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Topic: Osmium tetroxide

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	CNS - Osmium Tetroxide - a New Chemical Terrorism Weapon? - Apr. 13, 2004 - Research Story
		Osmium tetroxide is highly toxic and a rapid oxidizer.
		Osmium tetroxide is also used in specialty organic chemistry reactions,[18] such as the synthesis of the synthetic human-hormone norestradiol[19] and industrially significant glycol compounds.
		In addition to the difficulties and hazards faced by anyone seeking to use osmium tetroxide as a dirty bomb, the effect of the compound would be minimal in an open space, and it would not leave lasting contamination in an area in the same manner as a radioactive bomb.
	www.cns.miis.edu /pubs/week/040413.htm (2541 words)

	Osmium
		Osmium is found native as an alloy in platinum ore and its tetroxide has been used to stain tissues and in fingerprinting.
		Osmium alloys are very hard and along with other platinum group metals is almost entirely used in alloys employed in the tips of ball point pens, phonograph needles, instrument pivots, and electrical contacts.
		Osmium (Greek osme meaning "a smell") was discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant[?] in London, England along with iridium in the residue of dissolving platinum in aqua regia.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/os/Osmium.html (591 words)

	Osmium - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		OSMIUM [[[symbol]] Os., atomic weight 190.9 (0= 16)], in chemistry, a metallic element, found in platinum ore in small particles, consisting essentially of an alloy of osmium and iridium and known as osmiridium.
		The tetroxide, 0s04, can be easily reduced to the metal by dissolving it in hydrochloric acid and adding zinc, mercury, or an alkaline formate to the liquid, or by passing its vapour, mixed with carbon dioxide and monoxide, through a red-hot porcelain tube.
		Osmium disulphide, OsS2, is obtained as a dark brown precipitate, insoluble in water, by passing sulphuretted hydrogen into a solution of an osmichloride.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /O/OS/OSMIUM.htm (974 words)

	SC-EMS
		The acute toxicity of osmium tetroxide is high, and it is a severe irritant of the eyes and respiratory tract.
		Osmium tetroxide has been reported to cause reproductive toxicity in animals; this substance has not been shown to be carcinogenic or to show reproductive or developmental toxicity in humans.
		In particular, all work with osmium tetroxide should be conducted in a fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and splash goggles and impermeable gloves should be worn at all times to prevent eye and skin contact.
	www.sc-ems.com /osmiumtetroxide.htm (981 words)

	Osmium Summary
		Osmium is in Row 6 of the periodic table, one of the elements known as the transition metals.
		A hard brittle blue-gray or blue-fl transition metal in the platinum family, osmium is one of the densest natural elements (selecting osmium or iridium as the heaviest element is not possible at this moment) and is used in some alloys with platinum and iridium.
		Osmium alloys such as osmiridium are very hard and, along with other platinum group metals, is almost entirely used in alloys employed in the tips of fountain pens, phonograph needles, instrument pivots, and electrical contacts, as they can resist wear from frequent use.
	www.bookrags.com /Osmium (2628 words)

	Osmium tetroxide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Osmium tetroxide sublimates at room temperature and is readily formed when powdered is exposed to air.
		One catalytic reaction osmium tetroxide is the Sharpless bishydroxylation named after K.
		Osmium tetroxide is highly poisonous even very low exposure levels and must be with appropriate precautions.
	www.freeglossary.com /Osmiumtetroxide (333 words)

	Principal Metals-Osmium
		Osmium occurs in iridosule and in platinum-bearing river sands of the Urals, North America, and South America.
		The metal is very difficult to fabricate, but the powdered or spongy metal slowly gives off osmium tetroxide, which as a powerful oxidizing agent and has a strong smell.
		The measured densities of iridium and osmium seem to indicate that osmium is slightly more dense than iridium, so osmium has generally been credited with being the heaviest known element.
	www.principalmetals.com /utilities/76.htm (330 words)

	Osmium (Os) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects
		Osmium is lustrous, silvery metal, one of the so-called platinum group of metals.
		Osmium tetroxide can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.
		However we expect osmium ecotoxicity to be very low because of its strength as an oxidizer, that makes it be readily converted to the dioxide, a form of the metal that is reasonably innocuous.
	www.lenntech.com /Periodic-chart-elements/Os-en.htm (396 words)

	Osmium(VIII) oxide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The osmium catalyst is regenerated by oxidizing agents, such as H
		Osmium tetroxide is also used in catalytic amount in the Sharpless oxyamination to give vicinal amino-alcohols.
		Osmium tetroxide is also used as a stain for lipids in optical microscopy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Osmium_tetroxide (877 words)

	[No title]
		The rat intraperitoneal LD50 for osmium tetroxide is 14 mg/kg and the mouse oral LD50 is 162 mg/kg.
		Osmium tetroxide use is restricted to the specific staff members who have had prior training in proper use, handling and storage.
		Signage When osmium tetroxide is in use, warning signs must be posted on the chemical hood and laboratory door until the osmium tetroxide has been returned to storage.
	www2.umdnj.edu /eohssweb/publications/osmiumtetroxide_sop.doc (1430 words)

	What is Osmium? \| Platinum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Osmium is a shiny silvery-bluish grey brittle metal in the Platinum group of metals.
		Because of the toxicity of osmium tetroxide the metal is most often used as an alloy with other metals and as a catalyst.
		Osmium alloys are characterized by their hardness and consequent resistance to wear.
	platinum.preciousmetalinvestment.com /15/what-is-osmium (337 words)

	OsO4 - Molecule of the Month (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Osmium tetroxide is particularly hazardous to the eyes as it is readily reduced by living tissue to give a fl oxide and or the metal.
		Osmium tetroxide was first given this use back in 1936 by Criegee and a good source of information on this powerful oxidizing agent is to be found in Schroder, Chem.
		Osmium tetroxide is a valuable tool in the research of both biologists and chemists, and needs to remain so.
	www.chm.bris.ac.uk /motm/oso4/oso4h.htm (747 words)

	BBC NEWS \| UK \| What is osmium tetroxide?
		Osmium tetroxide is the chemical believed to be at the centre of an alleged bomb plot foiled by UK and US intelligence agents.
		Osmium tetroxide is used by scientists to stain materials and as a catalyst - something that speeds chemical reactions.
		Osmium tetroxide is not a fatal substance but, said Dr Simpson "could cause trouble" if swallowed.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/uk/3604857.stm (562 words)

	Supplier Data - Osmium (Os) (Goodfellow)
		Pure osmium is silver in colour and is the densest of all metals.
		Osmium is a member of the platinum group of metals and is commonly found in conjunction with these elements (abundancy is 1 x 10
		Osmium is found in both portions and is removed as the volatile tetroxide, which can then be reduced.
	www.azom.com /details.asp?ArticleID=1842 (204 words)

	osmium
		Osmium occurs in iridosmine and in platinum-bearing river sands of the Urals, North America, and South America.
		The tetroxide is highly toxic, and boils at 130 deg C (760 mm).
		The tetroxide has been used to detect fingerprints and to stain fatty tissue for microscope slides.
	www.speclab.com /elements/osmium.htm (326 words)

	Osmium Tetroxide, EM Grade
		Osmium metal in many ways is unique among the elements and is even "heavier" than iridium, making it the heaviest of all the elements of the Periodic Table.
		Osmium tetroxide is very hazardous and dangerous and strict safety procedures should be followed at all times.
		Osmium tetroxide, as great as it is for electron microscopy, is not the only electron dense stain that can be used, so be sure to check out other possibilities.
	www.2spi.com /catalog/chem/osmium-tetroxide.shtml (507 words)

	NDCRT Home Page
		IDENTIFICATION Osmium Tetroxide is a colorless to pale yellow solid with a strong, unpleasant odor.
		Insufficient data are available to evaluate or predict the chronic, long-term effects of osmium tetroxide to aquatic life, plants, birds, or land animals.
		Osmium tetroxide probably will not accumulate in aquatic organisms or in aquatic ecosystems, but Osmium might accumulate in both.
	www.ndcrt.org /data/EPA_Chemical_Fact_Sheets/Osmium-Tetroxide.html (1935 words)

	76 Osmium
		Osmium and Iridium are the two most dense elements in pure form.
		Osmium tetroxide is extremely poisonous and volatile, so if you so much as lean over it, it can severely harm your eyes.
		Osmium and Iridium are the two densest elements in the world (they are in fact so close in density that which one is considered the densest has switched a couple of times over the years).
	www.theodoregray.com /PeriodicTable/Elements/076/index.s7.html (1475 words)

	Chemical Fixitaves for Electron and Light Microscopy from Canemco - Marivac
		Osmium Tetroxide is a pale yellow solid with a pungent chlorine-like odor.
		The crystals melt at 40˚C and have a solubility in cold water of 5.07%, hot water 6.5%.vapor pressure at room temperature is considerable and the vapor is extremely toxic.
		The primary use of Osmium Tetroxide in Electron Microscopy is as a reliable fixative.
	www.canemco.com /catalog/chemical/fixative.htm (510 words)

	Experts divided over poison bomb claim - 07 April 2004 - New Scientist Tech
		Hay told New Scientist that osmium tetroxide is poisonous enough to kill in high doses, but suggests that much of the highly reactive compound might be destroyed in any blast.
		Osmium is in the same sort of category as platinum, it is a rare metal," says Hay.
		Another factor arguing against the likelihood of osmium tetroxide being used is that it has an acrid odour, which would alert victims to its presence.
	www.newscientisttech.com /article/dn4863 (586 words)

	It's Elemental - The Element Osmium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Osmium and iridium were discovered at the same time by the British chemist Smithson Tennant in 1803.
		Osmium and iridium were identified in the fl residue remaining after dissolving platinum ore with aqua regia, a mixture of 25% nitric acid (HNO
		Today, osmium is primarily recovered during the processing of platinum and nickel ores.
	education.jlab.org /itselemental/ele076.html (140 words)

	Improvised Chemical Agent: Osmium Tetroxide
		Osmium tetroxide is a colorless to pale yellow crystalline solid with an odor that has been described as pungent or chlorine-like (odor threshold 0.0019 ppm).
		Osmium tetroxide is used as a tissue fixative for electron microscopy.
		Osmium tetroxide is not a recognized chemical warfare agent.
	www.cbwinfo.com /Chemical/HistandMisc/oso4.shtml (690 words)

	Interactive Periodic Table
		Osmium metal is lustrous, bluish white, extremely hard, and brittle even at high temperatures.
		The metal is very difficult to fabricate, but the powder can be sintered in a hydrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 2000°C. The solid metal is not affected by air at room temperature, but the powdered or spongy metal slowly gives off osmium tetroxide, which is a powerful oxidising agent and has a strong smell.
		Osmium (Greek osme meaning "a smell") was discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in London, England along with iridium in the residue of dissolving platinum in aqua regia.
	mendeleev-table.com /os.html (211 words)

	UCSD Blink: How to Handle Osmium Tetroxide
		Osmium tetroxide will sublime (pass directly from solid to vapor and back to solid) readily at room temperature and significantly when refrigerated.
		Osmium tetroxide spills are very serious and require immediate cleanup.
		Osmium tetroxide reacts with hydrocholoric acid to form chlorine gas.
	blink-prod.ucsd.edu /Blink/External/Topics/How_To/0,1260,15753,00.html (749 words)

	CRCPress Periodic Table Online: Cadmium
		The metal is very difficult to fabricate, but the powder can be sintered in a hydrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 2000°C. The solid metal is not affected by air at room temperature, but the powdered or spongy metal slowly gives off osmium tetroxide, which is a powerful oxidizing agent and has a strong smell.
		The tetroxide is highly toxic, and boils at 130°C (760 mm).
		The price of 99.9% pure osmium powder — the form usually supplied commercially — is about $100/g, depending on quantity and supplier.
	chemnetbase.com /periodic_table/elements/osmium.htm (359 words)

	British terror suspects 'planned toxic bomb' \| Special reports \| Guardian Unlimited
		Police moved to arrest the men after electronic intercepts at the GCHQ listening centre revealed the deadly compound was to be used in a possible attack, according to unnamed sources cited by ABC yesterday.
		Osmium tetroxide has a pungent smell and comes from the Greek word for "stench".
		However, Alistair Hay, professor of environmental toxicology at Leeds University, told the BBC that osmium tetroxide was "mildly irritant" and was unlikely to be used in a "dirty bomb".
	www.guardian.co.uk /terrorism/story/0,12780,1187003,00.html (501 words)

	Re: "Disposal" of Osmium Tetroxide "Waste" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The colourless soluble toxic tetroxide is rapidly reduced by almost any kind of dirt to a fl, insoluble dioxide, usually in a colloidal form that's readily dispersed by moving water if it isn't firmly stuck to the solid organic matter that brought about the reduction.
		When it is dissolved (in DMF followed by dilution in an aqueous buffer) it becomes a dilute (0.25%) working osmium tetroxide solution.
		Osmium tetroxide collected into vegetable oil could not be recycled by the simple method cited above, and the recovery methods used by chemists (which use apparatus etc not found in histology labs) would be made more difficult by the presence of the oil.
	www.histosearch.com /histonet/Nov00A/Re.quotDisposalquotofOsmi.html (361 words)

	E.M. processing. University of Bristol, School of Clinical Veterinary Science. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Osmium tetroxide, propylene oxide and propylene oxide/resin waste should be collected in bottles for safe disposal.
		If polymerisation using the accelerator is necessary step 3, osmium tetroxide, must be omitted or artefact will occur due to overheating.
		Osmium tetroxide should not be used in conjunction with the accelerator or if immunocytochemistry is to follow.
	www.bris.ac.uk /vetpath/cpl/emtechs.htm (2835 words)

	Periodic Table : Scholar edition: osmium : The Essentials
		This sample is from The Elements Collection, an attractive and safely packaged collection of the 92 naturally occurring elements that is available for sale.
		Osmium metal is lustrous, bluish white, extremely hard, and brittle even at high temperatures.
		The metal is very difficult to fabricate, but the powder can be sintered in a hydrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 2000°C. The solid metal is not affected by air at room temperature, but the powdered or spongy metal slowly gives off osmium tetroxide, which is a powerful oxidising agent and has a strong smell.
	www.webelements.com /webelements/scholar/elements/osmium/key.html (232 words)

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