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Topic: Opium War

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First Opium War

Opium

Second Opium War

Prince Gong Yixin

Lin Zexu

Treaty of Nanjing

Western Front

Imperialism in Asia

Treaty of Nanking

Francis Blackwell Forbes

History of Chinese immigrants

Beijing Convention

History of Hong Kong

Jardine

Chairman Mao

	Opium Wars - MSN Encarta
		The wars are so named because they centered on the trade of opium, a powerful narcotic that British merchants were smuggling into China in vast quantities.
		The importation and cultivation of opium were outlawed in China in 1796, reflecting the inroads that Indian opium had made there, but the ban was ineffective.
		The breakup of the EEIC monopoly was the immediate cause of the First Opium War, both because it led to a huge increase in opium traffic and because, without the EEIC to serve as a buffer, the British government now found itself obliged to intervene more frequently in China.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761553669/Opium_Wars.html (1136 words)

	Opium Wars - MSN Encarta
		The Second Opium War was in many ways an inevitable sequel to the first.
		The opium trade, the catalyst for the whole dispute, was legalized.
		The wars, and the unequal treaties forced on the Chinese by the West, compromised China’s sovereignty and weakened the country’s political institutions during a crucial period in its history.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761553669_2/Opium_Wars.html (564 words)

	Opium Wars - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		OPIUM WARS [Opium Wars] 1839-42 and 1856-60, two wars between China and Western countries.
		The wars of the poppies; Leslie Marchant sees the Opium Wars as a philosophical clash between two cultures and two notions of government and society.
		Opium made easy: one gardener's encounter with the war on drugs.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-opiumw1ar.html (520 words)

	Opium Use (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Downing elucidated the action of opium in all those countries in which it is habitually consumed, and fully proved that all the arguments produced against the use of spirits applied with tenfold force against the use of opium...Dr. J.
		With opium as free and open as it was, it hard to believe that none of the rich classes were not abusing it too.
		Opium use, was not regarded as a problem, until it became apparent that the working-classes were clearly abusing the substance.
	www.gober.net /victorian/reports/opium.html (2298 words)

	Ch'ing China: The Opium Wars
		In an effort to stem the tragedy, the imperial government made opium illegal in 1836 and began to aggressively close down the opium dens.
		War broke out when Chinese junks attempted to turn back English merchant vessels in November of 1839; although this was a low-level conflict, it inspired the English to send warships in June of 1840.
		The most ignominious of the provisions in these treaties was the complete legalization of opium and the humiliating provision that allowed for the free and unrestricted propagation of Christianity in all regions of China.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/CHING/OPIUM.HTM (1237 words)

	Opium War Essay.html
		The trading of opium had led to the loss of silver in exchange for opium, the loss of value in silver and copper, and although China prohibited the export of silver in 1822, silver was being hoarded for its value.
		This loss of faith in the Ch’ing dynasty was partially due to the defeat in the Opium War, it’s social and economic effects afterwards, the silver and copper crisis, and the mass population growth.
		Because of the Opium War, China was left with internal struggles and warfare, increased crime, an economy downfall in Canton, the once major trading city of china, and the economic rise at Shanghai and Hong Kong.
	www-atdp.berkeley.edu /9931/tlaforce/opium_war.html (1919 words)

	A Short History of the Opium Wars
		Most opium came from Turkey or India, and in 1800 its import was forbidden by the imperial government.
		In the spring of 1839 Chinese authorities at Canton confiscated and burned the opium.
		In the war that followed, the Chinese could not match the technological and tactical superiority of the British forces.
	www.druglibrary.org /schaffer/heroin/opiwar1.htm (706 words)

	Opium in Japan
		When supplies of British opium were eventually cut off during the late 1930s and 1940s the Japanese army in China even cultivated extensive opium plantations in Manchuria and Korea and sold the opium into China, to finance the Japanese war effort.
		The strict controls on opium in Japan from the first Opium War onwards and the different Japanese policies on opium in Japan on one hand and Taiwan and China on the other indicate that this was never seen as a strictly moral or medical problem, but a colonial power problem.
		Opium, its active ingredient morphine and its pharmaceutical derivative heroin were used as effective pain killers, for treatment of cough and against diarrhea.
	www.taima.org /en/opium.htm (949 words)

	First Opium War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The First Opium War or the First Anglo-Chinese War was fought between Great Britain and the Qing Empire in China from 1839 to 1842 with the aim of forcing China to import British opium.
		Sir Anthony Blaxland Stransham led the Royal Marines during the Opium War as a young officer, and as the 'Grand Old Man of the Army', was awarded two knighthoods by Queen Victoria.
		The First Opium War was a war which some Chinese political historians feel was initiated by the British to gain the great profit from the trade of opium.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_Opium_War (1240 words)

	The opium war and decision to learn from the west
		The opium war and the treaty of Nanking (nanjing)
		It was followed by a series of military defeats of China in the rest of the 19th century: the Second Opium War (1858-60); the Sino-French War (1884-85); the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95), and finally, the retaliation of the Eight Allied Forces against China (1900-01).
		The Opium War was started by the British over Chinese banning of opium trade: the British merchants petitioned the British parliament to send troops to retaliate against the Chinese government because it banned British opium, grown in India, to be sold in China.
	www.iun.edu /~hisdcl/h207_2002/opiumwar.htm (464 words)

	war and social upheaval : Opium War
		The Opium War was a war between the United Kingdom and Imperial China.
		The War ended in 1842 with the Treaty of Nanking which opened specified Chinese ports to foreign trade and the cession by China of the island of Hong Kong to the British.
		The war was a humiliating defeat for the Imperial Government and descredited it in the eyes of the Chinese people, especially the rising generation.
	histclo.com /essay/war/war-ow.html (2336 words)

	Opium in China(1700-1860)
		Opium Imports Rise Opium from Bengal continues to enter China despite the edict of 1729 prohibiting smoking.
		The East India company establishes a limited monopoly over Bengal opium; the company has general control but the operation is in the hands of contractors, who advance company funds to the farmers, purchase the opium produced, and sell it to the company which then auctions it off to merchants in Calcutta.
		Limited Monopoly Warren Hastings, the first governor general of India, recognizes that opium is harmful and at first opposes increasing production; later he encoiurages the the control of opium by the company hoping that by monopolizing and limiting the supply he will discourage its consumption.
	www.druglibrary.org /schaffer/heroin/opichin1.htm (899 words)

	opiumwar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Opium Wars would end up having lasting effects on China that are evident even in the present day.
		Opium was forbidden in China except for medicinal use.
		This war (and the second Opium War) were fought to determine the relations between China and the West, and as a result China was forced to reevaluate her position as the center of the world.
	www.mcps.k12.md.us /departments/isa/ninvest/imperial/opiumwar.htm (471 words)

	The Opium Wars
		Opium began as a new medical product but was quickly used for recreational use, a use that affected literature and took lives.
		Many novels and poems were written about opium, or under the influence of opium, and critics’ debate whether the drug had any effect on the writing and imagery, or if the writer could have produced the same work without the drug.
		Recreational use of opium was not only centered on the artistic world, politicians, Kings, and many of the upper class used opium for a variety of reasons (though most were self-diagnosed ailments or recreational use) (58-60).
	cai.ucdavis.edu /waters-sites/opiumwars/The_Opium_Wars.html (1361 words)

	Electronic Passport to the Opium Wars
		The Chinese government outlawed the import of Opium because of the debilitating effects of the drug and because of the silver leaving China to pay for it.
		It is true that opium can be dangerous, but the British felt the rulers in China had no right to keep opium from their people.
		The treaty that ended the Opium War was the first of many "unequal treaties" with the west.
	www.mrdowling.com /613-opiumwars.html (474 words)

	the opium wars
		Opium is a preparation made from the juice of poppy seedpods, and used to produce heroin.
		In the 15th century, when opium was first introduced to China, it was used as medicine to treat diseases such as dysentery, cholera, as well as diarrhea.
		The British merchants’ incentive for importing opium from India to China was to balance out their tea trade with China, and to stop the silver and gold from draining in what could have been a one-sided trade.
	bosp.kcc.hawaii.edu /Horizons/Horizons2002/The_Opium_Wars.html (1254 words)

	First Opium War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The First Opium War was a trade-inspired war between the United Kingdom and the Qing Empire in China from 1839 to 1842.
		The next the British captured the Bogue forts which the mouth of the Pearl River --the waterway between Hong Kong and By January 1841 their forces commanded the high ground Guangzhou then defeated the Chinese at the city of Ningpo (modern-day Ningbo) and the military post of Chinhai.
		Sir Anthony Blaxland Stransham led the Royal Marines during the War as a young officer and as 'Grand Old Man of the Army' was two knighthoods by Queen Victoria.
	www.freeglossary.com /First_Opium_War (656 words)

	CNN - Hong Kong: Past
		Opium addiction grew to epidemic proportions, ravaging Chinese society.
		During that war, on January 26, 1841, a British naval party landed on the northwestern shore of Hong Kong, raised the Union Jack, and formally occupied the island.
		The First Opium War ended with the Treaty of Nanking, in August of 1842.
	www2.cnn.com /WORLD/9706/hk97/past/opium.wars/index.html (538 words)

	The Opium War and the Opening of China
		This extended essay, "Opium War and the Opening of China", aims to examine the effects of the Opium War on the opening of China.
		The cost of the war and later the war indemnity all fell on the shoulders of the farmers.
		The Opium War also game rise to other problems such as the birth of proletariat industrial workers, the stir of anti-Western sentiment and the rise of nationalism.
	historyliterature.homestead.com /files/extended.html (4167 words)

	NYT Archives Article
		By KARL E. Losers rarely name wars, an exception being the conflict between Britain and China from 1839 to 1842, known bluntly ever since as the Opium War.
		Even the authors of the Opium War were ashamed of it, and Western protests against it marked the beginning of a concern with international human rights that in a fresh turn embarrasses today's leaders in Beijing.
		Along with the slave trade, the traffic in opium was the dirty underside of an evolving global trading economy.
	www.wellesley.edu /Chemistry/Chem101/opiates/opium-war.html (634 words)

	The First Opium War
		Opium was brought into China by British and American dealers, with British interests leading the way as opium was produced in imperial India and the money used to finance the administration of the British Empire.
		Maintenance and expansion of the opium trade was used by Western powers as a lever and pretext for insisting that the Emperor sign treaties with them as equal partners, in contrast to the millennia old policy of treating all outside states as being inferior.
		Consequently, he took to compelling the dealers to give up their stocks of opium, which were destroyed, as well as requiring ship captains to sign agreements not to participate in the trade.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/18175/110959 (452 words)

	Opium War: Britain Stole Hong Kong From China
		Opium for medicinal purposes was first manufactured in China toward the end of the 15th century.
		Selling opium for smoking "was classed with robbery and instigation to murder, and punished with banishment or death," wrote Joshua Rowntree in "The Imperial Drug Trade," published in London in 1905.
		The Opium War of 1839-42 started when the Chinese imperial government confronted foreign merchant ships and demanded they surrender their illegal cargo.
	www.serendipity.li /wod/hongkong.html (835 words)

	The First Opium War
		They lost their drug war, and an entire nation was brought to its knees by the combined efforts of Western military might, the power of silver and greed, and the weight of cultural misunderstanding.
		On the face of it, HTM"> the Opium War appears to be a rather straightforward affair.
		One chest of opium contained around 135 pounds of the substance, and the importation of chests grew from 5,000 in 1821 to 35,000 in 1837.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/oriental_history/19388 (715 words)

	The Opium War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This damaging economic aspect of the opium trade was not contingent upon the identity of the trade item itself; any other luxury good in great enough demand might have caused the same economic pressures.
		The Opium War was the physical manifestation of Britain's frustrations about China's restrictions on foreign trade.
		Britain's continued trade in opium led to the virtual incapacitation of whole sectors of the population of China.
	people.ucsc.edu /~myrtreia/essays/opium.html (485 words)

	Second Opium War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Second Opium War or Arrow War began in 1856 and ended in 1860.
		The war may be viewed as a of the First Opium War (1839 - 1842) thus the name of Second Opium War.
		In June 1858 the first part of the war with the Treaty of Tientsin to which France Russia and the States were party.
	www.freeglossary.com /Second_Opium_War (1000 words)

	Critical Montages
		The export value of Afghan opium is estimated to be $2.8 billion, a 22% increase since 2003.
		In contrast, opium farmers received only the total of $0.6 billion, a 41% decline compared to what they managed to get in 2003; each opium farming family's yearly income is now about $1,700 ($260 per capita), 56% lower than in 2003, when it was $3,900 ($600 per capita).
		As opium imports in China steadily increased, the political and economic results in India, Britain, and the greater empire were profound.
	montages.blogspot.com /2004/12/new-opium-war.html (1203 words)

	China The Opium War, 1839-42 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ...
		By the early nineteenth century, raw cotton and opium from India had become the staple British imports into China, in spite of the fact that opium was prohibited entry by imperial decree.
		The opium traffic was made possible through the connivance of profit-seeking merchants and a corrupt bureaucracy.
		Unprepared for war and grossly underestimating the capabilities of the enemy, the Chinese were disastrously defeated, and their image of their own imperial power was tarnished beyond repair.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/china/china_history_the_opium_war_1839_42.html (361 words)

	Opium War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In the late 18th century British merchants built up a flourishing traffic in opium from India to China, for they had been unable to find any other product to import into China in quantity, as the country was almost self-sufficient.
		The Chinese government tried to curb the opium trade and the emperor appointed a radical patriot, Lin Tse-hsu, as Imperial commissioner for an anti-opium campaign.
		It also fixed the customs duties on imports at such a low level that China was prevented from protecting her new industries from competition of cheap imports.
	www.hyperhistory.com /online_n2/civil_n2/histscript6_n2/opium.html (246 words)

	Guardian Unlimited Politics \| Special Reports \| Britain losing new Afghan opium war
		British-led plans to destroy Afghan opium poppy farming, responsible for 90% of the UK's heroin supply, have made little progress so far, UN figures will show next month.
		In September, the UN is to publish its estimate of this year's opium poppy harvest, but the Foreign Office minister Bill Rammell, just back from a visit to Afghanistan, said it was unlikely to show any dramatic reduction.
		Large tracts of the country most dependent on opium cultivation are beyond the control of Mr Karzai's police force.
	www.prisonplanet.com /britain_losing_new_afghan_opium_war.htm (598 words)

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