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Topic: Nuclear fusion

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Fusion

	Nuclear Fusion \| Nuclear Fusion \| Science \| atomicarchive.com
		Nuclear energy can also be released by fusion of two light elements (elements with low atomic numbers).
		In a hydrogen bomb, two isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium are fused to form a nucleus of helium and a neutron.
		Unlike nuclear fission, there is no limit on the amount of the fusion that can occur.
	www.atomicarchive.com /Fusion/Fusion1.shtml (99 words)

	Nuclear fusion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nuclear fusion of light elements releases the energy that causes stars to shine and hydrogen bombs to explode.
		Nuclear fusion of heavy elements (absorbing energy) occurs in the extremely high-energy conditions of supernova explosions.
		Nuclear fusion in stars and supernovae is the primary process by which new natural elements are created.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_fusion (4132 words)

	Kids.net.au - Encyclopedia Nuclear fusion - (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In physics, nuclear fusion (a thermonuclear reaction) is a process in which two nuclei join to form a larger nucleus, thereby giving off energy.
		Nuclear fusion is the energy source which causes stars to "shine", and hydrogen bombs to explode.
		Fusion powers the Sun and other stars, where the fuel is contained by the gravity of the fuel itself.
	www.kidsseek.com /encyclopedia-wiki/nu/Nuclear_fusion (1853 words)

	Fusion power - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fusion is not a chain reaction and can therefore not run out of hand: in the normal situation, the fusion process runs at the fastest possible rate, and any deviation from this optimum leads to a decrease in energy production.
		Finally, there are also electrostatic confinement fusion systems, in which ions in the reaction chamber are confined and held at the center of the device by electrostatic forces, as in the Farnsworth-Hirsch Fusor, but these are not believed capable of being developed into a practical power plant.
		Fusion power has many of the benefits of these long-term energy sources (such as a long-term continuous energy supply and no greenhouse gas emissions) but also some of the benefits of (relatively) short-term energy sources like hydrocarbons and nuclear fission (without reporcessing), such as very high power-generation density (i.e.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fusion_power (4385 words)

	World Nuclear Association \| Information and Issue Briefs \| Nuclear Fusion Power (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Fusion powers the sun and stars as hydrogen atoms fuse together to form helium, and matter is converted into energy.
		Fusion fuel - different isotopes of hydrogen - must be heated to extreme temperatures of some100 million degrees Celsius, and must be kept dense enough, and confined for long enough (at least one second) to trigger the energy release.
		Initially, fusion research in the USA and USSR was linked to atomic weapons development, and it remained classified until the 1958 Atoms for Peace conference in Geneva.
	world-nuclear.org /info/inf66.htm (2611 words)

	Nuclear Fusion
		If the combined nuclear mass is less than that of iron at the peak of the binding energy curve, then the nuclear particles will be more tightly bound than they were in the lighter nuclei, and that decrease in mass comes off in the form of energy according to the Einstein relationship.
		Deuterium-Tritium fusion is the most promising of the hydrogen fusion reactions, but no tritium occurs in nature since it has a 10 year half-life.
		Since the most practical nuclear fusion reaction for power generation seems to be the deuterium-tritium reaction, the sources of these fuels are important.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/nucene/fusion.html (520 words)

	Nuclear Fusion (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nuclear fusion is the process by which nuclear reactions between light elements form heavier ones (up to iron).
		Fusion also would be more advantageous than nuclear fission (q.v.), another kind of energy-producing nuclear reaction that occurs when a heavy nucleus such as the isotope uranium-235 absorbs a neutron, becomes unstable, and splits into two lighter nuclei.
		At such a short distance it is possible for the nuclear forces of attraction to overcome the electrostatic forces of repulsion that result from the presence of positive electric charges on both nuclei.
	abyss.uoregon.edu /~js/glossary/nuclear_fusion.html (494 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Nuclear Bombs Work"
		Deuterium and tritium, the fuel for fusion, are both gases, which are hard to store.
		The combination of high temperature and pressure were sufficient for tritium-deuterium and deuterium-deuterium fusion reactions to occur, producing more heat, radiation and neutrons.
		The neutrons from the fusion reactions induced fission in the uranium-238 pieces from the tamper and shield.
	www.howstuffworks.com /nuclear-bomb1.htm (838 words)

	Fusion in Stars - Zoom Astronomy
		Nuclear fusion is an atomic reaction that fuels stars.
		In fusion, many nuclei (the centers of atoms) combine together to make a larger one (which is a different element).
		Stars are powered by nuclear fusion in their cores, mostly converting hydrogen into helium.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/astronomy/stars/fusion.shtml (337 words)

	Nuclear Fusion
		Nuclear Fusion is co-published by the IAEA and IOP.
		The scientific contents of Nuclear Fusion, including the peer review, remain the responsibility of the scientific editor of the IAEA and the Editorial Office in Vienna.
		This special issue of Nuclear Fusion builds on the highly cited ITER Physics Basis’ published in 1999.
	www.iop.org /EJ/journal/0029-5515 (334 words)

	petrolpump.co.in : energy sources, Fusion, radioactivity, cold fusion , binocular fusion,fusion cuisine, electoral ...
		For fusion of cultural entities, in the case of
		For the heat energy absorbed by a solid material at its melting point, in becoming a liquid at the same temperature, see heat of fusion.
		electoral fusion is an arrangement between political parties to pool votes for a single candidate.
	www.petrolpump.co.in /energy-sources/fusion.htm (252 words)

	World Mysteries - Nuclear Energy
		Nuclear Energy is released during the splitting (fission) or fusing of atomic nuclei.
		The nuclear force must also be of short range because its influence does not extend very far beyond the nuclear "surface." The nuclear force is due to a strong force that binds quarks together to form neutrons and protons.
		Nuclear weapons carry the possibilities of destruction to a new level and are able to inflict far greater damage within a few hours than previously resulted from years of warfare.
	www.world-mysteries.com /sci_9.htm (8420 words)

	Nuclear Fusion
		Nuclear Fusion involves two or more small nuclei "fuse" together to form a larger nuclei.
		Fusion reactions release energy for the same reason as fission reactions - the binding energy per nucleon is greater after the reaction than before.
		The main obstacle to a fusion reaction is the repulsive Coulomb force which must be overcome as two nuclei approach.
	www.geocities.com /phuic/nuclear_fusion.htm (264 words)

	ScienceDaily: Evidence Bubbles Over To Support Tabletop Nuclear Fusion Device
		Nuclear fusion reactors have historically required large, multibillion-dollar machines, but sonofusion devices might be built for a fraction of that cost.
		Fusion of deuterium atoms emits neutrons that fall within a specific energy range of 2.5 mega-electron volts or below, which was the level of energy seen in neutrons produced in the experiment.
		Nuclear fusion -- In physics, nuclear fusion is the process by which multiple nuclei join together to form a heavier nucleus.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/03/040303080222.htm (2610 words)

	Fission and Fusion (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nuclear energy is contained within the center of the atom in a place known as the nucleus.
		In fusion, nuclei of light elements are brought together under conditions of high pressure and temperature, causing them to combine and produce new elements and energy.
		Fission is a nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus splits, or fissions, into fragments, usually two fragments of comparable mass, with the release of large amounts of energy in the form of heat and radiation.
	reactor.engr.wisc.edu /fission.htm (443 words)

	Focus on Fusion
		FUSION power offers the potential of an almost limitless source of energy for future generations but it also presents some formidable scientific and engineering challenges.
		Effective energy-producing fusions require that gas from a combination of isotopes of hydrogen - deuterium and tritium - is heated to very high temperatures (100 million degrees centigrade) and confined for at least one second.
		The imperative to demonstrate that fusion has the potential to be a safe and clean method of generating base load electricity led to the setting up of the European Safety and Environmental Assessment of Fusion Power (SEAFP) team in 1992.
	fusion.org.uk /focus (1096 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| France gets nuclear fusion plant
		Nuclear fusion is seen as a cleaner approach to power production than nuclear fission and fossil fuels.
		It would be the first fusion device to produce thermal energy at the level of conventional electricity-producing power stations, and would pave the way for the first prototype commercial power station.
		In a fusion reaction, energy is produced when light atoms - the hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium - are fused together to form heavier atoms.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/4629239.stm (876 words)

	Green light for nuclear fusion site - Environment - MSNBC.com
		French nuclear research facilities near the town of Cadarache are seen from a distance. The area was chosen Tuesday to host a multinational nuclear fusion reactor.
		Nuclear fusion also produces no greenhouse gas emissions, which many scientists tie to global warming, and only low levels of radioactive waste.
		The idea of a nuclear fusion reactor was floated by the then Soviet Union in 1985 as a showpiece for international cooperation during the Cold War.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/8385911 (894 words)

	UCB Inertial Fusion Energy Tutorial
		In inertial confinement fusion, small B-B-size hollow spherical capsules, most likely made of plastic, are filled at high pressure with an equal mixture of deuterium and tritium, and then chilled to cryogenic temperatures, so that the D-T gas freezes as a thin, solid coating on the inside of the capsule wall.
		Nuclear energy's current competitive disadvantage with natural gas comes primarily from the fact that the taxes consumers pay to employ skilled people to make electricity, including federal and state income taxes, end up totaling over 100%, while the total tax on natural gas remains far lower.
		The CTBT complements the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), signed in 1973, which gave the promise of civilian nuclear technology to nations in exchange for their legally binding commitments to forgo the acquisition of nuclear weapons.
	www.nuc.berkeley.edu /thyd/icf/IFE.html (3235 words)

	Brian's Igloo of Cold Fusion: What Is Cold Fusion? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nuclear energy is stored within the nucleus, or central core, of atoms.
		Nuclear fission requires large nuclei, from atoms such as uranium, which are then split into two smaller nuclei of roughly equal size.
		Nuclear fusion, on the other hand, requires small nuclei, such as hydrogen, which are then combined to create a larger nucleus.
	www.hamilton.net /subscribers/brian/coldfusn/what.html (357 words)

	Nuclear Fusion
		Nuclear reactions have energies on the order of 100,000 times the energy of chemical reactions.
		Hydrogen fusion in the sun is a multistep reaction, but the net result is that four hydrogen atoms fuse into one helium atom.
		Identify the fusion reactions described in these two paragraphs and rewrite them in symbolic form; that is, as reaction equations.
	www.hypertextbook.com /physics/modern/fusion (1495 words)

	BBC News \| SCI/TECH \| Fusion power 'within reach'
		Fusion power is "within reach", according to atomic scientists in the UK.
		Fusion is the form of nuclear energy that powers the stars.
		To make nuclear fusion happen atoms must first be broken down into electrons and atomic nuclei.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/1573450.stm (720 words)

	The Energy Story - Chapter 13: Nuclear Energy - Fission and Fusion
		A nuclear power plant (like Diablo Canyon Nuclear Plant shown on the right) uses uranium as a "fuel." Uranium is an element that is dug out of the ground many places around the world.
		Fusion means joining smaller nuclei (the plural of nucleus) to make a larger nucleus.
		What's better about nuclear fusion is that it creates less radioactive material than fission, and its supply of fuel can last longer than the sun.
	www.energyquest.ca.gov /story/chapter13.html (761 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - Desktop nuclear fusion demonstrated (Site not responding. Last check: )
		An astonishingly simple demonstration of nuclear fusion in a tabletop device has been performed, involving heating an ordinary crystal soaked in deuterium gas.
		Fusion science is littered with hype and over-optimistic claims, but Putterman has convinced his peers that something interesting is going on.
		The prospect of a desktop alternative is a powerful incentive to continue the research and Putterman’s team hopes to increase the yield by operating at lower temperatures and by using an array of crystals.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn7315 (550 words)

	Nuclear Fusion
		Nuclear fusion is the process of fusing together (or combining) two nuclear particles, such as two protons, or a neutron and a Uranium nucleus.
		Nuclear fusion first occurred during the Big Bang about three minutes after the macrocosmos began.
		Proton fusion starts when two protons (shown as large red particles) are pressed close together.
	www.historyoftheuniverse.com /fusion.html (235 words)

	Nuclear reactions in stars (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Another class of nuclear reactions is responsible for the nuclear synthesis of elements heavier than iron.
		The enormous luminous energy of the stars comes from nuclear fusion processes in their centers.
		Depending upon the age and mass of a star, the energy may come from proton-proton fusion, helium fusion, or the carbon cycle.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/astro/astfus.html (175 words)

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