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Topic: Particle

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	Particle physics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Particles erupt from the collision point of two relativistic (100GeV) gold ions in the STAR detector of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider.
		Particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the elementary constituents of matter and radiation, and the interactions between them.
		This divide of efforts in particle physics is reflected in the names of categories on the preprint archive [1]: hep-th (theory), hep-ph (phenomenology), hep-ex (experiments), hep-lat (lattice gauge theory).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Particle_physics (2082 words)

	Grammatical particle - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		More strictly, grammatical particles are function words that are always uninflected, in that they neither adopt affixes, nor change their vowels or consonants, however much the rest of the words within the sentence are subject to normal inflection.
		Particles belong to the function word class because their function consists of defining the grammatical meaning in a sentence rather than the lexical meaning of each individual word that may be looked up in a dictionary.
		In both Japanese and Korean, particles are used to mark nouns according to their case or their role (subject, object, complement, or topic) in a sentence or clause.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /grammatical_particle.htm (527 words)

	Learn more about Particle physics in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Modern particle physics research is focused on subatomic particles, which are smaller than atoms.
		These include atomic constituents such as electrons, protons, and neutrons (protons and neutrons are actually composite particles, made up of quarks), as well as particles produced by radiative and scattering processes, such as photons, neutrinos, and muons.
		The 20th century explorations of nuclear physics and quantum physics, culminating with proofs of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion, gave rise to an active industry of generating one atom from another, even rendering possible (although not feasible economically) the transmutation of lead into gold.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /p/pa/particle_physics.html (1309 words)

	Use of Particle Counting for Water Treatment Plant Optimization
		Particle count results from both pilot and full scale filters from various sites across the United States are presented and discussed, include particle count comparison to turbidity and optimization by choice of coagulant, polymer dosage, and flow rate.
		Particle counters extend the sensitivity of particle detection beyond that achievable with turbidimeters.
		At the end of the sample period, the counts for each specified particle size range are totaled and the particle counts are calculated and presented on a per milliliter of sample basis.
	www.particle.com /whitepapers_met/plantopt.htm (2082 words)

	:::: ParticlePeople.com ::::
		Particle consists of Eric Gould on bass, Charlie Hitchcock on guitar, Steve Molitz on keyboards, and Darren Pujalet on drums.
		Particle’s star keeps rising as they continue to appeal to a wide range of fans drawn from the dance, electronic, and jam-rock realms.
		Particle draws from a diverse musical and artistic palette in hopes of creating positive energy and spawning a new sound.
	particlepeople.com /band (600 words)

	The Particle Table
		When these particles are sufficiently close together, the positron and muon cancel each other's electric charges, and release their "identity" ("number") charges as neutrinos.
		The inertial mass of a particle is wholly due to its gravitational field.
		The inertial resistance to acceleration by a massive particle is a result of the interaction between the particle's gravitational field and the metric field of spacetime.
	www.people.cornell.edu /pages/jag8/partable.html (2555 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Scientists find mystery particle
		Classified as X(3872), the particle was seen fleetingly in an atom smasher and has been dubbed the "mystery meson".
		Although this is extremely short-lived by human standards, scientists say that a billionth of a trillionth of a second is nearly an eternity for a sub-atomic particle this heavy.
		Particles smaller than the atom are grouped into families depending upon their mass, spin and electric charge.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/3277579.stm (374 words)

	Particle Systems
		Particles that map to the same pixels in the image are additive - the color of a pixel is simply the sum of the color values of all the particles that map to it.
		The particles of the trees are small circles used to represent leaves and lines used to represent branches.
		The particles are translucent, with the color of multiple particles that map to the same pixel being additive.
	web.cs.wpi.edu /~matt/courses/cs563/talks/psys.html (2127 words)

	Globals: Particle Services
		Particles are typically used by volumetric renderers to define the extent and local density of a volume.
		More than one particle system can be attached to an item, and more than one item can share the same particle system.
		The data is an array of the appropriate type for the buffer, with a number of entries equal to the number of particles.
	www.newtek.com /products/lightwave/developer/LW80/8lwsdk/docs/globals/particle.html (479 words)

	Particle article - Particle particle physics basic unit matter energy linguistics grammatical - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In particle physics, a basic unit of matter or energy.
		In computer graphics, an element of a particle system (simulation).
		Particle article - Particle definition - what means Particle
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Particle (108 words)

	Particle Systems
		The use of Particle systems is a way of modeling fuzzy objects, such as fire, clouds, smoke, water, etc. These don't have smooth well-defined surfaces and are non-rigid objects, i.e., they are dynamic and fluid.
		For example, if a particle system object is in the distance, then it can be modeled to low detail (few particles), but if it is close to the camera, then it can be modeled in high detail (many particles).
		A second approximation is that the particles are light sources, that additively combine according to their color and opacity values.
	www.siggraph.org /education/materials/HyperGraph/animation/particle.htm (1014 words)

	Brookhaven Instruments Corporation, Particle Sizers Overview
		Particle size and particle size distribution are, therefore, often critically important parameters.
		Choose the BI-XDC for inorganic particles including ceramics, clays, refractories, ores and metal powders, in fact any x-ray absorbing material with diameters in the range of 10 nm to about 100 µm.
		Choose the BI-DCP for the highest resolution size analysis on any type of particle from several nanometers to tens of microns in diameter which is, or can be, dispersed in a liquid.
	www.bic.com /Particle_Sizers_overview.html (379 words)

	CERN Courier - Particle physics: a world wi - IOP Publishing - article
		At the moment, the particle physics world is watching as Fermilab struggles to fulfil the promise of Run II at the Tevatron; and CERN's current LHC budget and schedule challenges have strong implications for the future of every physics laboratory.
		The message gave impetus to a project that communicators at particle physics laboratories had pondered for some time, and led to the formation of an international laboratory communication council.
		Initial actions of the council include the development of a particle physics image bank comprising the best photographs and graphic resources from the world's laboratories, appropriately captioned and credited - one-stop shopping for reporters, physicists, students, teachers and policy makers who need outstanding graphics to tell the particle physics story.
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/42/7/23 (747 words)

	PARTICLE SYSTEMS
		Normally, The age of the particle is incremented each time it is rendered and when the age is greater than its designated lifetime, the particle is removed from the system.
		The key feature of this particle system is the fact that the varying temperature of the flame is modeled by blending individual particles.
		The initial value of each particle is chosen to be a very light shade of gray and the final color is chosen to be the background color (in this case blue).
	www.cs.utah.edu /~lavanyat/acg/write_up.html (944 words)

	Particle Therapy*
		With the introduction of charged particle beam energy in the clinical setting, thousands of patients worldwide have benefited from the therapeutic applications in ocular, prostate, head and neck tumors.
		The development of a particle therapy facility must be supported by companies who understand the need for collaboration on a grand scale, to combine the software, hardware and workflow processes to deliver the most effective solutions to the healthcare provider.
		By taking the logical next steps into particle therapy solutions, Siemens and its technology partners are currently in development of this type of solution and are prepared to boldly go into the future to help make the quality of our lives better.
	www.medical.siemens.com /webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/PSGenericDisplay?storeId=10001&langId=-1&catalogId=-1&catTree=100001&pageId=41182 (270 words)

	Particle Counters, Streaming Current Monitors, & Particle Detection
		Although particle counting instruments are suitable for such purposes, it is shown that a simpler, but very sensitive technique, based on turbidity fluctuations, may also be acceptable.
		On-line Particle Counter model PC2400D is intended for the determination of particle count and size distribution in a variety of liquid streams.
		Particle Count information is critical, and the Chemtrac servers, along with the PC2400D particle counters, provide uninterrupted data to almost any SCADA system...
	www.chemtrac.com /products/pc2400d/docs.htm (323 words)

	Particle Analysis - Basics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		For common mineral grains this may be as simple as matching the particle shape and composition to data in a mineralogy textbook.
		For example, lead particle sources can often be recognized on the basis of individual particle shape and chemistry.
		[Particle Composition by X-ray Microanalysis in the SEM]
	www.upstate.edu /pathenvi/basics/bas5.html (412 words)

	Institute of Materials Processing - Particle Characterization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Sample is mixed with a viscosity specific fluid which allows the particles to go into solution while being stirred with a magnetic stirrer.
		X-ray intensity is used to determine the settling rate and to calculate the particle size distribution.
		The image analysis unit has the capability to generate an array of chords across the particle to arithmetically define the shape of the particle.
	www.imp.mtu.edu /matchar/part_mor.html (369 words)

	Smart-Its Particles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Particles are small devices that can be attached to a person, an object or the environment.
		Particles can recognize their environment but also the state of the object they are attached to.
		Particles have a elaborated library of drivers for different hardware extensions like sensors and actuators as well as a comfortable suite with a broad functionality for communication and configuration of particles.
	particle.teco.edu /whatisitgoodfor.html (680 words)

	Particle Analysis - Basics
		Initially, a binary image of the particles is formed (typically from the BEI), and data on individual particle size and shape is obtained by the image analysis software.
		If the types of particle present in the sample are known, and the objective of the data analysis phase is to determine the proportions of each particle type present, then this step simply becomes an exercise in type assignment.
		These major groups are identified on the scattergram (by color), which plots the percentage Pb content for each particle against the sum of the Fe, P and S content for each particle.
	www.upstate.edu /pathenvi/basics/bas4.html (539 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Particle physics [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The 20th century explorations of nuclear physics and quantum physics, culminating with proofs of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion, gave rise to an active industry of generating one atom from another, even rendering possible (although not profitable) the transmutation of lead into gold.
		In high-energy physics, the word theorist usually refers to a theoretical physicist whose primary goal is to develop theoretical and mathematical tools that may describe physical phenomena in (far) future, while the desire to understand current experiments and experiments in near future is secondary.
		Other important goals in particle physics are the determination of the neutrino masses and the clarification of the existence of double beta decay of the proton.
	encyclozine.com /Particle_physics (1734 words)

	Gamasutra - Features - "Building an Advanced Particle System" [06.23.2000]
		Since we don't want to keep track of all particles across all of our systems every frame to see whether all particles have died (so the system can be removed), we'll use the Update function instead.
		In my own particle system, all particles with the same textures and blend modes assigned to them will be rendered consecutively, minimizing the number of texture switches and uploads.
		Particle shapes are being constructed for every part in the electricity tree.
	www.gamasutra.com /features/20000623/vanderburg_03.htm (752 words)

	Particle Physics - on-line review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Welcome to Particle Physics, an information portal service linking to electronic publishing and other resources in the fields of experimental and theoretical high energy particle physics (including astronomy, astrophysics, and cosmology).
		Particle Physics is maintained on a sponsored basis by Eagle Intermedia Publishing Ltd..
		Particle Physics has no connection whatsoever with printed journals (or electronic versions of printed journals) in the field, being run as a purely independent service to the international physics community.
	www.eagle.co.uk /ppj/home.html (116 words)

	Environmental Protection Agency - EPA Press Release: 2003 Particle Pollution Report Shows Major Improvements in Air ...
		The report, “The Particle Pollution Report: Current Understanding of Air Quality and Emissions through 2003” looks at recent and long-term trends in air quality and emissions, explores the characteristics of particle pollution in the United States, and takes a close look at particle pollution in 2003 (the most recent year for which data are available).
		Airborne particle pollution is a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the atmosphere.
		Fine particle exposure has been associated with a number of serious health problems, ranging from the aggravation of asthma and the development of chronic bronchitis to heart arrhythmias, heart attacks and even premature death.
	yosemite.epa.gov /opa/admpress.nsf/b1ab9f485b098972852562e7004dc686/d695e158184cb49185256f6a005a10e8!OpenDocument (406 words)

	Corralling the Mass Maker: Hunting ground shifts for elusive particle: Science News Online, June 12, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It was the year 2000, and scientists at a European particle collider observed possible traces of the subatomic particle known as the Higgs boson-the presumed origin of mass itself and the most-wanted quarry in high-energy physics today.
		The energy of a particle is only one of many factors that determine whether it can be found with a particular accelerator, notes Peter B. Renton of Oxford University in England.
		In the standard model of particle physics, the top quark is one of 16 particles that constitute matter and govern many of the interactions among matter's constituents.
	www.sciencenews.org /articles/20040612/fob1.asp (733 words)

	CERN Courier - The public and particle phys - IOP Publishing - article
		All these are of course very important, and it is also conceivable that particle physicists will discover new laws of Nature that can be exploited in novel and important ways (see my article at "http://www.cern.ch/Public/bs_1.html" for a general discussion of the importance of basic scientific research).
		In fact, in my experience, most people are interested in the discoveries of particle physics, and are ready to accept that mankind as a whole should continue to explore the fundamental nature of matter.
		However, although the importance of particle physics in general, and the LHC in particular, is generally accepted by those to whom it has been explained, their number is limited.
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/38/7/20 (695 words)

	The Particle System - Andrew Zaferakis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Some thoughts on how to counter the problem is to maybe create states for particles, such as a collision state, a rolling state, or a static state where the particle is at rest on a horizontal surface, or at the intersection of two surfaces creating a 'V'.
		A particle could possibly be marked when it has collided with a surface, and if the next timestep detects another collision with the same surface, will ignore it.
		This should be detected and the particle should be displaced the distance back to the surface, at which the correct rebound should be calculated.
	www.cs.unc.edu /~andrewz/comp236/project/update1.html (635 words)

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