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Topic: Osmium

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	Osmium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The extraordinary density of osmium is a consequence of the lanthanide contraction.
		Osmium is found native as an alloy in platinum ore and its tetroxide has been used to stain tissues and in fingerprinting.
		Osmium alloys such as osmiridium are very hard and, along with other platinum group metals, is almost entirely used in alloys employed in the tips of fountain pens, phonograph needles, instrument pivots, and electrical contacts, as they can resist wear from frequent use.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Osmium (944 words)

	Osmium
		A hard brittle blue-gray or blue-fl transition metal in the platinum family[?], osmium is one of, if not the heaviest metal known and is used in some alloys with platinum and iridium.
		Osmium alloys are very hard and along with other platinum group metals is almost entirely used in alloys employed in the tips of ball point pens, phonograph needles, instrument pivots, and electrical contacts.
		This transition metal is found in iridiosmium[?] a naturally occurring alloy of iridium and osmium and in platinum-bearing river sands in the Ural Mountains, North, and South America.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/os/Osmium.html (591 words)

	OSMIUM - LoveToKnow Article on OSMIUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Osmium dichloride, OsCI2, is obtained as a dark colored powder when the metal is heated in a current of chlorine.
		Iodine has no action on osmium, but on warming the tetroxide with a mixture of potassium iodide and hydrochloric acid a deep emerald green color is produced, due to the formation of a compound OsI2.2H1; this reaction is a delicate test for osmium (E. Pinerua Alvarez, Com~,tes rendus, 1905, 140, p.
		Osmium disuiphide, OsS2, is obtained as a dark brown precipitate, insoluble in water, by passing sulphuretted hydrogen into a solution of an osmichioride.
	82.1911encyclopedia.org /O/OS/OSMIUM.htm (955 words)

	Osmium - MSN Encarta
		Osmium and iridium are generally considered the most dense elements.
		Osmium is not attacked by ordinary acids, but dissolves in aqua regia or fuming nitric acid.
		Osmium ranks about 74th in natural abundance among the elements in crustal rock.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761573967 (215 words)

	www.platinuminfo.net - Platinum group metals - Osmium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Osmium is the densest substance known and the hardest of all platinum group metals (PGMs).
		Osmium's extraordinary qualities allow for its use in a range of applications in which frictional wear must be avoided, including fountain pen nibs, styluses, and instrument pivots.
		Osmium oxides are valuable, albeit in very small amounts, as ingredients for stains of microscopic specimens and in forensic science for DNA and fingerprinting.
	www.platinuminfo.net /pgm_os.html (184 words)

	Supplier Data — Osmium (Os) (Goodfellow)
		Pure osmium is silver in colour and is the densest of all metals.
		Osmium is a member of the platinum group of metals and is commonly found in conjunction with these elements (abundancy is 1 x 10
		Osmium is found in both portions and is removed as the volatile tetroxide, which can then be reduced.
	www.azom.com /details.asp?ArticleID=1842 (196 words)

	osmium. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The tetroxide is used in microscopy as a stain, in fingerprint detection, and as a catalyst.
		Osmium is found in platinum ores and in the mineral osmiridium.
		Osmium was discovered by Smithson Tennant in 1804 in a residue left after dissolving crude platinum in aqua regia.
	www.bartleby.com /65/os/osmium.html (280 words)

	Osmium tetroxide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Osmium forms several oxofluorides, all of which are very sensitive to moisture.
		One catalytic reaction with osmium tetroxide is the Sharpless bishydroxylation named after Nobelist K.
		Osmium tetroxide is also used as a stain for lipids in optical microscopy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Osmium_tetroxide (816 words)

	CNS - Osmium Tetroxide - a New Chemical Terrorism Weapon? - Apr. 13, 2004 - Research Story
		Osmium tetroxide is highly toxic and a rapid oxidizer.
		Osmium tetroxide is also used in specialty organic chemistry reactions,[18] such as the synthesis of the synthetic human-hormone norestradiol[19] and industrially significant glycol compounds.
		In addition to the difficulties and hazards faced by anyone seeking to use osmium tetroxide as a dirty bomb, the effect of the compound would be minimal in an open space, and it would not leave lasting contamination in an area in the same manner as a radioactive bomb.
	cns.miis.edu /pubs/week/040413.htm (2541 words)

	Osmium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In 1803, osmium and its companion metal iridium were discovered when a fl, metallic substance always appeared when crude platinum was treated with aqua regia.
		Therefore, osmium is recovered as a byproduct of the mining and refining of platinum and nickel.
		Osmium is extremely hard, and is one of the heaviest elements with a density about twice that of lead.
	nobel.scas.bcit.ca /resource/ptable/os.htm (227 words)

	OSMIUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Osmium occurs in the free state and in the mineral osmiridium, but commercial recovery is from the wastes of nickel refining.
		Osmium is almost entirely used to produce very hard alloys for fountain pen tips, instrument pivots, needles and electrical contacts.
		Osmium metal is unaffected by air, water and acids, but dissolves in molten alkalis.
	www.chemistry.pomona.edu /Chemistry/periodic_table/Elements/Osmium/osmium.htm (376 words)

	Osmium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Osmium occurs in iridosule and in platinum-bearing river sands of the Urals, North America, and South America.
		The metal is very difficult to fabricate, but the powdered or spongy metal slowly gives off osmium tetroxide, which as a powerful oxidizing agent and has a strong smell.
		The measured densities of iridium and osmium seem to indicate that osmium is slightly more dense than iridium, so osmium has generally been credited with being the heaviest known element.
	www.scescape.net /~woods/elements/osmium.html (330 words)

	HHMI Lab Safety: LCSS: OSMIUM TETROXIDE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The acute toxicity of osmium tetroxide is high, and it is a severe irritant of the eyes and respiratory tract.
		Osmium tetroxide has been reported to cause reproductive toxicity in animals; this substance has not been shown to be carcinogenic or to show reproductive or developmental toxicity in humans.
		In particular, all work with osmium tetroxide should be conducted in a fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and splash goggles and impermeable gloves should be worn at all times to prevent eye and skin contact.
	www.hhmi.org /research/labsafe/lcss/lcss64.html (668 words)

	Osmium is Forever: Rare metal's strength humbles mighty diamond's: Science News Online, April 6, 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Cynn and his colleagues measured just how sturdy osmium is by putting a powder of the metal in a diamond anvil and squeezing it to 600,000 times atmospheric pressure.
		Although not as hard as diamond, osmium is the hardest of the metals, at least by one common test.
		Consequently, "the experiments on osmium should open the eyes of both theoreticians and experimentalists to new possibilities for very strong, hard, and tough materials," he says.
	www.sciencenews.org /20020406/fob2.asp (604 words)

	It's Elemental - The Element Osmium
		Osmium and iridium were discovered at the same time by the British chemist Smithson Tennant in 1803.
		Osmium and iridium were identified in the fl residue remaining after dissolving platinum ore with aqua regia, a mixture of 25% nitric acid (HNO
		Today, osmium is primarily recovered during the processing of platinum and nickel ores.
	education.jlab.org /itselemental/ele076.html (140 words)

	Powerslave.com- Osmium
		Osmium has been and will always be the simple project of a group of dedicated musicians who strive to create the best sounding metal music we can possibly write.
		Osmium is actively seeking all promotional appearances or inclusions in radio, television or internet media in an effort to further advance the awareness of the band in the national and international metal scene.
		Osmium also will be hitting the studio in May 2002 to begin work on their long overdue full length disc which has a working title of 'The Consecration'.
	www.powerslave.com /bands/bandprofile.php?band_id=175&mode=news_all (738 words)

	Osmium is Stiffer than Diamond
		Although osmium is hard for a metal, it's far softer than diamond, so when an estimate of its bulk modulus turned out higher than diamond, no one took it very seriously, says Hyunchae Cynn of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California.
		To pin the real value down, Cynn and his colleagues squeezed osmium in a so-called diamond anvil, which consists of two diamonds separated by a thin metal gasket with a 60-micron-diameter hole in the center.
		The discovery of osmium's extreme stiffness is a solid and startling result that will likely generate a lot of research, says David Mao of the Carnegie Institution in Washington, DC.
	focus.aps.org /story/v9/st16 (617 words)

	SPI-Chem Osmium Tetroxide for Electron Microscopy
		Osmium metal in many ways is unique among the elements and is even "heavier" than iridium, making it the heaviest of all the elements of the Periodic Table.
		Osmium tetroxide is very hazardous and dangerous and strict safety procedures should be followed at all times.
		Osmium tetroxide, as great as it is for electron microscopy, is not the only electron dense stain that can be used, so be sure to check out other possibilities.
	www.2spi.com /catalog/chem/osmium-tetroxide.shtml (503 words)

	BBC NEWS \| UK \| What is osmium tetroxide?
		Osmium tetroxide is the chemical believed to be at the centre of an alleged bomb plot foiled by UK and US intelligence agents.
		Osmium tetroxide is used by scientists to stain materials and as a catalyst - something that speeds chemical reactions.
		Osmium tetroxide is not a fatal substance but, said Dr Simpson "could cause trouble" if swallowed.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/uk_news/3604857.stm (554 words)

	Osmium (Os) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Osmium is one of the transition elements of the periodic table.
		In 1803, a British chemist (Smithson Tennant) discovered osmium in the residue left when crude platinum is dissolved by aqua regia.
		Osmium compounds have been used to detect fingerprints and to stain fatty tissue for miscroscope slides.
	www.bayerus.com /msms/fun/pages/periodic/osmium (102 words)

	OsO4 - Molecule of the Month
		Osmium is also found, often with Ru and Ir, in the anode sludges produced during the electrolysis of Nickel (II) solutions.
		Osmium tetroxide is particularly hazardous to the eyes as it is readily reduced by living tissue to give a fl oxide and or the metal.
		Osmium tetroxide is a valuable tool in the research of both biologists and chemists, and needs to remain so.
	www.chm.bris.ac.uk /motm/oso4/oso4h.htm (747 words)

	76 Osmium
		Osmium and Iridium are the two most dense elements in pure form.
		Again, it could be that the osmium is only in the tip, which I may have missed, or that a plating obscured it.
		Osmium and Iridium are the two densest elements in the world (they are in fact so close in density that which one is considered the densest has switched a couple of times over the years).
	www.theodoregray.com /PeriodicTable/Elements/076/index.s7.html (1362 words)

	osmium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Osmium occurs in iridosmine and in platinum-bearing river sands of the Urals, North America, and South America.
		The price of 99.9% pure osmium powder - the form usually supplied commercially - is about $100/g, depending on quantity and supplier.
		Natural osmium contains seven isotopes, one of which, 186-OS, is radioactive with a very long half-life.
	www.speclab.com /elements/osmium.htm (326 words)

	Chemical Elements: Obtaining Osmium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Osmium occurs in nature in iridosmine, a natural alloy of osmium and iridium.
		Osmium is found in platinum bearing sands of the Urals, North America, and South America.
		Osmium is fabricated as a powder an then heated to form a solid.
	web1.caryacademy.org /chemistry/rushin/StudentProjects/ElementWebSites/osmium/Osmium_obtaining.html (182 words)

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