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	Pope Gregory VII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When Pope Stephen IX was elected without previous consultation with the German court, Hildebrand and Bishop Anselm of Lucca were sent to Germany to secure a belated recognition and he succeeded in gaining the consent of the empress Agnes de Poitou.
		The reprimands of the pope, couched as they were in such an unprecedented form, infuriated Henry and his court, and their answer was the hastily convened national council in Worms, Germany, which met on January 24, 1076.
		When at Whitsun the king proposed to discuss the measures to be taken against Gregory in a council of his nobles, only a few made their appearance; the Saxons snatched at the golden opportunity for renewing their rebellion, and the anti-royalist party grew in strength from month to month.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII (2988 words)

	Pope St. Gregory VII
		During the year 1074 the pope's mind was also greatly occupied by the project of an expedition to the East for the deliverance of the Oriental Christians from the oppression of the Seljuk Turks.
		Gregory was already on his way to Augsburg, and, fearing treachery, retired to the castle of Canossa.
		Henry's conduct toward the pope was meanwhile characterized by the greatest duplicity, and, when he went so far as to threaten to set up an antipope, Gregory renewed in 1080 the sentence of excommunication against him.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/g/gregory_vii,pope_saint.html (3290 words)

	Pope Gregory VII
		Gregory ventured on these audacious measures at a time when he himself was confronted by a reckless opponent in the person of Cencius, who on Christmas-night did not scruple to surprise him in church and carry him off as a prisoner, though on the following day he was obliged to surrender his captive.
		Gregory VII did not introduce the celibacy of the priesthood into the church, for even in antiquity it was enjoined by numerous laws.
		The pontificate of Gregory VII came to a melancholy close, for he died an exile in Salerno; the Romans and a number of his most trusted coadjutors had renounced him, and the faithful band in Germany had shrunk to scant proportions.
	www.nndb.com /people/953/000091680 (5170 words)

	pope gregory vii (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Pope Gregory VII sent Count Eberhard to Lombardy to combat the Patarenes; nominated the cleric Tedaldo to the archbishopric of Milan, thus settling a prolonged and contentious question; and finally tried to establish relations with the Norman duke, Robert De Guiscard.
		Pope Gregory VII wished to see all important matters of dispute referred to Rome; appeals were to be addressed to himself; the centralization of ecclesiastical government in Rome naturally involved a curtailment of the powers of bishops.
		Pope Gregory VII died an exile in Salerno; the Romans and a number of his most trusted helpers had renounced him, and the faithful band in Germany had shrunk to small numbers.
	www.crusades-history.com /Pope-Gregory-VII.aspx (2829 words)

	Pope St. Gregory VII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Pope Gregory VI called him to Rome to reform the Abbey of St. Paul's-Outside-the-Walls, which was suffering from a relaxation of its rule.
		The pontificate of St. Gregory VII was to be one long struggle for the freedom of the Church and the reform of the clergy.
		The congregation at Cluny was the army of the pope and the mainstay of the Church.
	www.sspx.ca /Angelus/1985_May/Pope_St_Saint_Gregory_VII.htm (1626 words)

	Pope Saint Gregory VII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Later Gregory VI accepted the decision of the Council of Sutri in 1046 that, although he occupied the Chair of Peter, nevertheless this office was attained by simony and was therefore unworthily bestowed.
		Gregory's greatest problems with civil rulers were with Henry IV of Germany, whose intervention in church affairs, including the nomination of bishops, had been tolerated by previous popes.
		Gregory believed that this compromised the Church and he, therefore, made it known to Henry that only those who were deemed by the pope to be fit for such a sacred office should be so consecrated.
	www.sspx.ca /Angelus/1978_November/Pope_GregoryVII.htm (1863 words)

	Cultural Catholic - Pope Gregory VII
		Cardinal Hildebrand was elected pope on April 22, 1073, and Pope Gregory VII was consecrated pontiff on June 30, 1073.
		Pope Gregory VII remained neutral in the civil war that followed in Germany; but in 1079 Pope Gregory VII decreed that King Henry IV be deposed when it became clear that King Henry IV would not cooperate with the forces working for peace in the empire.
		Pope Gregory VII died in 1085 and was interred in Saint Matthew Church in Salerno.
	www.culturalcatholic.com /PopeGregoryVII.htm (413 words)

	Pope Gregory VII - Sketches of Church History
		Another thing an which Gregory set his heart, as a means of increasing the power of the popes, was to do away with what was called "Investiture." This was the name of the form by which princes gave bishops possession of the estates and other property belonging to their sees.
		Gregory, therefore, ordered that no bishop should take investiture from any sovereign, and that no sovereign should give investiture; and out of this grew a quarrel which lasted fifty years, and was the cause of grievous troubles in the Church.
		Gregory entreated the help of Robert Guiscard, the chief of some Normans who had got possession of the south of Italy; and Guiscard, who was glad to have such an opportunity for interfering, speedily came to his relief and delivered him.
	bible.christiansunite.com /sch/sch02-08.shtml (1639 words)

	pope gregory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Pope Gregory did this at a time when he himself was confronted by a reckless opponent in the person of Cencius, who on Christmas-night surprised him in church and carried him off as a prisoner, though on the following day Pope Gregory was released.
		Pope Gregory had no power to compel the English king to an alteration in his ecclesiastical policy, so he chose to ignore what he could not approve, and even considered it advisable to assure him of his particular affection.
		Pope Gregory VII did not introduce the celibacy of the priesthood into the church, but he took up the struggle with greater energy than his predecessors.
	www.crusades-history.com /Pope-Gregory.aspx (2778 words)

	ST. GREGORY VII
		Pope Leo IX took Hildebrand back to Rome and henceforth he served as a strong right arm to the reforming popes.
		Gregory knew he should await the Augsburg meeting, but he had been jockeyed by Henry into a position where he simply had to absolve the king.
		Gregory, besieged in the Castle of St. Angelo, was rescued by the Normans.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp155.htm (552 words)

	Gregory VII and the Politics of the Spirit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 1095 Pope Urban II preached his famous sermon to a large crowd in a meadow in Clermont, France calling on Christians of the West to come to the aid of their brothers and sisters in the East and to recover the holy city of Jerusalem for Christian civilization.
		Gregory knew full well that the King had made the journey in part because of his dwindling support in Germany, but once the political winds shifted, as they certainly would if he were absolved, the King could hardly be expected to be so compliant.
		Gregory has little to say about the laity in his letters, and his reforms helped create a sense of the clergy as a distinct class united with the pope but separated from the laity, who occupy a lower place.
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft9901/wilken.html (5118 words)

	Reviews in History: Pope Gregory VII. 1073-1085
		Anyone doubting Gregory's capacity for tactical somersaults in the matter of clerical and secular spheres of activity can turn to a letter of 1074, suggesting that Gregory, as pope, lead an army to rescue Byzantium from the Turks, and the king is to look after the Roman church while the pope is away.
		On Gregory's side, I have mentioned his gradual hardening on the subject of lay investiture, but could have mentioned, as if in recompense, his corresponding softening on clerical celibacy, as the embattled pope s aw that the entire reform movement might founder on an issue so contentious among many clergy (not to mention their wives).
		Gregory died in 'exile', in Salerno (Cowdrey argues he was not, as usually supposed, bitter about it, on the ground that it was a kind of blessed martyrdom), while Henry campaigned on, his antipope Clement installed in Rome.
	www.history.ac.uk /reviews/paper/murray1.html (3019 words)

	SAINT GREGORY VII
		In 1074 Gregory deposed a number of bishops who had bought their offices; he also forbade clergymen who were guilty of simony or unchaste living to perform any ecclesiastical functions and instructed the laity not to assist at services held by such men.
		Gregory made headway against his opposition by using a variety of weapons, including that of excommunication.
		Although Gregory's enemies seemed to have the upper hand at his death, his reforms bore fruit in succeeding years, as men who had been inspired by his inflexible demands for justice and morality came into control of the Church's affairs.
	www.stfrancisvernon.org /stgregory7.htm (503 words)

	Pope St. Gregory VII
		When Pope Alexander II died in 1073, Hildebrand, because of his worth and experience, was the obvious choice to succeed him.
		When Gregory excommunicated him, releasing his subjects from their feudal oaths of allegiance, the German nobles threatened the emperor with deposition if he had not made peace with Gregory before February 1076.
		Gregory re-imposed the excommunication, whereupon Henry led his army against Rome and after a siege of three years, occupied it.
	www.stthomasirondequoit.com /SaintsAlive/id579.htm (735 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Pope Saint Gregory VII; Hildebrand
		While chaplain to Pope Gregory VI, he was placed in charge of the Patrimony of Saint Peter and displayed the great administrative and reforming ability which later characterized his pontificate.
		Refusing the papacy on Pope Leo IX's death, he was chief counselor to the four succeeding popes.
		Henry's antipope, Guibert of Ravenna, was driven from Rome by the pope with the aid of the Normans, but the excesses of the latter caused the Roman people to banish Gregory to Salerno, where he died.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/ncd03728.htm (255 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Saint Gregory VII
		Gregory took the throne as a reformer, and Emperor Henry IV promised to support him.
		Gregory responded by excommunicating anyone involved in lay investiture.
		The Pope retreated to Salerno where he spent the remainder of his papacy.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/saintg09.htm (229 words)

	The Ecole Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When Gregory VI died in 1047, Hildebrand entered a monastery where he remained until Leo IX called him to Rome to serve as treasurer of the church.
		Gregory's opposition to lay investiture led to conflict with Emperor Henry IV, who deposed Gregory at the Synod of Worms in 1076.
		Gregory died in Salerno in 1085, and Paul V canonized him in 1606.
	www2.evansville.edu /ecoleweb/glossary/gregoryvii.html (205 words)

	Gregory VII: 1020-1085
		When Gregory VI was forced into exile across the Alps, Hildebrand continued to serve him until his death in 1047.
		Hildebrand was elected Pope in 1073 and took the name "Gregory VII." He quickly began his great work of purifying the Church by promulgating a series of decrees to reform the clergy.
		Gregory had taken up winter residence in the castle at Canossa, on his way for a synod across the Alps.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/WestEurope/GregoryVII.html (496 words)

	Saints of May 25
		During the Nicholas's pontificate, Hildebrand was instrumental in the publication of the papal decree mandating that the election of popes was to be vested in the college of cardinals and was responsible for negotiating a treaty of alliance with the Normans in the Treaty of Melfi in 1059.
		Gregory was unsuccessful in his efforts to reunite the Eastern churches to Rome, and his struggle with Henry prevented him from launching a crusade against the Turks and to drive the Saracens from Spain.
		Gregory's personal integrity and his strength in adversity cannot be questioned, and his name is deservedly given to a whole era of ecclesiastical reform and development; but he was never the object of a widespread cultus.
	www.saintpatrickdc.org /ss/0525.htm (5456 words)

	Part IV - The Middle Ages: Lesson No. 20 - The Political Papacy
		It was decreed that the election of the popes would be primarily in the hands of the cardinals who would reach their decision after consultation with the clergy and people.
		Gregory VII's principles were that the Roman bishop had universal sovereignty, could depose or reinstate bishops (and he alone), could depose emperors, could be judged of no one, and could release subjects from their allegiance to wicked men.
		Finally, a compromise was reached between Henry V and Pope Calixtus II in the Concordat of Worms in 1122.
	www.bible.ca /history/eubanks/history-eubanks-20.htm (939 words)

	The Story of Mankind - Pope vs. Emperor (Hendrik van Loon)
		By a decree of Pope Nicholas II the principal priests and deacons of the churches in and around Rome were organised into the so- called College of Cardinals, and this gathering of prominent churchmen (the word “Cardinal” meant principal) was given the exclusive power of electing the future Popes.
		Gregory sent ambassadors to all the European courts to inform the potentates of Europe of his new laws and asked them to take due notice of their contents.
		Gregory had claimed that the Popes were superior to all kings because they (the Popes) at the Day of Judgement would be responsible for the behaviour of all the sheep of their flock, and in the eyes of God, a king was one of that faithful herd.
	www.authorama.com /story-of-mankind-34.html (1763 words)

	Amazon.com: Pope Gregory VII, 1073-1085: Books: H. E. J. Cowdrey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The reign of Pope Gregory VII (1073-85), who gave his name to an era of Church reform, is critically important in the history of the medieval church and papacy.
		Gregory VII is presented as an individual whose deep inner belief in iustitia (righteousness) did not waver in the face of new circumstances, although his broad outlook underwent changes.
		Pope Gregory VII (1073-85) entered the historical scene under the name of Hildebrand during the crisis that overtook the church at Rome in 1044-9, in the course of which the German emperor Henry III (1039-56) instituted its thorough reform.
	www.amazon.com /Pope-Gregory-VII-1073-1085-Cowdrey/dp/0198206461 (1120 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Gregory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Life Gregory was chaplain to Gregory VI and accompanied him into exile in Cologne in 1046.
		Gregory I, Saint GREGORY I, SAINT [Gregory I, Saint] (Saint Gregory the Great), c.540-604, pope (590-604), a Roman; successor of Pelagius II.
		Gregory Nazianzen, Saint GREGORY NAZIANZEN, SAINT [Gregory Nazianzen, Saint], c.330-390, Cappadocian theologian, Doctor of the Church, one of the Four Fathers of the Greek Church.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Gregory (716 words)

	Pope St. Gregory VII, Plinio Correa de Oliveira commentary on the Saint of the Day, May 25 @ TraditionInAction.org
		It’s a pity that I didn’t remember to bring here a document attributed to St. Gregory VII that is attacked by all the progressivist theologians.
		At the top is the Pope, and at his left, one step down is the Emperor, and below the Emperor, all the Kings and sovereigns of the temporal sphere.
		We might ask St. Gregory VII on his feast day to intercede for the world so we might again have this conception of the spiritual and temporal orders.
	www.traditioninaction.org /SOD/j023sdSt.GregoryVII.htm (652 words)

	Pope Gregory VII - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Gregory VII, Saint (circa 1020-85), pope (1073-85), one of the great reformers of the medieval church.
		Henry IV (Holy Roman Empire): conflict with Pope Gregory VII
		The reform movement clearly took hold in Rome under Pope Leo IX, and the popes soon became the driving force behind reform.
	encarta.msn.com /Pope_Gregory_VII.html (215 words)

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