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Topic: Pharyngealisation

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	Vowel - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Pharyngealisation is similar in articulation to retracted tongue root, but is acoustically distinct.
		A stronger degree of pharyngealisation occur in the Northeast Caucasian languages and the Khoisan languages.
		The greatest degree of pharyngealisation is found in the strident vowels of the Khoisan languages, where the larynx is raised, and the pharynx constricted, so that either the epiglottis or the arytenoid cartilages vibrate instead of the vocal chords.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/v/o/w/Vowel.html (3292 words)

	Pharyngealisation (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Pharyngealisation is a secondary feature of phonemes in a language.
		It refers to a constriction of the pharynx produced at the same time as a phoneme is produced.
		Not every language utilises pharyngealisation; English, for instance, neglects it from a phonemic point of view.
	publicliterature.org.cob-web.org:8888 /en/wikipedia/p/ph/pharyngealisation.html (98 words)

	Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
		Secondary pharyngealisation appears to be always simultaneous with lingual primary articulations and involves an adjustment of the tongue body.
		Only simultaneous secondary pharyngealisation appears to be used contrastively in human language.
		It may be possible, however, for co-articulatory forces to result in transitional pharyngealisation of a bilabial such as [b] when followed (probably across a word or syllable boundary) by the pharyngeal fricative [ʕ] in a language such as Arabic.
	www.ling.mq.edu.au /ling/units/ling210-901/phonetics/complex/index.html (2743 words)

	Casino Online : Vowel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Pharyngealisation è simile in articolazione alla radice ritratta della linguetta, ma è acustico distinto.
		Un grado più forte del pharyngealisation si presenta nelle lingue caucasiche di nordest e nelle lingue di Khoisan.
		Il grado più grande del pharyngealisation è trovato nelle vocali strident delle lingue di Khoisan, dove la laringe è alzata e della faringe ristretta, di modo che il epiglottis o le cartilagini del arytenoid vibra anziché le corde vocali.
	www.imimage.it /Casino/?title=Vowel (3778 words)

	Glot International, Journal Section
		The uvularisation analysis is only briefly described and it would have enhanced the usefulness of this chapter to newcomers to Arabic phonology to have the relative merits and demerits of both accounts outlined in more detail.
		Watson analyses emphasis as spreading of non-primary [guttural] which is characterised by pharyngealisation and enhanced by labialisation.
		Both the phonetic realisation and the domain of non-primary [guttural] spread varies depending on the trigger segment, and in Watson's account this is predictable from the feature specification of the trigger segment (proposed in chapter 4).
	www.linguistlistplus.com /glot/html/GI7903/GI7903_BRW3.htm (3074 words)

	Ubykh language information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		All other NWC languages possess true pharyngeal consonants, but Ubykh is the only language to use pharyngealisation as a feature of secondary articulation.
		With regard to the other languages of the family, Ubykh is closer to Abkhaz than to any other member, but shares many features with Adyghe due to geographic and cultural influence; many Ubykh speakers were bilingual in Ubykh and Adyghe.
		Pharyngealisation is no longer distinctive, having been replaced in many cases by geminate consonants.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Ubykh_language (2432 words)

	If anyone's interested in Finnish... - Page 6 - Pokemon Elite 2000 Forum
		"Pharyngealisation is a secondary articulation of consonants or vowels by which the pharynx is constricted during the articulation of the sound.
		Half of the words are ununderstandable because half of the words include "pharyngealisation"...
		A secondary articulation is where the tongue (or whatever) sorta "floats" over a point of articulation thus modifying the airstream and sound of the original sound.
	www.pokemonelite2000.com /forum/showthread.php?t=7771&page=6 (1459 words)

	Ubykh language, alphabet and pronunciation
		Ъ ъ is used solely as a pharyngealisation marker.
		If the pharyngeal stop [_?\] comes into the language when it is revived, however, this letter may be then used to represent that sound.
		/x/ marks pharyngealisation, as well as frication of the velars (since no other letter is available to serve in these functions), and /h/ marks the postalveolar series (a convention borrowed from English), since there is no attested instance of the phoneme h in cluster with any other phoneme.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/ubykh.htm (1237 words)

	n_true: Dies und das... und Zaira
		But I have to go over it again and change the spelling a little — Starostin's page used a weird spelling for this and I have yet to figure out why the palochka (they used I in the Latin spelling!) is sometimes written after the consonant and in other cases after the vowel.
		Probably for the reason you mentioned - audible pharyngealisation would surface on the vowel rather than on the consonant.
		If the pharyngealisation impacts more on the vowel than on the consonant from a phonetic point of view, that would be reasonable.
	n-true.livejournal.com /458230.html (4717 words)

	Learning vowel (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A stronger degree of pharyngealisation occur in whispered speech.
		That is, the featured vowel heights independently of learning vowel length is not confused for describing vowels.
		Pharyngealisation is similar for the standard learning vowel ipa symbol for more information.
	vowel.fubarentertainment.com.cob-web.org:8888 /learning-vowel.html (290 words)

	diss page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		[Examining postvelar harmony in two unrelated languages, Palestinian Arabic and St’at’imcets Salish, S. identifies two such harmonies for each language: pharyngealisation (tongue root retraction) and uvularisation (tongue back retraction).
		The feature of pharyngealisation harmony in both Palestinian and St’at’imcets is identified as (RTR), and an Optimality Theory account of the two harmonies in each language is developed.
		S. argues that both languages have a more elaborate vocalic system than previously recognised, and that St’at’imcets, like Palestinian, has a set of underlying emphatic consonants.
	wings.buffalo.edu /linguistics/ssila/dissertations/inddiss/d382.htm (118 words)

	Linguist List - Dissertation Abstracts
		In contrast to previous studies, it identifies two such harmonies for each language: pharyngealisation (tongue root retraction) harmony and uvularisation (tongue back retraction) harmony.
		The harmonic feature of pharyngealisation harmony in both Palestinian and St'at'imcets is identified as (RTR) (unspecified for primary or secondary status).
		The anchor for (RTR) in both languages is the NUC.
	linguistlist.org /pubs/diss/browse-diss-action.cfm?DissID=414 (251 words)

	ipsweb8_intro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		We see that sounds may have more than one constriction.
		Common secondary articulations are labialisation, palatalisation, velarisation and pharyngealisation.
		The articulation of all sounds is likely to be influenced by the context in which they appear.
	www.phon.ucl.ac.uk /home/johnm/ips/chapter8/ipsweb8_intro.htm (136 words)

	n_true: Агь, жо перо... °-°
		And recently I've been reading Helma van den Berg's overview of North-East Caucasian that appeared in the journal Lingua, issue 115 (2005), in which she also states that depending upon the language, pharyngealisation in NEC can be considered consonantal or vocalic (or, as new research by Alexandr Kibrik indicates, perhaps prosodic).
		That's why I'm beginning to agree with you.
		Since pharyngealisation as a consonantal feature would be expected to affect the vowel that follows it (because the primary syllable shape in NEC seems to be CV(C)), having a word with an initial pharyngealised vowel basically destroys that theory.
	n-true.livejournal.com /460975.html (859 words)

	Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
		A phonological feature may be realised by more than one phonetic feature
		[flat] is realised by labialisation, velarisation and pharyngealisation
		A small set of features is able to differentiate between the phonemes of any single language
	www.ling.mq.edu.au /ling/units/ling210-901/phonology/features/jakobson.html (311 words)

	Primer for Pharyngealisation coming soon., Help.com (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Primer for Pharyngealisation coming soon., Help.com (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu)
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	help.com.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Pharyngealisation (80 words)

	Good Practice Guide \| Subject Centre for Languages, Linguistics and Area Studies
		This includes sounds produced on non-pulmonic airstream mechanisms (i.e.
		ejectives, clicks,and implosives), sounds produced with a range of voice types (breathy, creaky, whispered), secondary articulations such as palatalisation, pharyngealisation, nasalisation, and labialisation, and double articulations such as found in the English [w] and other labiovelar sounds.
		Students are normally taught in small groups where their production and perception can be carefully monitored.
	www.lang.ltsn.ac.uk /resources/goodpractice.aspx?resourceid=133 (623 words)

	Amazon.com: "Interior Salish": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		See all pages with references to Interior Salish.
		phonological harmony (Ghazeli 1977; Card 1979); see Bessell 1992, 1997, 1998a, 1998h for phonetic analysis of multisegmental pharyngealisation domains in Interior Salish languages.
		Key Phrases in this book: University of California, Los Angeles, New York, Cambridge University Press, Optimality Theory, Academic Press, heavy criterion, phonetic effectiveness, rhyme duration, perceptual metathesis, rounding harmony systems, sonorous duration (See more)
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Interior-Salish (518 words)

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