife.
		Machiavelli's public life was largely occupied with events arising out of the ambitions of Pope Alexander VI and his son, Cesare Borgia, the Duke Valentino, and these characters fill a large space of The Prince.
		Machiavelli has painted Ferdinand II of Aragon as the man who accomplished great things under the cloak of religion, but who in reality had no mercy, faith, humanity, or integrity; and who, had he allowed himself to be influenced by such motives, would have been ruined.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Niccolo_Machiavelli (3216 words)

	Learn more about Niccolo Machiavelli in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Machiavelli was born in Florence on 3rd May 1469.
		Machiavelli was briefly imprisoned in Florence in 1512, was later exiled and returned to San Casciano.
		This was the period of Machiavelli's literary activity and increasing influence; but he died, within a few weeks of the expulsion of the Medici, on 22nd June 1527, in his fifty-eighth year, without having regained office.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /n/ni/niccolo_machiavelli.html (3060 words)

	GradeSaver: ClassicNote: Biography of Niccolo Machiavelli
		Niccolo Machiavelli was born in Florence on 3 May 1469 during a time of great political activity in Italy.
		Machiavelli's first assignment was on a mission to the court of Louis XII of France to appease the French leader after a disaster in their alliance against Pisa.
		Machiavelli was formally dismissed from his post at the chancery, sentenced to imprisonment, and issued an enormous fine after being suspected of conspiring against the new Medicean government.
	www.gradesaver.com /ClassicNotes/Authors/about_niccolo_machiavelli.html (1206 words)

	Niccolò Machiavelli - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		As a civil servant in Florence, Machiavelli became the key figure in realistic political theory, crucial to later studies in political science.
		Machiavelli's theories were elaborated in the 20th century.
		Machiavelli was also the author of many "Discourses" on political life in the Roman Republic, Florence, and other states, in which he demonstrated mastery of other views.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Niccolo_Machiavelli (2898 words)

	Niccolo Machiavelli
		Machiavelli was a charming figure who was both famous and powerless, both loved and reviled; we see him here for the first time not as an intimidating, cynical icon of European political thought but as a subtle, modern, and sagacious man whose smile captivated his friends, disarmed his foes and preserved his inviolable personal freedom.
		The father of modern political theory, Niccolo di Bernardo dei Machiavelli, was born at Florence, May 3, 1469, saw the troubles of the French invasion (1493), when the Medici fled, and in 1498 became secretary of the Ten, a post he held until the fall of the republic in 1512.
		Machiavelli was also the author of the biography Vita di Castruccio Castracani (Life of Castruccio Castracani, 1520), a number of poems, and several plays, of which the best known is Mandragola (The Mandrake, 1524), a biting satire on the corruption of contemporary Italian society.
	www.erraticimpact.com /~modern/html/machiavelli_niccolo.htm (953 words)

	Niccolo Machiavelli - Books and Biography
		Machiavelli was appointed head of the new government's Second Chancery, and secretary of an agency concerned with warfare and diplomacy (1498-1512).
		Machiavelli's best known works are DISCORSI SOPRA LA PRIMA DECA DI TITO LIVIO (1531) and IL PRINCIPE (1532), whose main theme is that all means may be used in order to maintain authority, and that the worst acts of the ruler are justified by the treachery of the government.
		Many of Machiavelli's thoughts, as "it is much more secure to be feared, than to be loved" or "it is much safer for a prince to be feared than loved, if he is to fail in one of the two", have lived for centuries as slogans.
	www.readprint.com /author-60/Niccolo-Machiavelli (816 words)

	Niccolo Machiavelli Biography
		Niccolo Machiavelli was born on May 3, 1469 in Florence, Italy.
		Machiavelli was the secretary of a council that held diplomatic negotiations in the state.
		Machiavelli was suspected as a conspirator involved in the downfall of Gonfaloniere Soderini.
	www.the-prince-by-machiavelli.com /niccolo-machiavelli-biography.html (872 words)

	Niccolò Machiavelli - Wikiquote
		This is a quotation of Titus Livius IX:1 iustum enim est bellum quibus necessarium, et pia arma ubi nulla in armis spes est) that Machiavelli uses in Ch.24 of The Prince.
		We are much beholden to Machiavelli and others, that write what men do, and not what they ought to do.
		For it is not possible to join serpentine wisdom with the columbine innocency, except men know exactly all the conditions of the serpent; his baseness and going upon his belly, his volubility and lubricity, his envy and sting, and the rest; that is, all forms and natures of evil.
	quote.wikipedia.org /wiki/Niccolo_Machiavelli (2497 words)

	Niccolo Machiavelli
		Machiavelli was the secretary of this new Republic, an important and distinguished position.
		For Machiavelli believed that the Italian situation was desparate and that the Florentine state was in grave danger.
		Machiavelli saw his chance and tried to get a position in the new republic, but the new rulers distrusted him because of his long association with the Medici.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/REN/MACHIAV.HTM (1315 words)

	Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		When, in 1527, the republic was briefly reestablished, Machiavelli was distrusted by many of the republicans, and he died thoroughly disappointed and embittered.
		Machiavelli’s best-known work, Il principe [the prince] (1532), describes the means by which a prince may gain and maintain his power.
		In it Machiavelli expounded a general theory of politics and government that stressed the importance of an uncorrupted political culture and a vigorous political morality.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ma/Machiave.html (573 words)

	Niccolo Machiavelli, by Hugo Albert Rennert
		Niccolo Machiavelli, the first great Italian historian, and one of the most eminent political writers of any age or country, was born at Florence, May 3, 1469.
		Machiavelli’s report and description of this and subsequent embassies to this prince, shows his undisguised admiration for the courage and cunning of Cæsar, who was a master in the application of the principles afterwards exposed in such a skillful and uncompromising manner by Machiavelli in his Prince.
		Machiavelli is buried in the church of Santa Croce at Florence, beside the tomb of Michael Angelo.
	etext.library.adelaide.edu.au /m/machiavelli/niccolo/m149zr (1399 words)

	Niccolo Machiavelli \| Statesman and Political Philosopher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Machiavelli was a political philosopher and diplomat during the Renaissance, and is most famous for his political treatise, The Prince (1513), that has become a cornerstone of modern political philosophy.
		Machiavelli wanted to persuade the monarch that he could best preserve his power by the judicious use of violence, by respecting private property and the traditions of his subjects, and by promoting material prosperity.
		Machiavelli held that political life cannot be governed by a single set of moral or religious absolutes, and that the monarch may sometimes be excused for performing acts of violence and deception that would be ethically indefensible in private life.
	www2.lucidcafe.com /lucidcafe/library/96may/machiavelli.html (747 words)

	Machiavelli's The Prince
		Machiavelli remembered how well off the French were because they were one principality united under one prince, and he wanted the same for Italy for he was patriotic and prized his freedom.
		Machiavelli also writes about whether it is better to be loved or feared, coming up with the conclusion that is best to be both, but since usually one can only have one of those qualities, it is best to be feared, but not hated.
		Machiavelli's reasoning was right for his time because his time was a time of frequent war and advice on the art of war was needed.
	www.princeton.edu /~ferguson/adw/prince.shtml (3856 words)

	Niccolò Machiavelli
		Machiavelli, dopo una giovinezza (tra i grandi scrittori italiani dedicata in parte agli studi e in parte agli svaghi, aveva iniziato la sua attività pubblica nel maggio del 1498 (quando si era conclusa col rogo l'avventura savonaroliana), ottenendo l'incarico di segretario della seconda Cancelleria.
		E in Francia Machiavelli si recò numerose volte (nel 1500, nel 1504, nel 10 e nell'11), tanto da conoscere molto bene la struttura di questo stato e da poter analizzare con precisione le ragioni della forza e del prestigio dei Francesi e, insieme, le cause dei loro insuccessi.
		Così Machiavelli può riprendere il discorso sulla religione non tanto considerandola uno strumento del potere costituito, quanto un costume morale che regola i rapporti civili fra i cittadini come individui privati e, di conseguenza, rende più ordinati e stabiliti i rapporti fra il cittadino e lo stato.
	filo3000.supereva.it /index007.htm (3630 words)

	Machiavelli
		For Machiavelli, Florence was the object of his patrioism, and which he tried to serve with single minded devotion.
		Machiavelli's aim in the Prince is to tell the new rulers how to remain in power once they have gained it.
		Machiavelli's political philosophy was highly influenced by his study of Cesare Borgia.
	oregonstate.edu /instruct/phl302/philosophers/machaivelli.html (472 words)

	Niccolo Machiavelli
		Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) was primarily a diplomat and spin-doctor, committed to enhancing the power of his native city republic, Florence.
		In 1513, Machiavelli was tortured, and retired to a farm - an internal exile.
		Machiavelli argues similarly that seeming cruelties might be the actions of a compassionate leader, prepared not to shirk duties, acting for the greater good.
	www.philosophers.co.uk /cafe/phil_aug2002.htm (899 words)

	Niccolo Machiavelli Biography
		Machiavelli was born in Florence to an established though not particularly affluent middle-class family whose members had traditionally filled responsible positions in local government.
		Machiavelli was purged from office, jailed and tortured for his well-known republican sentiments, and finally banished to his country residence in Percussina.
		Machiavelli was acutely aware, however, of foreign threats to Italian autonomy and thus deemed it necessary for a strong prince to thwart French and Spanish hegemony.
	people.brandeis.edu /~teuber/machiavellibio.html (2424 words)

	Niccolo Machiavelli
		Savonarola’s influence upon the young Machiavelli must have been slight, for although at one time he wielded immense power over the fortunes of Florence, he only furnished Machiavelli with a subject of a gibe in “The Prince,”; where he is cited as an example of an unarmed prophet who came to a bad end.
		Machiavelli has painted Ferdinand of Aragon as the man who accomplished great things under the cloak of religion, but who in reality had no mercy, faith, humanity, or integrity; and who, had he allowed himself to be influenced by such motives, would have been ruined.
		Machiavelli was no facile phrasemonger; the conditions under which he wrote obliged him to weigh every word; his themes were lofty, his substance grave, his manner nobly plain and serious.
	etext.library.adelaide.edu.au /m/machiavelli/niccolo/m149z (2483 words)

	Machiavelli
		Among the most widely-read of the Renaissance thinkers was Niccolò Machiavelli, a Florentine politician who retired from public service to write at length on the skill required for successfully running the state.
		Although he shared with other humanists a profound pessimism about human nature, Machiavelli nevertheless argued that the social benefits of stability and security can be achieved even in the face of moral corruption.
		Machiavelli's insistence on the practicality of his political advice is most evident in his consideration of the personality, character, and conduct of the successful ruler.
	www.philosophypages.com /hy/3v.htm (791 words)

	Niccolo Machiavelli
		The political genius of Niccolo Machiavelli was overshadowed by the reputation that was unfairly given to him because of a misunderstanding of his views on politics.
		Machiavelli did not truly like Borgia's policies, but he thought that with a ruler like Borgia the Florentines could unite Italy, which was Machiavelli's goal throughout his life.
		Machiavelli had been unfairly attacked all of his life because of a bad reputation.
	www.ctbw.com /lubman.htm (543 words)

	Kids.net.au - Encyclopedia Niccolo Machiavelli - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Various mental influences were at work during its composition; its title and patron were changed; and for some unknown reason it was finally dedicated to Lorenzo de' Medici.
		When the History of Florence was finished, Machiavelli took it to Rome for presentation to his patron, Giuliano de' Medici, who had in the meanwhile become pope under the title of Pope Clement VII.
		Necessary wars are just wars, and the arms of a nation are hallowed when it has no other resource but to fight.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/ni/Niccolo_Machiavelli (2967 words)

	Niccolò Machiavelli
		Machiavellis Gesamtwerk wurde jahrhundertelang von seinem Werk "Il Principe" (" Der Fürst " mit dem ursprünglichen Titel "De principatibus" 1513 geschrieben gedruckt erst 1532) verdeckt dessen Hauptaussage der Zweck heilige Mittel noch heute umstritten ist.
		Machiavellis Werk erfuhr eine Reihe von die von der reinen Lehre der Technik Macht bis zum Aufruf zur Befreiung und Italiens reichten.
		Machiavellis Wirkungsgeschichte die vor allem von zentralen Kapiteln des "Principe" ausging lag mehr seiner Lehre von Täuschung und Verrat als Grausamkeit.
	www.uni-protokolle.de /Lexikon/Machiavelli.html (275 words)

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