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Topic: Polar aurora

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	Polar aurora
		Polar aurorae are optical phenomena characterized by colorful displays of light in the night sky, sometimes accompanied by humming and/or crackling sounds.
		Auroras are the most visible effect of the solar wind upon the Earth's atmosphere.
		The aurora is caused by the interaction of high energy particles (usually electrons) with neutral atoms in the Earth's upper atmosphere.
	pedia.newsfilter.co.uk /wikipedia/p/po/polar_aurora.html (1215 words)

	Polar aurora -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Auroras are the most visible effect of the (A stream of protons moving radially from the sun) solar wind upon the (Click link for more info and facts about Earth's atmosphere) Earth's atmosphere.
		Auroras are most intense at times of intense magnetic storms caused by (A cooler darker spot appearing periodically on the sun's photosphere; associated with a strong magnetic field) sunspot activity.
		In Norse mythology the polar aurora represents the Ride of the ((Norse mythology) one of the maidens of Odin who chose heroes to be slain in battle and conducted them to Valhalla) Valkyries to War.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/po/polar_aurora.htm (2174 words)

	Polar aurora - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Polar aurorae are optical phenomena characterized by colorful displays of light in the night sky.
		In Norse mythology the polar aurora represents the Ride of the Valkyries to War.
		On the Simpsons television show Principal Skinner claimed that the aurora borealis was occurring in his kitchen in an attempt to cover up the fact that his stove was on fire.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /northern_lights.htm (1745 words)

	The Polar Aurora
		To an observer, an aurora is a fascinating spectacle, constantly moving and changing.
		The magnetic connection is also demonstrated by the fact that the rays of the aurora lie along magnetic field lines, and that the Earth's magnetic field observed beneath a bright and active aurora tends to be disturbed.
		He enjoys photographing the aurora, and his collection of auroral images can give you a better feeling of "what the aurora looks like" than anything else I have seen on the web.
	www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov /Education/waurora1.html (596 words)

	Antarctica Continent - Photos of Animals, Penguins, Icebergs and Polar Aurora (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A rare are image of polar aurora close to South Pole, in a research station, Antarctica.
		Polar aurora is a luminous phenomenon that occurs when gases from higher layers of the atmosphere are bombed by solar particles.
		Polar aurora can be australis (near South Pole) or borealis (near North Pole).
	www.geographicguide.com /antarctica.htm (1335 words)

	Aurora FAQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Aurora Alerts Forum and from various e-mails sent to me. For each question there is a short, one-sentence answer, and a paragraph or two with a bit more explanation.
		Aurora is a luminous glow of the upper atmosphere which is caused by energetic particles that enter the atmosphere from above.
		Aside from the charged particles that cause the light of the aurora, there are currents flowing between the magnetosphere and the ionosphere inside and in the vicinity of the aurora.
	odin.gi.alaska.edu /FAQ (4264 words)

	Brief History: The Polar Aurora
		Harang observed that the aurora penetrated to altitudes of 95-115 km, and assuming its particles were electrons, he deduced energies of 15-30 keV.
		Among the many satellite observations of the aurora performed since that time, the most striking ones have been produced by imaging cameras, from which a global view of the entire oval can at times be obtained.
		The diffuse aurora is fainter (detectable on the ground by photometers but not usually by the eye) and it tends to extend around the entire auroral oval; its significance was only realized after its global configuration was seen by Isis 2 [Lui and Anger, 1973].
	www.phy6.org /Education/bh2_6.html (3280 words)

	Aurora Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Scientists are studying the aurora using orbiting spacecraft and ground-based observatories because many aspects of the Earth's glimmering auroral lights are a mystery.
		Polar carries a host of scientific instruments, including the Visible Imaging System (VIS), which consists of three low-light level cameras.
		Magnetospheric plasmas, fed by energy from the sun, are known to be responsible for the dynamic auroral emissions seen and recorded by the VIS cameras on the Polar spacecraft, and generally similar processes are known to occur at Jupiter.
	aurora.physics.uiowa.edu /back.html (1187 words)

	BAA Aurora Section: Visibility of the Aurora (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The polar aurora is virtually a permanent oval of auroral activity encircling the geomagnetic pole.
		Quiet aurorae are more often seen from the Moray Firth northwards while active storms, most frequently seen in the north of the UK, often extend farther south and in extreme cases are visible in the south of England and on occasion down to the Mediterranean.
		Quiet aurorae are associated with high speed streams of particles emanating from coronal holes on the sun and not necessarily the storm aurorae associated with shock events and transient solar events.
	www.baa-aurora.fsnet.co.uk /visibility.htm (1979 words)

	POLAR AURORA
		aurora polare (aurora, aurora polaris), aurora (Aurora, dawn).
		aurora polar (aurora, aurora polaris), aurora (Aurora, dawn, dawning, daybreak, daylight, day-spring, morn, morning).
		aurora polar (aurora, aurora polaris), aurora (Aurora, dawn).
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /po/polar+aurora.html (1242 words)

	Secrets of the Polar Aurora
		Locations about 1500 miles from the magnetic pole are where aurora is seen most frequently: further away or nearer to the magnetic pole, they get more rare (they are quite rare at the magnetic pole itself).
		Something similar happens with the electrons that cause the aurora: they collide with atoms in the upper fringes of the atmosphere, give up their energy to those atoms and cause them to emit light.
		Auroras, as was said, are caused by beams of electrons hitting the high atmosphere.
	www.phy6.org /Education/aurora.htm (4448 words)

	Electrons, Ions and Plasma
		In the 1800s it was already evident that the Earth's magnetic field was involved: auroral rays seemed to follow the Earth's magnetic field lines, and the frequency with which aurora was observed depended on the distance from the magnetic pole, not from the geographic one.
		The typical height of the aurora turned out to be about 100 km or 60 miles, placing it in the upper fringes of the atmosphere.
		Unlike air, it conducts electricity, and in fact, the ionosphere in the polar regions carries large electric currents, as is discussed in a later section.
	www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov /Education/Ielect.html (1189 words)

	Top Story - EARTH'S AURORAS MAKE RARE JOINT APPEARANCE IN A FEATURE FILM - October 25, 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The images confirm the three-century old theory that auroras in the northern and southern hemispheres are nearly mirror images -- conjugates - of each other.
		Auroras occur when fast-moving particles trapped in Earth's magnetic field come crashing down into the gases of Earth's upper atmosphere.
		Polar was launched by NASA in 1996 to study the aurora, the radiation belts, and other phenomena in the space around Earth.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /topstory/20011025aurora.html (567 words)

	Hourly STD DMSP/POLAR Auroral Activity Report
		The image above is the most recent estimated shape and character of the northern polar auroral oval, as derived from recent measurements of energy deposition into the auroral oval by the NOAA/TIROS spacecraft and as statistically derived and provided courtesy of the Space Environment Center.
		The image above is the most recent estimated shape and character of the southern polar auroral oval, as derived from recent measurements of energy deposition into the auroral oval by the NOAA/TIROS spacecraft and as statistically derived and provided courtesy of the Space Environment Center.
		Although the model works very well and should provide visual observers with a good estimate of the visibility of auroral activity, it is not perfect and may occasionally under or overestimate the visibility of activity from some regions.
	www.spacew.com /www/aurora.php (513 words)

	The POLAR Spacecraft Experiment
		With 11 instruments on board, POLAR is designed to measure energy input to the Earth's polar regions.
		Background: The aurorae are the result of collisions between the atmosphere and energetic particles which have their origin in the solar wind, and which reach the atmosphere after being accelerated and redistributed within the Earth's magnetosphere.
		Simultaneous images of the auroral oval and polar cap not only yield the temporal and spatial morphology from which we can infer activity indices, they also allow the comparison of parts of the oval with measurements made by other spacecraft of source regions in the magnetosphere.
	www.geophys.washington.edu /Space/SpaceExp/POLAR (521 words)

	The Polar Aurora (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		It often appears as a glow on the horizon, like the glow preceding sunrise, and has therefore become known among scientists as "aurora borealis" ("aurora" for short), Latin for "northern dawn." A similar phenomenon is also seen in southern polar regions.
		The computer screen displaying these words is probably lit up in a similar way, by a beam of fast electrons accelerated electrically towards it, then steered and modulated so as to form letters and pictures.
		Aurora observed by an imaging camera aboard the DE-1 (Dynamics Explorer 1) spacecraft.
	www.geophys.washington.edu /Space/ESS205/Education/waurora1.html (524 words)

	Polar Publications
		Polar publication lists have been maintained since the beginning of the mission by the instrument teams.
		Kawano, H., G.Le, C.T.Russell, G.Rostoker, M.Brittnacher, and G.K.Parks, Polar observations of a substorm in the polar magnetosphere, J. Geophys.
		Spjeldvik, W.N., et al., POLAR spacecraft observations of helium ion angular anisotropy in the Earth's radiation belts, Annales Geophysicae, 17, 723-733, 1999.
	www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov /polar/publications.shtml (16455 words)

	The Polar Aurora -- History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The term "aurora borealis" was used in 1621 by the French scientist and philosopher Pierre Gassendi, but George Siscoe has given reasons to believe it was introduced by Galileo Galilei in 1619 (p.
		It was long suspected that the aurora was caused by electrons arriving from the outside and hitting the high atmosphere.
		Nowadays scientific satellites regularly cross streams of auroral electrons and measure their properties, and aurora is also observed from the ground with video cameras and special radars.
	www.iki.rssi.ru /magbase/REFMAN/EAMAGSPH/whaur1.html (307 words)

	NASA Spacecraft Help Solve Saturn's Mysterious Auroras (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The researchers, led by John Clarke of Boston University, found the planet's auroras, long thought of as a cross between those of Earth and Jupiter, are fundamentally unlike those observed on either of the other two planets.
		Hubble snapped ultraviolet pictures of Saturn's auroras over several weeks, while Cassini's radio and plasma wave science instrument recorded the boost in radio emissions from the same regions, and the Cassini plasma spectrometer and magnetometer instruments measured the intensity of the aurora with the pressure of the solar wind.
		This difference suggests that Saturn's auroras are driven in an unexpected manner by the Sun's magnetic field and the solar wind, not by the direction of the solar wind's magnetic field.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/02/050218160928.htm (1101 words)

	Polar
		During a space weather storm on October 22, Polar's Visible Imaging System observed the aurora borealis and aurora australis (northern and southern lights) expanding and brightening in parallel at opposite ends of the world.
		This April special section is first of two Polar special sections to be published in JGR this year.
		On Mar 27, 2001 the Polar spacecraft switched to its backup telemetry module and restored telemetry capture of the TIMAS mid-energy mass spectrometer.
	pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov /istp/polar (291 words)

	Science Project Number AO-117-O / 2000-2001 Field Season (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Research has shown that these auroras come from the precipitation of low-energy particles entering the magnetosphere in the solar wind.
		The project team members will work in the Aurora Lab to maintain the all-sky imager (ASI) instruments (i.e., optical camera, workstation, and data recorder) and to check and calibrate the absolute intensity of the optical device.
		The ASI is remotely operated through a satellite link by researchers at the National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) in Japan during the polar night.
	www.polar.org /science/SciPlanSummaries/sps00/00_AO_117_O.htm (406 words)

	Ham Radio Online - Aurora Forecast (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Aurora can affect propagation conditions over the polar routes and is often used to enhance VHF propagation, especially at 50 MHz and sometimes the 144 MHz Amateur bands.
		The plot is based on aurora radar returns operating at 50 MHz in Anchorage, Alaska and is used here with permission.
		Bands of white echo returns in the chart indicate that the radio aurora is returning VHF radio signal echoes in Alaska.
	www.hamradio-online.com /aurora.html (356 words)

	Funonthenet - Polar lights - Aurora Borealis - EXCLUSIVE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		An aurora is an optical phenomenon characterised by colourful displays of light in the night sky.
		On Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, aurorae are caused by the interaction of solar wind particles with the planet's magnetic field, and are therefore most prominent in higher latitudes near the magnetic poles.
		For this reason, the aurora occurring in Earth's Northern Hemisphere is called the aurora borealis, or northern lights; and in the Southern Hemisphere the aurora australis.
	www.funonthenet.in /content/view/178/31 (505 words)

	Current UVI Image (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Its main job is to make pictures in the UV of the aurora, or sometimes called the northern and southern lights.
		When the activity of the aurora is low, we don't see much and the images tend to be blue/red.
		When the activity is high, the auroral oval is bright gold or white and usually dynamic.
	uvisun.msfc.nasa.gov /UVI/current_image.html (248 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Polar aurora [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Photograph of the aurora australis, taken from the space shuttle in orbit in May 1991, at a geomagnetic maximum.
		However, the few detailed studies of auroral sounds that have been carried out have come to no definite conclusions.
		Products related to Polar aurora: books, DVD, electronics, garden, kitchen, magazines, music, photo, posters, software, tools, toys, VHS, videogames
	encyclozine.com /Aurora_borealis (1534 words)

	Colorado cities and locations - Aurora - Your pets - Dogs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Pet Street Mall has name brand pet supplies as well as many unusual items and hard-to-find larger sizes are here, for your dog or any type of pet.
		Aurora is the Latin languageLatin word for "dawn".
		* A polar light (caused by solar wind and seen near the poles).
	www.tatet.com /reg-Dogs-335-7672.html (179 words)

	Monster Models (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In 1999, prompted by the success of the previous kits, the company started to reissue all of the classic Aurora monster models in their original long-box packaging, some of which have never been reissued since their original release in the 60's.
		Aurora would often provide professional, factory painted display models to hobby shops that ordered a certain amount of a particular kit.
		The pieces were in the Aurora archives when they were going out of business and were acquired from a former Aurora employee.
	www.chesco.com /~edmoore/monster_models.htm (358 words)

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