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	Pope Paschal II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The imperial Diet at Mainz invited Paschal II to visit Germany and settle the trouble in January 1106, but the Pope in the Council of Guastalla (October 1106) simply renewed the prohibition of investiture.
		The Hildebrandine party was aroused to action, however; a Lateran council of March 1112 declared null and void the concessions extorted by violence; a council held at Vienna in October 1111 actually excommunicated the Emperor, and Paschal II sanctioned the proceeding.
		Towards the end of his pontificate trouble began anew in England; Paschal II complaining (1115) that councils were held and bishops translated without his authorization, and threatening Henry I with excommunication.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Paschal_II (543 words)

	Pope Paschal II
		Pope Paschal II Succeeded Urban II, and reigned from 13 Aug., 1099, till he died at Rome, 21 Jan., 1118.
		Since the pope continued to denounce and anathematize lay investitures in the synods over which he presided, the chief of which were at Guastalla (1106) and Troyes (1107), and since Henry persisted in bestowing benefices at pleasure, the friendly relations between the two powers soon became strained.
		Paschal decided to change his proposed journey to Germany, and proceeded to France, where he was received enthusiastically by King Philip (who did penance for his adultery and was reconciled to the Church) and by the French people.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/p/paschal_ii,pope.html (1008 words)

	Pope Gelasius II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		January 29, 1119), Pope from January 24, 1118 to January 29, 1119, was born at Gaeta of an illustrious family.
		He became a monk of Monte Cassino, was taken to Rome by Pope Urban II (1088–99), and made papal chancellor and Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin.
		Shortly after his unanimous election to succeed Pope Paschal II (1099–1118) he was seized by Cencius Frangipanè, a partisan of the Emperor Emperor Henry V (1105–25), but freed by a general uprising of the Romans on his behalf.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Gelasius_II (426 words)

	1100 - 1199
		Pope Paschal II dies, and is succeeded by Gelasius II.
		Pope Alexander III dies and is succeeded by Pope Lucius III.
		Pope Lucius III is succeeded by Pope Urban III.
	www.medievaltymes.com /courtyard/1100_-_1199.htm (2204 words)

	History of the Mass (15histot.htm)
		With the latter's death in 1099, Pope Paschal II was chosen to carry on, but he was embroiled in the bitter infighting between the triumverate of factions: the German kingdom and Roman patricians, who while not allies, were unified against the reformers.
		Paschal's ambition to unify all factions and to insist on the reform principles, as well as the supremacy of the pontiff, backfired badly and he was forced to sign a concession that greatly weakened the Church politically.
		Paschal saw it as a chance for reconciliation with the empire and the papacy but alas the son was of the same mind-frame regarding lay investiture.
	www.dailycatholic.org /hist/15histot.htm (1780 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Paschal II
		Extremely reluctant pope during a period of struggle between the Chuch and emperor, protesting that monastic training had not prepared him for the temporal and administrative duties of the papacy.
		Paschal was deeply involved in the struggle over lay investiture; Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV supported three successive anti-popes in hopes of placing his own man on the papal throne.
		Years of discussion ensured, and in 1111 Paschal came to a settlement with Henry V by which he gave the emperor all the land given to the Church since the reign of Charlemagne, and Henry agreed to give up lay investiture.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0160.htm (408 words)

	PASCHAL II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Under Urban II he served as legate, and at Urban's death he was chosen to succeed the crusader pope.
		Paschal condemned lay investiture, but soon Henry V was marching on Rome with two objectives: imperial coronation and permission to practice lay investiture.
		Though Paschal II had had a tormented pontificate, he did have the satisfaction of seeing the lay investiture question reasonably settled in England by Henry I and St. Anselm.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp158.htm (514 words)

	EUROPEAN HISTORY 1100 - 1159
		Gelasius II (1118-1119) of the Pope Paschal party is elected pope in Sta Maria in Pallara.
		Innocent II alias Gregorio Papareschi (1130-1143) a Roman is clandestinely elected pope by a minority of cardinals.
		Pope Eugine III traveled to France to forward the Crusade but his secret mission is to seek the help of Conrad III of Germany (1138-1152) and Roger II of Sicily (1095-1154) to conduct a Holy War against the rebellious Romans.
	www3.telus.net /public/dgarneau/euro50.htm (2257 words)

	Paschal II -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Paschal II (originally Raniero) (died 1118), pope 1099–1118; continued First Crusade and the reforms of Pope Gregory VII; embroiled in Investiture Controversy, struggle over whether popes or secular rulers should appoint bishops; fought bitterly with Holy Roman Emperor Henry V; concessions made to Henry enraged bishops; privilege of investiture was granted, then later revoked; issue...
		Mohammad II (Mehmed the Conqueror) (1432–81), Ottoman sultan, born in Adrianople (now Edirne); during rule (1444–46 and 1451–81), captured Constantinople and thus completed the Ottoman destruction of the Byzantine Empire; fourth son of Murad II; restored and repopulated Constantinople after capture in 1453; reorganized Ottoman administration, codified laws, encouraged scholarship...
		Paschal's 12th-century capitulation to Henry V, one of the episodes in the long-running Investiture Controversy.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9058623 (619 words)

	Pope Paschal-II (d. 1118) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Although Paschal fostered the First Crusade and followed Gregory's great policies of church reform, his pontificate was dominated by the Investiture Controversy—the long conflict between popes and secular rulers over control of ecclesiastical appointments.
		Paschal finally revoked the privilege in 1112 and renewed his earlier condemnations of regal investiture in 1116.
		The problem remained unsolved until 1122, when Pope Calixtus II concluded the Concordat of Worms, which secured peace between the church and the empire.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/PopePaschal-II/PopePaschal-II.html (290 words)

	Saint Patrick's Church: Saints of February 11
		The 89th pope, Saint Gregory, became involved in church affairs in his youth, was educated at the Lateran, became a subdeacon under Pope Saint Sergius, served as treasurer and librarian of the Church under four popes, and became widely known for his learning and wisdom.
		Pope Saint Julius I, he returned to Adrianople, but refused to be in communion with the Arian bishops condemned at Sardica.
		Paschal denied any complicity but refused to surrender the murderers, who were members of his household, declaring that the two dead officials were traitors and the secular authorities had no jurisdiction in the case.
	www.saintpatrickdc.org /ss/0211.htm (3526 words)

	Christian History Handbook: Medieval: Lecture Sixteen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) began to teach that the papacy was the ultimate judge and instructor of all other church leaders and all political leaders as well as, ultimately, all individual believers within Christendom.
		Pope Urban II lifted the excommunication of Alexius Comnenus and requested that the Latins in Constantinople be allowed to use their Latin liturgy.
		Pope Urban II (1088-1099) had likewise renewed the excommunication of Henry IV who was struggling in vain to subdue forces of the Countess Matilda in Lombardy after 1090.
	www.sbuniv.edu /~hgallatin/ht34632e16.html (4482 words)

	Paschal II - Britannica Concise
		Paschal came to terms on the issue of lay investiture with Henry I of England and Philip I of France (1107).
		Montezuma II - Ninth emperor of the Aztecs.
		Anacletus (II) - antipope from 1130 to 1138 whose claims to the papacy against Pope Innocent II are still supported by some scholars.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9374652 (297 words)

	AllRefer.com - Henry V, Holy Roman emperor and German king (German History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		At this time the pope proposed a compact that provided that if the king abandoned lay investiture and confirmed the pope's right to the Patrimony of St. Peter (see Papal States), the bishops of the empire would give up the temporal powers and estates they had received from former emperors.
		Henry was faced (1114–21) by rebellions in Saxony that he was unable to put down; he nevertheless went to Italy in 1116 to take possession, as suzerain, of the fiefs of Matilda of Tuscany and, as heir, of her alodial lands.
		In 1119, Henry entered upon negotiations with Pope Calixtus II, Gelasius's successor, and a compromise on the investiture question was reached at last in the Concordat of Worms (1122; see Worms, Concordat of).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/H/Henry5HRE.html (512 words)

	Pope Paschal II
		Paschal II, Roman Catholic Pope from the 13th of August 1099 to the 21st of January 1118, was a native of Bieda, near Viterbo, and a monk of the Cluniac order.
		He was created cardinal-priest of S. Clemente by Pope Gregory VII about 1076, and was consecrated pope in succession to Pope Urban II on the 14th of August 1099.
		Paschal returned after the emperor's withdrawal at the beginning of 1118, but died within a few days on the 21st of January 1118.
	www.nndb.com /people/614/000096326 (394 words)

	Storia
		In the time of Charlemagne, Pope Leo IV (847-855) made radical changes to the basilica by adding two aisles with three chapels which extend beyond the main walls, and by creating a semicircular crypt beneath the nave.
		The basilica erected by Paschal II has a main nave with two aisles, divided by two rows of four columns on each side with Corinthian capitals supporting the arches.
		The apse is still that of the early basilica, partially rebuilt by Pope Leo IV, and this explains its large size with respect to the rest of the interior.
	www.santiquattrocoronati.org /NN/story.htm (1742 words)

	1099 articles on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Urban II URBAN II [Urban II] c.1042-1099, pope (1088-99), a Frenchman named Odo (or Eudes) of Lagery; successor of Victor III.
		He traveled in Europe, Asia Minor, and Mediterranean lands and settled at the court of Roger II of Sicily, for whom he made a silver celestial globe and a map of the earth engraved on a plate of silver.
		Paschal II PASCHAL II [Paschal II] [Latof Easter], d.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=1099 (526 words)

	The Papacy during the Crusades (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Pope Paschal II inherited the Investiture Struggle from Gregory and Urban, and this matter occupied much of his attention.
		Henry V had posed as a champion of the pope while he was in rebellion against his father, but once he himself was elected King of the Romans (in 1106), a split soon opened between the new emperor and the pope.
		Once he was gone, a council of the Church nullified all of Paschal's actions (March 1112) and another council in October excommunicated Henry.
	crusades.boisestate.edu /europe/papacy/04.shtml (449 words)

	Chapter 8: Saint James's Catapult
		Something over a hundred years later pope Calixtus II was held to have declared that he had loved Santiago from his childhood and had spent fourteen years wandering in foreign lands, enduring robbery, imprisonment and shipwreck in search of legends about him.
		Paschal II was sympathetic but unyielding, and [197] fobbed Diego off with the grant of the right to wear a pallium on certain solemn occasions of the liturgical year.
		During this period the holder of the office was increasingly becoming the pope's right-hand man in the daily round of papal government at its highest level; as it were a papal 'prime minister'.
	libro.uca.edu /sjc/sjc8.htm (10750 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Papal elections and conclaves by century
		As a reprisal for Pope Gellasius II's escape to Gaeta and his refusal to immediately meet with him to discuss the affairs of the Church in Germany, Emperor Henry V named the deposed and excommunicated archbishop of Braga, Portugal, Maurice Bourdin, as antipope.
		In its general drift and by what it had in common with the tendencies of the reform party, its aim was to free the papal elections: 1st, from all interference on the part of the Roman feudal aristocracy; and 2nd, from undue and harmful interference on the part of the kings of Germany.
		The decree Licet de vitanda, promulgated by Pope Alexander III in the Lateran III Ecumenical Council, March 19, 1179, stated that "to prevent schisms in future, only the cardinals should have the right to elect the pope, and two-thirds of their votes should be required for the validity of such election.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/conclave-xii.htm (6477 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Innocent II
		Soon after his political opponents chose the anti-pope Anacletus II, and Innocent was forced to flee Rome, first to Pisa, then Genoa and finally to France.
		He received the support of Lothar II of Germany and the German bishops.
		Innocent hoped to heal the wounds of the long schism, but he almost immediately became involved in lengthy political disputes involving the city of Tivoli, Italy and with Louis VII of France.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0164.htm (148 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Honorius II
		Callistus II died on 13 December, 1124, and two days later the Cardinal of Ostia was elected pope, taking the name of Honorius II.
		He was clothed in the scarlet mantle of the pope, while the Te Deum was chanted in thanksgiving, when the proud and powerful Roberto Frangipani suddenly appeared on the scene, expressed his dissatisfaction with the election of Teobaldo and proclaimed the Cardinal of Ostia as pope.
		The pope was less successful in his dealings with Count Roger of Sicily, who tried to gain possession of the lands which his deceased cousin William of Apulia had bequeathed to the Apostolic See.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07456a.htm (1069 words)

	The Ecole Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Pope Paschal II, born Ranierio, was a native of Ravenna and entered a monastery at an early age.
		He was elevated to the papacy in 1099, and although he settled papal differences with Henry I of England and Philip I of France, he had much trouble over lay investiture with Henry IV and Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire.
		However, Paschal repudiated his support for the practice in 1116, the same year that rioting drove him from Rome.
	www2.evansville.edu /ecoleweb/glossary/paschalii.html (137 words)

	The Ecole Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Pope Anastasius IV was born Corrado di Subarra and had a long career in the church before his election to the papacy in 1253.
		Pope Paschal II appointed him cardinal priest of Sta.
		As pope, Anastasius sent Nicholas Breakspear (later Pope Adrian IV) to Scandinavia to organize the church and maintained peaceful relations with the commune that controlled Rome.
	www2.evansville.edu /ecoleweb/glossary/anastasius4.html (124 words)

	In Italy Online - The Basilica of the Santi Quattro Coronati
		The interior of Santi Quattro Coronati, commissioned by Pope Paschal II in the early twelfth century.
		In the late Middle Ages the monastery was sometimes used as a refuge for Popes escaping conspiracies and conflicts in the nearby Lateran Palace, and as a protected hospice for important visitors to the papal court.
		It was rebuilt, as was San Clemente, by Pope Paschal II (1099-1118) in the early twelfth-century, but on a much smaller scale.
	www.initaly.com /regions/latium/church/4cor.htm (1761 words)

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