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	Nicolaus Copernicus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Copernicus was born in 1473 at Toruń in Polish Royal Prussia.
		Copernicus cited Aristarchus and Philolaus in an early manuscript of his book which survives, stating: "Philolaus believed in the mobility of the earth, and some even say that Aristarchus of Samos was of that opinion." For reasons unknown, he struck this passage before publication of his book.
		Copernicus' major theory was published in the book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in the year of his death, 1543, though he had arrived at his theory several decades earlier.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nicholas_Copernicus (3373 words)

	Encyclopedia: Nicholas Copernicus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Copernicus was born in 1473 in the city of Toruń in Royal Prussia, Poland.
		Monument to Copernicus by Collegium Novum of Jagiellonian University in Krakow
		Copernicus' lived in early 16th century Prussia and Poland, and was influenced by the cultural, religious, and social contexts of life at the time.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Nicholas-Copernicus (3662 words)

	Science and Human Values - Copernicus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Copernicus was the son of a well-to-do merchant, and, after his father's early death in 1483, was brought up by his uncle, a prince-bishop, so he had the advantage of being able to get a first-class education.
		Copernicus, however, still kept the notion of perfectly circular orbits and had to retain thirty-four of the epicycles and eccentrics associated with the older theory.
		Copernicus described his system in a book, but for years he hesitated to publish it, believing that any suggestion that the earth moved would be considered heretical and might get him into trouble.
	www.rit.edu /~flwstv/copernicus.html (1724 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Nicolaus Copernicus
		After the death of his uncle, in 1512, Copernicus went to Frauenburg for the election of the new bishop, and remained there until 1516, when he was nominated administrator of the diocesan castle of Allenstein.
		Three years later Copernicus was urged by Cardinal Schonberg, then Archbishop of Capua, in a letter, dated at Rome, 1 November, 1536, to publish his discovery, or at least to have a copy made at the cardinal's expense.
		What is most significant in the character of Copernicus is this, that while he did not shrink from demolishing a scientific system consecrated by a thousand years' universal acceptance, he set his face against the reformers of religion.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04352b.htm (1640 words)

	Nicolaus Copernicus -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Copernicus was born in 1473 in the city of (Click link for more info and facts about Toruń) Toruń in (A republic in central Europe; the invasion of Poland by Germany in 1939 started World War II) Poland.
		Copernicus was still completing his work (even if he was not convinced to publish it), when in 1539 (Click link for more info and facts about Georg Joachim Rheticus) Georg Joachim Rheticus, a great (A person skilled in mathematics) mathematician at (Click link for more info and facts about Wittenberg) Wittenberg, directly arrived in Frombork.
		Copernicus' lived in early (Click link for more info and facts about 16th century) 16th century Prussia and Poland, and was influenced by the cultural, religious, and social contexts of life at the time.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/n/ni/nicolaus_copernicus.htm (3908 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Born on Feb. 19, 1473, in Thorn (Torun), Poland, Nicolaus Copernicus was destined to become, through the publication of his heliocentric theory 70 years later, one of the seminal figures in the history of scientific thought.
		Copernicus not only faithfully performed his ecclesiastical duties, but also practiced medicine, wrote a treatise on monetary reform, and turned his attention to a subject in which he had long been interested--astronomy.
		In the midst of his radical reordering of the structure of the universe, Copernicus still adhered to the ancient Aristotelian doctrines of solid celestial spheres and perfect circular motion of heavenly bodies, and he held essentially intact the entire Aristotelian physics of motion.
	www.phy.hr /~dpaar/fizicari/xcopern.html (559 words)

	Copernicus \| Cleric and Astronomer
		Copernicus was a proponent of the theory that the Sun, and not the Earth, is at rest in the center of the Universe.
		When Copernicus returned to Poland he practiced medicine, though his official employment was as a canon in the cathedral chapter run by his uncle, the Bishop of Olsztyn.
		Copernicus' heliocentric system was considered implausible by the vast majority of his contemporaries, and by most astronomers and natural philosophers until the middle of the seventeenth century.
	www.lucidcafe.com /library/96feb/copernicus.html (515 words)

	Copernicus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Copernicus had another reason to return to Italy, which he almost certainly did not disclose, and that was to continue his studies of astronomy.
		Copernicus returned to Frauenburg where his life became less eventful and he had the peace and quiet that he longed for to allow him to make observations and to work on details of his heliocentric theory.
		Copernicus is said to have received a copy of the printed book, consisting of about 200 pages written in Latin, for the first time on his deathbed.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Copernicus.html (3097 words)

	The Scientists: Nicolas Copernicus. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Copernicus is said to be the founder of modern astronomy.
		Returning from his studies in Italy, Copernicus, through the influence of his uncle, was appointed as a canon in the cathedral of Frauenburg where he spent a sheltered and academic life for the rest of his days.
		Copernicus' theories might well lead men to think that they are simply part of nature and not superior to it and that ran counter to the theories of the politically powerful churchmen of the time.
	www.blupete.com /Literature/Biographies/Science/Copernicus.htm (841 words)

	Copernicus
		Copernicus' book formed the basis for modern astronomy and is considered to have caused the greatest revolution in science in the last two thousand years.
		Copernicus put an end to the belief that the earth was the center of the universe by properly placing the planet earth in orbit around the sun, revolving once around the sun each year while rotating on its axis once every twenty-four hours.
		Nicholas Copernicus was born in Torun, Poland, on February 19, 1473, of a well-to-do merchant family.
	www.polishamericancenter.org /Copernicus.htm (603 words)

	copernicus
		Copernicus put an end to the belief that the earth was the center of the universe, and degraded the earth to a relatively unimportant tributary of the sun.
		The philosopher Giodano Bruno, a Dominican friar greatly influenced by Copernicus, was hunted by the Inquisition and perished in Rome at the stake.
		Nicholas Copernicus (Mikolaj Kopernik) was born in Torun on February 19, 1473 of a well-to-do merchant family.
	www.polamjournal.com /Library/Biographies/copernicus/copernicus.html (1724 words)

	Nicholas Copernicus
		Although Copernicus dedicated his great book to the pope himself, Christendom did not welcome a theory that overturned the old orthodox view of the earth-centered and man-centered universe.
		Copernicus made his amazing hypothesis that the sun was the center and not the earth and published his theories in 1543.
		Thus, one thought which moved Copernicus, and which has moved scientists ever since, is that nature has a unity, and this unity expresses itself in the simplicity which we find in her laws when we have them right.
	latter-rain.com /eccle/coper.htm (245 words)

	Nicholas Copernicus
		Nicholas Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who lived between 1473-1543.
		Before his time, people believed in the Ptolemaic model of the solar system, which maintained that the Earth was the center of the universe.
		Copernicus changed this belief when he introduced the heliocentric model, centered around the sun.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/people/ren_epoch/copernicus.html (121 words)

	The Galileo Project \| Science \| Copernican System
		Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) learned the works of Peurbach and Regiomontanus in the undergraduate curriculum at the university of Cracow and then spent a decade studying in Italy.
		But in the first book, Copernicus stated that the Sun was the center of the universe and that the Earth had a triple motion[1] around this center.
		Copernicus still retained the priviledged status of circular motion and therefore had to construct his planetary orbits from circles upon and within circles, just as his predecessors had done.
	galileo.rice.edu /sci/theories/copernican_system.html (2158 words)

	Courtly Lives - Copernicus
		Nicholas was brought up by his uncle, the bishop of Ermeland.
		Nicholas Copernicus also worked as a medical attendant and secretary to his uncle, the bishop of Ermeland, whom he lived with from 1507-1512.
		Besides studying the stars, Copernicus was a bailiff, military governor, judge, tax collector, vicar-general, physician, and reformer of the coinage.
	www.angelfire.com /mi4/polcrt/Copernicus.html (534 words)

	Copernicus, Nicholas. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		But the work that immortalized him is De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, in which he set forth his beliefs concerning the universe, known as the Copernican system.
		That treatise, which was dedicated to Pope Paul III, was probably completed by 1530 but was not published until 1543, when Copernicus was on his deathbed.
		Modern astronomy was built upon the foundation of the Copernican system.
	www.bartleby.com /65/co/Copernicus.html (196 words)

	Mr. Dowling's Copernicus Page
		Nicholas Copernicus was a deeply religious man. He worked for the church as a physician for the poor people of Poland by day, but at night he studied the heavens.
		Copernicus measured the relative angles of the sun, moon, and planets and concluded that the universe is heliocentric, or that it revolves around the sun.
		In Copernicus’ time almost everyone believed that the earth was the center of the universe and that the sun and other heavenly bodies moved in circles around the earth.
	www.mrdowling.com /601-copernicus.html (244 words)

	The religion of Nicholas Copernicus, astronomer and scientist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Copernicus was the Polish astronomer who put forward the first mathematically based system of planets going around the sun.
		Copernicus was never under any threat of religious persecution - and was urged to publish both by Catholic Bishop Guise, Cardinal Schonberg, and the Protestant Professor George Rheticus.
		Copernicus referred sometimes to God in his works, and did not see his system as in conflict with the Bible.
	www.adherents.com /people/pc/Nicholas_Copernicus.html (170 words)

	Full text - Nicholas Copernicus, "De Revolutionibus (On the Revolutions)," 1543 C.E.
		That Nicholas Copernicus delayed until near death to publish De revolutionibus has been taken as a sign that he was well aware of the possible furor his work might incite; certainly his preface to Pope Paul III anticipates many of the objections it raised.
		But he could hardly have anticipated that he would eventually become one of the most famous people of all time on the basis of a book that comparatively few have actually read (and fewer still understood) in the 450 years since it was first printed.
		Copernicus was bom into a well-to-do mercantile family in 1473, at Torun, Poland.
	webexhibits.org /calendars/year-text-Copernicus.html (18542 words)

	Copernicus, Nicholas on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Morgan Reynolds Publishing.(Tycho Brahe: Mapping The Heavens)(Nicholas Copernicus And The Founding Of Modern Astronomy)(Johannes Kepler: Discovering The Laws Of Celestial Motion)(Galileo Galilei And The Science Of...
		On the Revolutions in Economics: Copernicus' Contributions to Economics
		`Among the Gently Mad' by Nicholas A. Basbanes; Henry Holt ($25).
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/C/Copernicus.asp (373 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook:Nicolas Copernicus: From The Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, 1543
		Nicholas Copernicus was born February 19, 1473, in Poland.
		Copernicus died May 24, 1543, just as his book was published.
		The knowledge of the time was not sufficient to prove his theory; his great argument for it was from its simplicity as compared to the epicycle hypothesis.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1543copernicus2.html (2197 words)

	Chapter III - Astronomy
		Copernicus had been a professor at Rome, and even as early as 1500 had announced his doctrine there, but more in the way of a scientific curiosity or paradox, as it had been previously held by Cardinal de Cusa, than as the statement of a system representing a great fact in Nature.
		Copernicus had lived a pious, Christian life; he had been beloved for unostentatious Christian charity; with his religious belief no fault had ever been found; he was a canon of the Church at Frauenberg, and over his grave had been written the most touching of Christian epitaphs.
		Copernicus, gentle, charitable, pious, one of the noblest gifts of God to religion as well as to science, was evidently still under the ban.
	www.infidels.org /library/historical/andrew_white/Chapter3.html (12321 words)

	Copernicus
		With simple tools and great perseverance, Copernicus was able to measure the movement of the planets and construct the first accurate map of our solar system.
		He showed that the sun, not the earth, was in the center, and he placed all the known planets at that time in their correct orbits.
		The Copernicus Society was established by Edward J. Piszek (the founder of Mrs.
	www.duetpros.com /copernicus.htm (617 words)

	The Copernican Model: A Sun-Centered Solar System
		In a book called On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies (that was published as Copernicus lay on his deathbed), Copernicus proposed that the Sun, not the Earth, was the center of the Solar System.
		The ordering of the planets known to Copernicus in this new system is illustrated in the following figure, which we recognize as the modern ordering of those planets.
		This is not true, because Copernicus was able to rid himself of the long-held notion that the Earth was the center of the Solar system, but he did not question the assumption of uniform circular motion.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr161/lect/retrograde/copernican.html (863 words)

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