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	Luminarium Encyclopedia: Philip II, King of Spain (1527-1598)
		PHILIP II, King of Spain, was born at Valladolid on the 21st of May 1527.
		The abdication of his father on the 16th of January 1556 constituted Philip sovereign of Spain with its American possessions, of the Aragonese inheritance in Italy, Naples and Sicily, of the Burgundian inheritance — the Netherlands and Franche Comte, and of the duchy of Milan, which his father separated from the empire for his benefit.
		If Philip II had deserved his name of the Prudent he would have made haste, so soon as his father, who continued to intervene in the government from his retreat at Yuste in Estremadura, was dead, to relieve himself of the ruinous inheritance of the Low Countries.
	www.luminarium.org /encyclopedia/philip2.htm (1355 words)

	Philip II (of Spain) - MSN Encarta
		Philip II (of Spain) (1527-98), Habsburg king of Spain (1556-98), who ruled the country at the height of its power and influence and used that power in the service of the Roman Catholic church and the Counter Reformation.
		Philip was born in Valladolid on May 21, 1527, the son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal and was educated by Roman Catholic clergymen, whose influence shaped his policies as king.
		Shortly after Philip's accession, the Spanish forces were victorious over the French at the battles of Saint-Quentin (1557) and Gravelines (1558), and the 60-year war with France was concluded by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559), which was highly favorable to Spain (see Cateau-Cambrésis, Treaty of).
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761570884/Philip_II_(of_Spain).html (552 words)

	The Kings of Spain and the Spanish Colonial Era in America Philip II, Philip III, Philip IV. Philip V, Charles II, ...
		Philip's half-brother, John of Austria (1545-78), defeated the Ottomans at the battle of Lepanto (1571), and Tunis was captured and held briefly (1573-74).
		Philip III, 1578—1621, king of Spain, Naples, and Sicily (1598—1621) and, as Philip II, king of Portugal (1598—1621); son and successor of Philip II of Spain.
		Philip IV Philip IV, 1605—65, king of Spain, Naples, and Sicily (1621—65) and, as Philip III, king of Portugal (1621—40); son and successor of Philip III of Spain.
	www.realtreasures.com /spanish_kings.htm (2023 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Philip II (King of Spain)
		Philip granted this on the most favourable terms and the Duke of Alva was even obliged to ask the pope's pardon for having invaded the Pontifical States.
		Philip II, who through his mother was a grandson of King Emmanuel, pleaded his title of heir and sent the Duke of Alva to occupy the country.
		Philip II allied himself with the Guises, who were at the head of the League, supplied them with money and men, and on several occasions sent to their relief his great general Alexander Farnese.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12002a.htm (1993 words)

	Philip II, king of Spain, Naples, and Sicily. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Philip ascended the Spanish throne on the abdication of his father, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who had previously made over to him Naples and Sicily, the Low Countries, Franche-Comté, and the duchy of Milan.
		Philip’s half-brother, John of Austria (1545–78), defeated the Ottomans at the battle of Lepanto (1571), and Tunis was captured and held briefly (1573–74).
		The only major military success of Philip’s later reign was the conquest of Portugal, to which he had a claim as the son of Isabella of Portugal, daughter of Manuel I. When King Henry of Portugal died (1580) without issue, Alba overran the country, and Philip was recognized as king by the Portuguese Cortes.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ph/Philip2-Sp.html (815 words)

	BHC2952 : Mary I of England, 1516-58 and Philip II of Spain, ...
		BHC2952 : Mary I of England, 1516-58 and Philip II of Spain,...
		Mary I of England, 1516-58 and Philip II of Spain, 1527-98
		Philip is standing on the left facing to the right in a fl doublet and hat and white hose.
	www.nmm.ac.uk /mag/pages/mnuExplore/PaintingDetail.cfm?letter=m&ID=BHC2952 (463 words)

	Philip II of Spain
		Philip was the son of the Holy Roman emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal.
		Philip's third marriage, with Elizabeth of Valois, daughter of Henry II of France, in 1559, was the result of the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559), which, for a generation, ended the open wars between Spain and France.
		Philip had received the Duchy of Milan from Charles V in 1540 and the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily in 1554 on the occasion of his marriage to Mary of England.
	www.sapiens.ya.com /jrcuadra/tx-philp.htm (1254 words)

	Philip II
		Philip granted this on the most favourable terms and the Duke of Alva was even obliged to ask the pope's pardon for having invaded the Pontifical States.
		Philip wished to force them to renounce their language and dress, whereupon they revolted and engagedin a bloody struggle against Spain which lasted three years (1567-70) until ended by Don Juan, natural son of Charles V. The defeated Moriscoes were transplanted in great numbers to the interior of the country.
		Apparently Philip II failed to grasp the situation, since he continued for two years more the war against Henry IV, but his fruitless efforts were finally terminated in 1595 by the absolution of Henry IV by Clement VIII.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/p/philip_ii2.html (1808 words)

	Philip II: Biography of Philip II
		Biography of Philip II PHILIP II, King of Spain, the only son of the German Emperor, Charles V, and Isabella of Portugal, was born at Valadolid, May 21st, 1527.
		Philip was eager to begin the crusade in favor of Catholicism, but he was obliged to postpone it, owing to a league which had been formed between France, the Pope, and the Sultan, to deprive him of his Italian dominions.
		Philip's wife was now dead, and after an unsuccessful attempt to obtain the hand of her successor, Queen Elizabeth, he espoused Isabella of France, and returned to Spain, where from this time he always resided.
	www.sacklunch.net /biography/P/PhilipII.html (627 words)

	Spain Charles V and Philip Ii
		Philip II was a Castilian by education and temperament.
		Spain was also Europe's preeminent military power, with occasion to exercise its strength on many fronts--on land in Italy, Germany, North Africa, and the Netherlands, and at sea against the Dutch, French, Turks, and English.
		Spain was the military and diplomatic standard-bearer of the CounterReformation.
	www.country-studies.com /spain/charles-v-and-philip-ii.html (895 words)

	Worldroots.com
		Philip II was made King of Naples and Sicily and his marriage to Mary Tudor was arranged.
		Philip II had ensured that he was present at each birth and, though disappointed with daughters, Isabella had come to mean more to him than anyone else in his family.
		In 1581 Philip II was recognised as King of Portugal but The Netherlands declared that they had replaced him with the French Duke of Anjou; and when this Duke announced that he was engaged to Queen Elizabeth of England, Philip II's enemies united.
	worldroots.com /brigitte/royal/bio/philip2ofspainbio.html (2171 words)

	Philip II of Spain - Timeline Index
		Philip II, king of Spain and Portugal, was born at Valladolid, the only son of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V and Isabella of Portugal.
		Philip II, the self-proclaimed leader of Counter-Reformation, assumed the throne in 1556 with a great deal of potential, inheriting from his uncle Ferdinand the Habsburg lands in Austria together with the imperial crown of the Holy Roman Empire, thus inheriting the Netherlands, Franche-Comté, Naples, Sicily, and Milan.
		Philip III, King of Spain, King of Portugal, King of Naples and Sicily was the king of Spain and Portugal and Algarves (as Philip II Portuguese: Filipe II), from 1598 unt...
	www.timelineindex.com /content/view/697 (410 words)

	Philip II of Spain biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Philip II, the self-proclaimed leader of the Counter-Reformation, assumed the throne in 1556 with a great deal of potential, inheriting from his father Charles V the Habsburg lands in Spain, Italy and Burgundy, thus inheriting Castille, Aragon, the Netherlands, Franche-Comté, Naples, Sicily, and Milan.
		Spain's quagmire in the Netherlands, the defeat of its "invincible Armada" in 1588, and the economic strain of supporting so many wars with an insufficient tax base would lead to the collapse of Spanish hegemony by Philip's death in 1598.
		In the seventeen provinces of the Netherlands, Philip II continued the policies of heavy taxation since Charles V. Like Charles V, he continued to exclude local nobility from administration, maintained an army of occupation, and upheld an Inquisition to stop the advance of Calvinism.
	www.biography.ms /Philip_II_of_Spain.html (1776 words)

	Philip II
		Philip II, King of Spain, was born at Valladolid on the 21st of May 1527.
		If Philip II had deserved his name of the Prudent he would have made haste, so soon as his father, who continued to intervene in the government from his retreat at Yuste in Estremadura, was dead, to relieve himself of the ruinous inheritance of the Low Countries.
		As an administrator Philip had all the vices of his type, that of the laborious, self-righteous man, who thinks he can supervise everything, is capable of endless toil, and jealous of his authority, and who therefore will let none of his servants act without his instructions.
	www.nndb.com /people/229/000092950 (1264 words)

	Philip II of Spain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1560 Philip II organized a Holy League between Spain, the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Papal States, the Duchy of Savoy and the Knights of Malta.
		Philip II's enemies (generally Protestant propagandists) were instrumental in the creation of the Black Legend of Spain, which painted the king as a merciless, bloodthirsty tyrant and the Spanish empire as being built upon greed, deception, and destruction.
		Philip sought an alliance with the Kingdom of England, marrying the Catholic Queen Mary I of England in 1554.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain (2909 words)

	Philip II (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Philip II Philip II Philip II of Spain (1566-1598) launched the fearsome Spanish Armada against Elizabeth in 1588.
		Philip was the son of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and inherited his father's realms in Spain, the Netherlands, Italy, and America.
		In 1554 Philip married Mary I of England in an attempt to restore the island to the Spanish sphere of influence.
	www.newberry.org /elizabeth/exhibit/bios/philipii.html (80 words)

	Philip II, king of Spain, Naples, and Sicily: Philip's Reign — Infoplease.com
		The only major military success of Philip's later reign was the conquest of Portugal, to which he had a claim as the son of Isabella of Portugal, daughter of Manuel I. When King Henry of Portugal died (1580) without issue, Alba overran the country, and Philip was recognized as king by the Portuguese Cortes.
		Philip II of Spain champion of catholicism: David McKinnon-Bell assesses the degree to which Philip II's policies were motivated by......
		Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain 1474-1516 a re-assessment.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0860342.html (670 words)

	Reviews in History:
		Philip II controlled Spain for fifty-five years in the latter half of the sixteenth century from his appointment as regent for his father, Emperor Charles V, in 1543 to his death in 1598.
		Spain would continue to be a political threat to England into the first year of the reign of Elizabeth’s successor, James I. However, the failure of the armada to exploit favourable opportunities during the course of their advance up the channel accurately demonstrated Philip’s problems with his Grand Strategy as a whole.
		Philip was blamed personally for the reverse of the fleet and not for first time, he hoped to die (although this temporary phase passed).
	www.history.ac.uk /reviews/paper/macpherson.html (3740 words)

	Philip II of Spain - Rijksmuseum Amsterdam - National Museum for Art and History
		When the latter abdicated in 1555, Philip inherited the crown of Spain and the Netherlands.
		Philip's policies were dominated by his defence of the Catholic
		By the time Philip died in 1598, Spain's days as the world's leading power were drawing to a close.
	www.rijksmuseum.nl /aria/aria_encyclopedia/00049510?lang=en (380 words)

	The Periphery of Francia: Spain, Britain, Eastern Europe, & Scandinavia
		Spain was sometimes styled an "empire." Ferdinand I and Alfonso VII of Castile were sometimes styled "Emperor," but in Mediaeval Europe, the Popes regarded such a title as theirs to dispense, and no self-proclaimed emperors were going to get cooperation from the Church.
		Philip/Felipe II of Spain / Philip I of Portugal
		Philip III of Spain / Philip II of Portugal
	www.friesian.com /perifran.htm (11464 words)

	Philip II: Two Documents
		Reign of Philip II The following are two documents relating to the reign of Philip II of Spain (1527-1598).
		From New Spain are obtained gold and silver, cochineal [little insects like flies], from which crimson dye is made, leather, cotton, sugar and other things; but from Peru nothing is obtained except minerals.
		II: From the Renaissance to the Present, Fifth Ed., (Lexington, MA and Toronto; D. Heath, 1995) pp.
	www.thenagain.info /Classes/Sources/PhilipII.html (207 words)

	Philip II of Spain, patron of the arts (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The image of Philip II (1527-98) as stern and assiduous defender of his political inheritance and of the catholic faith is tempered and enriched by the image of patron and collector of art.
		Part of Philip's collection was to form the basis of the Prado Museum when it was founded in the nineteenth century.
		Although Philip is recognized as one of the most important art patrons of the Renaissance little has been published in English on his remarkable achievement.
	www.four-courts-press.ie /cgi/bookshow.cgi?file=philipii.xml (352 words)

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