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Topic: Rubidium

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	Rubidium
		Rubidium: The typical daily dietary intake of rubidium is 1 to 5 mg.
		Rubidium is a relatively nontoxic element and has not show to be of toxicological concern from the nutritional point of view.
		Rubidium deficiency apparently depresses growth and life expectancy in goats.
	www.tjclark.com /minerals/rubidium.htm (83 words)

	Rubidium
		Rubidium is a recognized innovator in embedded speech processing chips for mass-market applications.
		Rubidium offers a wide range of voice processing chips and solutions for diverse markets, including telephones, smart toys, assistive devices and consumer appliances.
		Rubidium Ltd., 8 Hasadna St., POB 2099, Raanana 43000, Israel
	www.rubidium.com (86 words)

	Rubidium - Symmetricom
		Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali metals group.
		Rubidium is easily ionized and because of this has been considered for use in "ion engines" for space vehicles; however, cesium is somewhat more efficient for this purpose.
		Rubidium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes and as a photocell component.
	www.symmttm.com /rubidium.html (292 words)

	RUBIDIUM. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Rubidium is not found uncombined in nature but occurs widely distributed in lepidolite (the major source), carnallite, pollucite, and some rare minerals, and with lithium in seawater, brines, and natural spring waters.
		Although rubidium is much more abundant in the earth’s crust than chromium, copper, lithium, nickel, or zinc, and about twice as abundant in seawater as lithium, it did not become available commercially until the early 1960s as a byproduct of the manufacture of lithium chemicals.
		Rubidium was discovered with cesium in 1861 by R. Bunsen and G. Kirchhoff; these were the first elements discovered by spectroscopic analysis.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/ru/rubidium.html (231 words)

	Rubidium - MSN Encarta
		In group 1 (or Ia) of the periodic table (see Periodic Law), rubidium is one of the alkali metals.
		Rubidium was discovered spectroscopically in 1860 by the German chemist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and the German physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the mineral lepidolite, which is now the element’s main commercial ore. They named the element after the ruby red lines prominent in its spectrum.
		Rubidium is used in making certain catalysts and in photoelectric cells.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761566403/Rubidium.html (277 words)

	Rubidium
		Rubidium is a metallic chemical element that is a very soft silver-white metal and is one of the alkali metals.
		Rubidium oxidizes rapidly and when it is exposed to air it may ignite.
		Rubidium did not become available commercially intil the early 60's as a byproduct of the manufacture of lithium chemicals.
	home.earthlink.net /~danieldorsey/periodictable/037.htm (157 words)

	C&EN: IT'S ELEMENTAL: THE PERIODIC TABLE - RUBIDIUM
		Rubidium has a rich chemistry, although most of it is the same as lithium, sodium, and potassium.
		Rubidium is a silvery white metal that, unlike MandM candies that "melt in your mouth, not in your hand," will start to melt in your hand (38.9 ºC) and explode in your mouth.
		As for applications, rubidium is used in a few electronic devices, as a frequency reference in atomic clocks, and to estimate the age of rocks.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/80th/print/rubidium.html (894 words)

	Rubidium (Rb) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali group.
		Rubidium is much more abundant than was thought several years ago and is now considered to be the 16th most abundant element in the earth's crust.
		Rubidium has been considered for use in "ion engines" for space vehicles because is can be easily ionized.
	www.bayerus.com /msms/fun/pages/periodic/rubidium/index.html (180 words)

	Rubidium
		The rubidium and lithium ions are known to have opposite effects on a wide range of biochemical and behavioral parameters in experimental animals.
		The rationale for this approach termed the "high pH therapy resides in changing the acidic pH range of the cancer cell by cesium towards weak alkalinity in which the survival of the cancer cell is endangered, and the formation of acidic and toxic materials, normally formed in cancer cells, is neutralized and eliminated.
		Rubidium concentrations (mumol/l) in male and female controls respectively were: 2.29 +/- 0.29 and 1.96 +/- 0.46 in plasma: 36..79 +/- 5.90 and 30.19 +/- 6.11 in whole blood; 74.57 +/- 10.37 and 72.22 +/- 12.76 in erythrocytes.
	www.ithyroid.com /rubidium.htm (1863 words)

	rubidium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Rubidium-87 is present to the extent of 27.83% in natural rubidium and is a beta emitter with a half-life of 4.9 x 10^10 years.
		Because rubidium can be easily ionized, it has been considered for use in "ion engines" for space vehicles; however, cesium is somewhat more efficient for this purpose.
		Rubidium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes and as a photocell component.
	www.speclab.com /elements/rubidium.htm (459 words)

	Rubidium \| World of Chemistry
		Rubidium is the fourth member of the alkali metal family, consisting of elements in Group 1 of the periodic table.
		Rubidium is a soft, silvery metal with a melting point of 102°F (39°C), a boiling point of 1,270°F (688°C), and a density of 1.532 grams per cubic centimeter.
		Rubidium was discovered in 1861 by the German chemists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchoff.
	www.bookrags.com /research/rubidium-woc (326 words)

	Rubidium (Rb) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects
		Rubidium can be liquid at ambient temperature, but only on a hot day given that its melting point is about 40°C. It ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently with water and even with ice at -100 C, setting fire to the liberated hydrogen.
		Rubidium is considered to be the 16th most abundant element in the earth's crust.
		The amount of rubidium produced every year is small, and what demand there is can be met from a stock of a mixed carbonate by-product that is collected during the extractium of litium from lepodite.
	www.lenntech.com /Periodic-chart-elements/Rb-en.htm (522 words)

	RUBIDIUM
		Rubidium melts at about 39° C (about 102° F), boils at about 686° C (about 1267° F), and has a sp.gr.
		In general chemical behavior, rubidium resembles the alkali metals, sodium and potassium.
		It is a widely distributed element, ranking 23d in order of abundance of the elements in the crust of the earth.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..ru080000.a#FWNE.fw..ru080000.a (264 words)

	rubidium — Infoplease.com
		Although rubidium is much more abundant in the earth's crust than chromium, copper, lithium, nickel, or zinc, and about twice as abundant in seawater as lithium, it did not become available commercially until the early 1960s as a byproduct of the manufacture of
		Periodic Table of the Elements: Rubidium - Periodic Table of the Elements: Rubidium 37 Rb Rubidium 85.4678 2 · 8 · 18 8 ·...
		Rb - Rb Rb, symbol for the element rubidium.
	www.infoplease.com /encyclopedia/rubidium (355 words)

	Rubidium
		Rubidium metal can be prepared by reducing rubi- dium chloride with calcium, and by a number of other methods.
		Rubidium47 is present to the extent of 27.85% in natural rubidium and is a beta emitter with a half-life of 5 x loll yrs.
		Because rubidium can be easily ionized, it is being considered for use in ion engines" for space vehicles; however cesium is somewhat more efficient for this purpose.
	pte.8k.com /EL037.html (458 words)

	The Bioenergy Balancing Center: MeridianLink Conference Circle: Rubidium
		Rubidium appears to encourage the appropriate release of hormone facilitators from the pituitary, as well as regulating the release of fluids from the lachrymal and salivary glands.
		Possibly rubidium, stationed at the rear position of the regulatory pore, serves as a sort of magnetic-like draw that pulls the iron in.
		Since rubidium is required for the proper synthesis of serotonin, then it must also be a requirement for the correct synthesis of thrombocytes, although from an emotional perspective, there might be an entirely different reason for a shortage of thrombocytes, a.k.a.
	www.balancingcenter.com /articles/rubidium.html (1935 words)

	Time and Frequency from A to Z
		Rb), and use the rubidium frequency to control the frequency of a quartz oscillator.
		The quartz oscillator is then locked to the resonance frequency of rubidium, and standard frequencies are derived from the quartz oscillator and provided as outputs as shown in the figure.
		Undesirable shifts in the resonance frequency are due mainly to collisions of the rubidium atoms with other gas molecules and aging effects in the lamp system.
	tf.nist.gov /timefreq/general/enc-re.htm (471 words)

	Rubidium (Element)
		Rubidium was discovered in 1861 by Bunsen and Kirchoff in the mineral lepidolite by use of the spectroscope.
		Rubidium occurs in pollucite, carnallite, leucite, and zinnwaldite, which contains traces up to 1% in the form of oxide.
		It is soft silvery white metallic element of the alkali group and is the second most electropositive and alkaline element.
	www.tamuk.edu /chemistry/WebElements/rubidium_element.htm (116 words)

	CRCPress Periodic Table Online: Cadmium
		Rubidium metal can be prepared by reducing rubidium chloride with calcium, and by a number of other methods.
		Rubidium-87 is present to the extent of 27.83% in natural rubidium and is a beta emitter with a half-life of 4.9 × 10
		Rubidium forms four oxides: Rb Rb, Rb2O3, Rb Because rubidium can be easily ionized, it has been considered for use in “ion engines” for space vehicles; however, cesium is somewhat more efficient for this purpose.
	www.chemnetbase.com /periodic_table/elements/rubidium.htm (420 words)

	Frequency Electronics Inc. - RUBIDIUM ATOMIC FREQUENCY STANDARDS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Frequency locking of the VCXO is accomplished by operating the Rubidium Physics Package as a frequency discriminator, i.e., departures of a frequency from an input signal (50.255+ MHz from the VCXO) from a defined center frequency (Rubidium atomic resonance) produce a DC output signal (control voltage).
		Light from the Rubidium lamp, produced by an excited plasma, is filtered and passed through the Rubidium resonance cell where it interacts with Rubidium atoms in the plasma.
		The decrease in light, when the microwave frequency is equal to the Rubidium frequency, is then converted electronically to an error signal with phase and amplitude information used to steer the VCXO via its control voltage and keep it on frequency at 50.255+ MHz.
	www.freqelec.com /FE-5650A.htm (1054 words)

	Liquid Ionic Rubidium / Dietary Supplement
		Rubidium is a silvery white mineral in alkaline earth metals, group IIA metals.
		Rubidium is a relatively non-toxic element that has not been shown to have toxicological concern from the nutritional viewpoint.
		In additition to simulating catecholamine build-up, rubidium also slows their breakdown and keeps them working longer.” Wipe out depression in 30 days with help from the missing mineral: rubidium, 2/1/2004 Newsletter, Nutrition and Healing, by Dr. Jonathan V. Wright, M.D. “.rubidium is a member of the same mineral family as lithium, sodium, and potassium.
	www.elementalresearchllc.com /products/rubidium_potassium_pline.html (1053 words)

	Rubidium By Andrew B.
		Rubidium can be liquid at ambient temperature, but only on a hot day that its melting point is about 40°C. It is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali metals group (Group 1).
		Rubidium would not normally be made in the laboratory as it is available commercially.
		This is because the rubidium metal, once formed by electrolysis of liquid rubidium chloride (RbCl), is too soluble in the molten salt.
	www.mvschools.org /ms/projects/EAGLE/black/rubidium.htm (223 words)

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