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	Philosophical method - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Philosophical method (or philosophical methodology) is the study of how to do philosophy.
		Another element of philosophical method is to formulate questions to be answered or problems to be solved.
		Philosophical arguments and justifications are another important part of philosophical method.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Philosophical_method (1064 words)

	[No title]
		By virtue of its historical circumstances, medieval philosophical method had from its beginnings consisted largely in commentary on a well defined and fairly small body of authoritative texts and reflection on a canonical set of issues raised by them.
		Philosophers in the era of the universities took for granted a much larger and more varied intellectual inheritance, but their approach to philosophical issues remained conditioned by an established textual tradition, and they continued to articulate their philosophical views in explicit dialogue with it.
		The pluralism of philosophical method appears in the use of a technique of fragmentation and dialogue, in the Philosophical Investigations.
	www.lycos.com /info/philosophical-method.html (418 words)

	20th WCP: Merleau-Ponty on Beauvoir's Literary-Philosophical Method
		The waters surrounding de Beauvoir’s contribution to philosophical method are somewhat muddled because the literary forms she used innovatively for philosophy — the novel and the short story — have (unlike, for example, the literary forms of Wittgenstein) resulted in writing which has been chiefly esteemed largely in terms of literature.
		The waters surrounding Beauvoir's contribution to philosophical method are somewhat muddied because the literary forms she used innovatively for philosophy — the novel and the short story — have (unlike the literary forms of Wittgenstein) resulted in writing which has been chiefly esteemed largely in terms of literature.
		In denying the philosophical relevance of the individual and the concrete, this school implicitly presumes that a philosopher is capable of taking a universal rather than merely an individual point of view toward the metaphysical reality he or she seeks to explain.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Lite/LiteFull.htm (2809 words)

	James Dye, "Cultural Relativity and the Logic of Philosophy"
		After all, philosophical problems, and for that matter, philosophical theories, do not spring full-grown from the heads of philosophers; they are generated by the desire to think consistently and coherently about the important achievements or the areas of conflict or incompleteness of one’s culture.
		Philosophical terms are, therefore, always either terms selected from some area of established usage (a “language game”) because they seem to be most suitable for the performance of a philosophical task; or else they are terms which although not having an established use, clarify or otherwise improve upon ideas which are familiar.
		Philosophical terms are no exception, since they are ordinarily borrowed from situation in which their use is of interest for philosophical purposes, while the use to which they are put in philosophy is never strictly identical.
	sun.soci.niu.edu /~phildept/Dye/Relativity.html (4830 words)

	[No title]
		If the philosophical counselor structures his or her practice merely as a consultant giving advice, guidance, and/or instruction in philosophical thinking and reasoning, then we may say this is no more than providing a philosophical tutorial or a logic lesson, thus it is educational.
		Many philosophical counselors draw the line between a psychological analysis of clients' lives (e.g., examining the precipitating events, antecedents, cue-responsiveness, causes, and mental conflicts that affect adjustment and behavior) and a conceptual analysis of clients' worldviews, belief systems, propositional attitudes, and rational justifications underlying the philosophical assumptions about their sense of self and the world.
		Philosophers are drawn to certain philosophies over others, not only because of intense study and philosophical rumination over the rational superiority of each approach, but because certain philosophies coalesce with their personal ways of being.
	www.processpsychology.com /Phil-method-web.htm (7773 words)

	CHAPTER TWO
		This method is not a method specific to positive theology, which is to say, it is not an exegetical method of immediate usefulness in the interpretation of Sacred Scripture or of official documents of the Magisterium.
		Nor is it a method of speculative theology insofar as its function is neither one of hermeneutics nor of synthesis.
		The essential moment therefore in Husserl’s method is the ‘phenomenological reduction’, by means of which one passes from the ‘natural attachment’, in which our attention is immediately and spontaneously drawn to the things in their natural existence, to the ‘eidetic vision’, i.e., to the vision of the logical forms constitutive of this world.
	www.crvp.org /book/Series01/I-28/chapter_two.htm (5399 words)

	The Socratic Method, by Leonard Nelson
		When it is common to say that the greatest philosophers of the 20th century were Heidegger and Wittgenstein -- philosophers who didn't think that philosophy could accomplish much of anything of substance -- the perceptive observer would have to conclude that the outcome of philosophy in the 20th century was little short of a disaster.
		In this pattern of the discussion we recognize the philosophical instinct for the only correct method: first to derive the general premises from the observed facts of everyday life, and thus to proceed from judgments of which we are sure to those that are less sure.
		It is precisely the man with a philosophical turn of mind who is unwilling, in mathematics as elsewhere, simply to accept a result; he philosophizes about it, i.e., he strives to understand its fundamentals and bring it into harmony with the rest of his knowledge.
	www.friesian.com /method.htm (13980 words)

	20th WCP: Philosophical and Pedagogical Beginnings: Philosophical Investigations
		Wittgenstein claims throughout his later writings to be teaching a method and this method is both philosophical and pedagogical.
		An investigation of the philosophical and pedagogical questions raised in the opening remark of the Investigations will demonstrate that we have not yet begun to use Wittgenstein's method and his writings to their full potential.
		Another important philosophical and pedagogical aspect of this example is that there is nothing inner or hidden in Wittgenstein's description of this use of language.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Cont/ContSavi.htm (4200 words)

	Methodological Naturalism and Philosophical Naturalism
		Naturalism as a philosophy not only accepts this method but also the broad generalizations which are established by the use of it; viz, that the occurrence of all qualities or events depends upon the organization of a material system in space-time, and that their emergence, development and disappearance are determined by changes in such organization....
		Moreover, given that philosophical naturalism, a generalization of the results of scientific method, consequently shares the advantage of the self-correction of science, a priori certainty is not even desirable.
		Philosophical naturalism, rather than constructing a world view from a priori ontological categories, constructs a world view ordered by categories constructed from the ground up, so to speak, on the basis of empirically ascertained knowledge of nature; its categories are just as stable, or just as fluid, as scientific explanations themselves.
	www.infidels.org /library/modern/barbara_forrest/naturalism.html (8991 words)

	R.G. Collingwood - An Essay on Philosophical Method; The Philosophy of Enchantment, Studies in Folktale, Cultural ...
		Thus, Collingwood's essays "The Metaphysics of F H Bradley" (1933) and "Method and Metaphysics" (1935) are published for the first time, as is his fascinating correspondence (1935) with Gilbert Ryle, at least in a scholarly and easily accessible format.
		Philosophers who find Collingwood's thinking essential for the development of their own cannot but owe all the editors of these volumes a very real debt.
		Contemporary philosophers are not always expert in the development of British anthropology in the inter-war period, so the information that is given on this subject is relevant and useful.
	ndpr.nd.edu /review.cfm?id=6563 (2239 words)

	FIRST BOOK INFLUENCE OF DEMOCRACY ON THE ACTION OF INTELLECT IN THE UNITED STATES
		The philosophers of the eighteenth century, generalizing at length on the same principle, undertook to submit to the private judgment of each man all the objects of his belief.
		The philosophical method here designated may have been born in the sixteenth century; it may have been more accurately defined and more extensively applied in the seventeenth; but neither in the one nor in the other could it be commonly adopted.
		The philosophical method of the eighteenth century, then, is not only French, but democratic; and this explains why it was so readily admitted throughout Europe, where it has contributed so powerfully to change the face of society.
	xroads.virginia.edu /~HYPER/DETOC/ch1_01.htm (1511 words)

	Duncan Richter - Wittgenstein at His Word - Reviewed by Frederick Stoutland, Uppsala University - Philosophical Reviews ...
		His philosophical discussions are not deep or well argued, partly because of the large number of topics he discusses, but partly because he is careless, especially in drawing distinctions that are too often imprecise and shifting.
		The method aims to eliminate confusion in one's ethical or religious beliefs but, Richter contends, if an individual is not personally convinced that she is confused, she may simply go on as before.
		Wittgenstein's criticism of philosophical theories was not (intended to be) based on a philosophical theory of his own nor does his "methodology" depend upon one.
	ndpr.nd.edu /review.cfm?id=3441 (1997 words)

	René Descartes [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		The two most widely known of Descartes' philosophical ideas are those of a method of hyperbolic doubt, and the argument that, though he may doubt, he cannot doubt that he exists.
		His insistence on a radical philosophy that dispensed, as far as possible, with authority; his insistence on the perspective of consciousness in epistemology; his attempt to raise the standard of philosophical argumentation to a science akin to geometry; his close integration of philosophy and physical science; his emphasis on methodology, all were hugely important.
		Although Descartes' method had its advocates, it was also criticized by his contemporaries, such as the mathematician Pierre de Fermat, and ultimately dismissed.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/d/descarte.htm (19639 words)

	Amazon.com: An Essay on Philosophical Method (Key Texts): Books: R. G. Collingwood (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Collingwood's mature work of metaphysics seeks to overhaul the notion of philosophical method, assigning philosophy the task of "thinking out the idea of an object that shall completely satisfy the demands of reason." He saw natural science and history falling short in their accounts of our knowledge and limited in their aims.
		Collingwood is one of the best philosophers in the tradition of the German Idealists--indeed, reading his work will do more to help you to understand Hegel than reading almost anything else will.
		Aside from being a great philosopher, he is also an extremely clear writer, and he is able, in simple prose, to demonstrate how dialectical ideas have direct and obvious bearing on everyday life.
	www.amazon.com /Essay-Philosophical-Method-Key-Texts/dp/1855063921 (980 words)

	Philosophical Method Term Papers, Essay Research Paper Help, Essays on Philosophical Method
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	www.essaytown.com /topics/philosophical_method_essays_papers.html (803 words)

	Descartes’s Philosophical Method
		These might be conscious or unconscious, fully formed or more like seeds of ideas we are likely to develop later, mere concepts (like words) or full beliefs (like sentences).
		Descartes was not a skeptic, but he used skepticism against itself with his method of doubt.
		Anything that could be doubted, he set aside, so that only rock-solid certainty remained.
	academics.vmi.edu /psy_dr/descartes.htm (677 words)

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