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Topic: Photosynthesis

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	BBC - GCSE Bitesize - Biology \| Green plants \| Photosynthesis
		gaseous compound of carbon and oxygen which is a by-product of respiration, and which is needed by plants for photosynthesis
		Plants can turn the glucose produced in photosynthesis into starch for storage, and turn it back into glucose when it is needed for respiration.
		It is needed for photosynthesis, which changes light energy into chemical energy.
	www.bbc.co.uk /schools/gcsebitesize/biology/greenplantsasorganisms/0photosynthesisrev1.shtml (309 words)

	Photosynthesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Photosynthesis (photo=light, synthesis=putting together), generally, is the synthesis of sugar from light, carbon dioxide and water, with oxygen as a by-product.
		Oxygenic photosynthesis uses water as an electron donor which is oxidized into molecular oxygen by the absorption of a photon by the photosynthetic reaction centre.
		The surface of the leaf is uniformly coated with a water-resistant, waxy cuticle, that protects the leaf from excessive evaporation of water and decreases the absorption of ultraviolet or blue light to reduce heating.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Photosynthesis (3785 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Photosynthesis (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Photosynthesis is an important biochemical process in which plants, algae, some bacteria, and some protists convert the energy of sunlight to chemical energy.
		Photosynthesis, process by which green plants and certain other organisms use the energy of light to convert carbon dioxide and water into the simple sugar glucose.
		Photosynthesis is a very complex process, and for the sake of convenience and ease of understanding, plant biologists divide it into two stages.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Photosynthesis (541 words)

	Photosynthesis - MSN Encarta
		Embedded in the membranes of the thylakoids are hundreds of molecules of chlorophyll, a light-trapping pigment required for photosynthesis.
		Photosynthesis is a very complex process, and for the sake of convenience and ease of understanding, plant biologists divide it into two stages.
		Certain red and blue wavelengths of light are the most effective in photosynthesis because they have exactly the right amount of energy to energize, or excite, chlorophyll electrons and boost them out of their orbits to a higher energy level.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572911/Photosynthesis.html (1421 words)

	Photosynthesis
		Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar.
		Photosynthesis takes place primarily in plant leaves, and little to none occurs in stems, etc. The parts of a typical leaf include the upper and lower epidermis, the mesophyll, the vascular bundle(s) (veins), and the stomates.
		The central part of the chemical structure of a chlorophyll molecule is a porphyrin ring, which consists of several fused rings of carbon and nitrogen with a magnesium ion in the center.
	biology.clc.uc.edu /courses/bio104/photosyn.htm (997 words)

	Aqua Botanic - Photosynthesis in the aquarium
		Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use the energy of light to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, and the by- product released is oxygen on which most life depends.
		Photosynthesis is a very complex process that is still not fully understood.
		Sugars produced in photosynthesis must be transported through the phloem to other parts of the plant for utilization and storage.
	www.aquabotanic.com /photosyn.htm (911 words)

	The paper
		Photosynthesis is the physico-chemical process by which plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds.
		Plant photosynthesis is driven primarily by visible light (wavelengths from 400 to 700 nm) that is absorbed by pigment molecules (mainly chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids).
		Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts that contain photosystems II and I, the cytochrome bf complex, the Calvin cycle enzymes and pigment-protein complexes containing chlorophyll a, and other antenna pigments (e.g., chlorophyll b in green algae, chlorophyll c and fucaxanthol in brown algae and diatoms, and phycobilins in red algae).
	www.life.uiuc.edu /govindjee/paper/gov.html (12489 words)

	Teachers' Domain: Illuminating Photosynthesis
		The site points out that photosynthesis is responsible for feeding nearly all life forms on Earth, and that the process generates, as a by-product, an element that is critically important to the survival of humans and most other animals: oxygen.
		Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and a few types of single-celled organisms use energy from the sun to transform carbon dioxide and water into a storable form of energy: glucose.
		First and foremost, the energy from photosynthesis is used by plants for growth and reproduction.
	www.teachersdomain.org /6-8/sci/life/stru/methusweb/index.html (444 words)

	PHOTOSYNTHESIS
		Photosynthesis is an important biochemical process in which plants, algae, and some bacteria harness the energy of sunlight to produce food.
		Photosynthesis is a physiological phenomenon that coverts solar energy into photochemical energy.
		Overall, in conjunction with the oxidation-reduction reaction nature of the photosynthesis equation, and the interrelationships between entropy and enthalpy, energy in a usable form will be produced by the photosynthesizing green plant.
	www.solarnavigator.net /photosynthesis.htm (2769 words)

	Newton's Apple: Teacher's Guides
		This process is called photosynthesis and begins when light strikes the plant's leaves (both sunlight and artificial light can power this process).
		Photosynthesis is the first step in the food chain which connects all living things.
		The oxygen that is released by the process of photosynthesis is an essential exchange for all living things.
	www.ktca.org /newtons/9/phytosy.html (941 words)

	Teachers' Domain: Photosynthesis
		It takes the viewer from the earliest scientific hypotheses that plants ate dirt, to our present-day understanding of photosynthesis, the process by which plants use the sun's energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates, a storable form of chemical energy.
		Photosynthesis is the process by which plants transform water and carbon dioxide (a gas that's plentiful in the air) into carbohydrates (sugars and starches), using the energy of sunlight.
		One of the most critical factors influencing the efficiency of photosynthesis is the amount (intensity and duration) of light that hits a leaf.
	www.teachersdomain.org /6-8/sci/life/stru/photosynth/index.html (494 words)

	Botany online: Photosynthesis
		The Dark Reactions of Photosynthesis, Assimilation of Carbon Dioxide And The Calvin Cycle
		A first experimental prove that the oxygen developed during the photosynthesis of green plants stems indeed from water was delivered by the British physiologist R. He detected that isolated chloroplasts give off oxygen in the presence of unnatural reducing agents like iron oxalate, ferricyanide or benzoquinone after exposure to light.
		The statement that the oxygen produced during photosynthesis stems only from the breakdown of water was confirmed by S. KAMEN and J. HYDE in 1941 after the isotope technique had found its way to biochemistry.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/e24/24.htm (1116 words)

	Photosynthesis
		Photosynthesis is the process by which plants secure energy from the sun and create useful chemicals.
		Photosynthesis can be separated into the photo part and the synthesis part.
		The energy that's absorbed in the photosynthesis reactions can be released later (in respiration) in a sequence of steps which change the carbohydrate back to carbon dioxide and give off hydrogen and electrons, which, in turn, combine with oxygen (that we get from plants) to release energy as it's needed in the body.
	dl.clackamas.edu /ch106-07/photosyn.htm (645 words)

	AZ Master Gardener Manual: Physiology
		Photosynthesis is divided in to two separate reactions known as the light and dark reactions.
		Crassulacean acid metabolism or CAM photosynthesis is the dark reaction type found in many cactus, succulents, bromeliads, and orchids as well as a few other plants.
		Photosynthesis occurs at its highest rate in the temperature range of 65° to 85°F (18° to 27°C) and decreases when temperatures are above or below this range.
	ag.arizona.edu /pubs/garden/mg/botany/physiology.html (1527 words)

	Photosynthesis analysis shows work of ancient genetic engineering
		Photosynthesis is one of the most important chemical processes ever developed by life -- a chemical process that transforms sunlight into chemical energy, ultimately powering virtually all the living things and allowing them to dominate the earth.
		The evolution of aerobic photosynthesis in bacteria is also the most likely reason for the development of an oxygen-rich atmosphere that transformed the chemistry of the Earth billions of years ago, further triggering the evolution of complex life.
		Blankenship argues that this explains the how the complex biochemical machinery of photosynthesis could have developed: Different pieces of the system evolved separately in different organisms, perhaps to serve purposes different from their current function in the photosynthesis.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-11/asu-pas111802.php (1026 words)

	Photosynthesis (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Photosynthesis transforms light energy trapped by chloroplasts into chemical bond energy in sugar and other organic molecules.
		Photosynthesis: light boosts potential energy of electrons as they are moved from water to sugar; when water is split electrons are transferred from water to CO2, reducing it to sugar
		In order for light to be effective in driving photosynthesis it must be absorbed to raise the electrons of chlorophyll or other photosynthetic pigment to a higher energy level (excited state).
	webpages.marshall.edu /~adkinsda/b120ch10.htm (1700 words)

	Photosynthesis - Photolysis and Carbon Fixation - Cell Biology
		Photosynthesis is the means that primary producers (mostly plants) can obtain energy via light energy.
		Photosynthesis is a reduction process, where hydrogen is reduced by a coenzyme.
		This part of photosynthesis occurs in the granum of a chloroplast where light is absorbed by chlorophyll; a type of photosynthetic pigment that converts the light to chemical energy.
	www.biology-online.org /1/4_photosynthesis.htm (603 words)

	photosynthesis. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The green pigment chlorophyll is uniquely capable of converting the active energy of light into a latent form that can be stored (in food) and used when needed.
		The oxygen released (with water vapor, in transpiration) as a photosynthetic byproduct, principally of phytoplankton, provides most of the atmospheric oxygen vital to respiration in plants and animals, and animals in turn produce carbon dioxide necessary to plants.
		Photosynthesis can therefore be considered the ultimate source of life for nearly all plants and animals by providing the source of energy that drives all their metabolic processes.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ph/photosyn.html (550 words)

	Field Photosynthesis Measurement Systems
		Measurements of photosynthesis are needed for comparing and understanding productivity(biomass accumulation) of vegetal systems at the leaf, plant or community level as well as their response to environmental stresses.
		The basic components of a photosynthesis measurement system are the gas exchange chamber, infrared gas analyzer, flow meters, gas lines, CO2 and water vapor filters,power batteries and a console with keyboard, display and memory.
		The usefulness of photosynthesis (A) measurements are enhanced by the simultaneous measurement of transpiration (E).
	weather.nmsu.edu /Teaching_Material/soil698/Student_Material/Photosynthesis (1037 words)

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