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	GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System)
		The Russian GPS (global positioning system) and equivalent of the American NAVSTAR; both systems use the same techniques for data transmission and positioning.
		The first GLONASS satellites were placed in orbit in 1982, but the full constellation of 24 satellites arranged in three orbital planes did not become operational until early 1996.
		Each satellite is identified by its “slot” number, which defines the orbital plane (1-8, 9-16,17-24) and the location within the plane.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/G/GLONASS.html (227 words)

	WRC 2000 feature article
		CEPT’s position is to push for a new primary allocation for the Galileo space-to-space segment, and, in order to protect the new system from interference which could hinder its operation and accuracy, to phase out fixed service applications like microwave links from the band 1 559-1 610MHz over a 15-year period.
		The satellites in the system are fitted with four highly accurate atomic clocks, and calculate their position relative to the Earth’s surface by sending radio signals to receiving dishes, which themselves determine their distance from the sending satellite by measuring the precise time taken for the message to arrive.
		By taking measurements from 3-4 satellites the system triangulates the signals to deliver a positioning reading which can be accurate to within 22 meters horizontally, 27 metres vertically, and with a time frame accuracy of 200 nanoseconds.
	www.itu.int /newsarchive/wrc2000/presskit/Feature_Galileo.html (950 words)

	Global Positioning System - GPS Satellite Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Subsequent launchings, with satellites produced by Boeing and Lockheed Martin, have produced the current constellation of 24 operating satellites that became fully operational on December 8, 1993.
		of this system was estimated to be $6.2 billion in 2000.
		GLONASS (Global Navigational Satellite System) is a Russian radio-navigation system that operates on similar parameters to the U.S. based GPS.
	maic.jmu.edu /sic/gps/satellite.htm (522 words)

	Learn more about Satellite navigation system in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Due to the relatively clear line of site between the satellites and receivers on the ground, combined with ever-improving electronics, allows satellite navigation systems to measure location to accuracies on the order of a few metres in real time.
		The satellite broadcasts a signal that contains the position of the satellite and the precise time the signal was transmitted (using an atomic clock), encoded into a short burst of information in the microwave region.
		However, in the case of satellite-based broadcasters, the position of the signal moves before reception, making the calculation somewhat more complex.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /s/sa/satellite_navigation_system.html (1283 words)

	ESA Portal - The best view of the Tour is from space
		It is now possible to track the position and speed of each rider in the Tour de France in real-time thanks to the EGNOS European satellite positioning system, a preparatory programme for the Galileo system.
		Thanks to satellites, it will be possible to know at any given time where each rider is and how he is doing in the race, whether he is in the peloton or has broken away and is out in front.
		With this kind of system each broadcaster will for example be able to have a dedicated channel on which viewers choose which rider they want to watch without needing to have a camera trained on each cyclist.
	www.esa.int /esaCP/SEMUNLV4QWD_index_0.html (721 words)

	Sect_1.1.1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In order to appreciate why the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) is configured the way it is, and how it satisfies the needs of a variety of users, it is necessary to understand something of the basic concepts and technological aspects of a satellite-based positioning system.
		That satellite positioning technology is worth developing, in order to satisfy a range of navigation and surveying applications.
		That the design of any satellite positioning system is a compromise process between often unreconcilable issues such as economical considerations, technological barriers, and political imperatives.
	www.gmat.unsw.edu.au /snap/gps/gps_survey/chap1/111.htm (287 words)

	Europe and US clash on satellite system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		European officials are set to clash with their US counterparts this week during discussions over Europe's plans to develop a satellite network to rival the US-controlled global positioning system (GPS).
		Plans to push ahead with a European alternative to GPS, the satellite positioning system controlled by the US military, were finally given the official green light by ministers in Brussels this May.
		Known as Galileo, the new constellation of satellites will challenge the US monopoly on satellite positioning services by providing an alternative system for people with suitable receivers to get an accurate reading on their position and for businesses to track deliveries and vehicles.
	www.prisonplanet.com /120803satellitesystem.html (636 words)

	Galileo satellite navigation system
		A planned European satellite navigation system, similar to NAVSTAR-GPS (the U.S. military's global positioning system), but run on a purely civilian basis.
		The Galileo system will consist of 30 satellites (27 in operation and 3 in reserve), deployed in three circular medium Earth orbits at an altitude of 23,616 km and an inclination of 56° to the equator.
		A precursor of the system is EGNOS (European Global Navigation Overlay Service), which refines current GPS data and foreshadows the servives Galileo will provide.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/G/Galileo_satellite_navigation.html (268 words)

	Open Directory - Science: Earth Sciences: Geomatics: Global Positioning System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Australian Global Positioning Systems Society - A free membership society to bring together the delegates, sponsors, and exhibitors for the Satellite Navigation Conference and to foster, develop, and assist the Global Positioning System disciplines.
		GPS Deformation Monitoring - Objective is the development of a system for rapid and inexpensive monitoring of unstable slopes, such as pit walls, earth\rock slopes and dam walls using global satellite positioning technology.
		Hyperbolic Positioning Algorithm - An algorithm for obtaining an exact solution for the three dimensional location of a mobile given the locations of four fixed stations (like a GPS satellite or a base station in a cell) and the signal time of arrival (TOA) from the mobile to each station.
	dmoz.org /Science/Earth_Sciences/Geomatics/Global_Positioning_System (817 words)

	Mobile/Cellular Technology - Global Positioning System GPS satellite navigation
		The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a system consisting of 24 operational satellites in six circular orbits that lie in non-synchronous orbits at inclinations of 55 degrees, 20,200km above the earth.
		The GPS satellites are used to calculate the position of a GPS receiver on or above the surface of the earth by applying simple geometry together with computing algorithms that assist the receiver in determining which satellites to use and resolve any ambiguity related to location.
		Typically the positioning system is used in aircraft, ships, ground vehicles, and also for hand carrying by individuals.
	www.mobilecomms-technology.com /projects/gps (563 words)

	Integrity monitoring of differential satellite positioning system signals - Patent 5436632
		Where differential Satellite Positioning System (DSATPS) signals are combined with SATPS signals to enhance the accuracy of the present location of a mobile user, such as a marine or airborne vessel or land vehicle, one concern is how to monitor the quality or integrity of the signals used in the location computations.
		Reference to a Satellite Positioning System or SATPS herein refers to a Global Positioning System, to a Global Orbiting Navigation System, and to any other compatible satellite-based system that provides information by which an observer's position and the time of observation can be determined, all of which meet the requirements of the present invention.
		In differential position determination, many of the errors in the SATPS that compromise the accuracy of absolute position determination are similar in magnitude for stations that are physically close.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5436632.html (10268 words)

	Global Positioning System marks 20th anniversary
		The GPS is operated by the Air Force Space Command's 2nd Space Operations Squadron at Falcon AFB, Colo. Today, the system has a minimum constellation of 24 operational satellites that blanket the Earth around the clock with precise, all-weather, navigational information.
		With its real-time accuracy of positioning users to within a few feet, the GPS is credited with revolutionizing areas as broad as land surveying to search and rescue.
		The spacecraft are positioned so that an average of six are observable nearly 100 percent of the time from any point on Earth, and each is equipped with an atomic clock, accurate to within 10-billionth of a second of the standard set by the U.S. Naval Observatory.
	www.globalsecurity.org /space/library/news/1998/n19980224_980226.html (708 words)

	Impact of Improved Global Positioning System Satellite Accuracy on Precision Agriculture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		SA was the government system that created errors in satellite data available to the public by introducing clock errors.
		These errors were deliberately created because position data was needed for secure military purposes, especially during the Gulf War, and the Department of Defense didn’t want enemies to have accurate data.
		For those using DPS systems on combines, planters, and fertilizer applicators, there will be very little change in the accuracy, which is about three feet.
	www.bae.umn.edu /extens/ennotes/ensum00/globalpositioning.htm (383 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - Europe to back satellite positioning system
		Europe's alternative to the US global positioning satellite system (GPS) is expected to get the final go-ahead on Tuesday, when European Union transport ministers meet in Brussels.
		The market for global satellite positioning services is predicted to reach $35 billion by 2005.
		The US State Department is heading the negotiations with Europe and on 7 March it declared it was opposed to any system that prevented the US from denying positioning services to specific regions of the world in times of crisis.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn2083 (519 words)

	CNN.com - Global Positioning Satellite system - January 8, 2002
		A receiver measures travel time of signal transmitted from each satellite and uses that data to calculate distance from that satellite.
		Receiver uses satellite positions as precise reference points to determine the location of a receiver.
		Using that data from at least four satellites, a receiver can determine latitude, longitude, altitude, and time.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/US/01/08/gps.fact.box (134 words)

	GPS satellite blasts off from Cape Canaveral (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The satellite replaces one of 24 in the constellation that experts call the most accurate navigation aid ever for U.S. warfighters.
		The satellite is expected to be fully operational in about four weeks.
		“This satellite joins a constellation that is playing a stellar role in ensuring U.S. warfighters have the tools needed to continue to fight and win today and in the years ahead,” he said.
	www.af.mil /mediacenter/transcripts/story.asp?storyID=123009123 (204 words)

	USNO NAVSTAR Global Positioning System
		The satellites operate in circular 20,200 km (10,900 nm) orbits at an inclination angle of 55 degrees and with a 12-hour period.
		GPS system time, in turn, is referenced to the Master Clock (MC) at the USNO and steered to UTC(USNO) from which system time will not deviate by more than one microsecond.
		GPS is at the present time the most competent system for time transfer, the distribution of Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI).
	tycho.usno.navy.mil /gpsinfo.html (1153 words)

	Global Positioning System
		GET THE PDF VERSION OF Global Positioning Satellite Systems (GPS) are navigation tools which allow users to determine their location anywhere in the world at any time of the day.
		GPS systems use a network of 24 satellites to establish the position of individual users.
		GPS systems could help guide these employees to the exact location where their assistance is needed.
	www.wsurcpi.org /tech/gps.html (2052 words)

	OhioLINK ETD: Marti, Lukas
		Global Positioning System satellite Signal Quality Monitoring (SQM) is required to ensure the integrity of the received signal for aviation safety-critical systems.
		For the purpose of quality monitoring it is essential to understand the impact of the radio frequency front-end on the received signal, and implicitly onto the signal parameter estimation process; otherwise a signal inconsistency may be flagged which is induced by the monitoring system.
		The performance demonstration of the GPS anomalous event monitor is concluded with a field experiment to investigate the effects of aircraft overflights on GPS signal distortions.
	rave.ohiolink.edu /etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1103127837 (324 words)

	Satellite system, direct satellite system television tv, in motion satellite system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		C-COM Satellite Systems Inc. is a leader in the development of satellite-based technology for the delivery broadband communications.
		The National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) is a satellite system used to monitor global environmental conditions,...
		Boeing Satellite Systems, Inc. is the world's leading manufacturer of geostationary commercial communications satellites, and is also a major supplier of...
	www.watchcomputer.com /satellite-system.html (1324 words)

	global positioning satellite and other satellite related information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The result is the Global Positioning System, a system that's changed navigation forever.
		Global Positioning Satellites as surveillance devices In 1982, the United States' Department of Defense launched and began operating the Navstar Global Positioning System (GPS), which is composed of 24...
		GPS satellite blasts off from Cape Canaveral - 11/8/2004 Mission The Global Positioning System is a constellation of orbiting satellites that provides navigation data to military and civilian users all...
	www.nethorde.com /satellite/global-positioning-satellite.html (320 words)

	GIS, CAD, and mapping daily news provided by Spatial News
		The GPS IIR satellites are compatible with the current system and provide improved navigation accuracy, achieved by using an ITT Industries payload system.
		In recent GPS IIR news, the Air Force awarded Space Systems a $53 million contract to begin development of modernization changes for up to 12 of the 15 GPS Block IIR satellites that are currently in storage.
		The satellites will be modified to incorporate two new military signals and a second civil signal, thus providing military and civilian users of the navigation system with improved capabilities much sooner than previously envisioned.
	spatialnews.geocomm.com /dailynews/2000/nov/13/news7.html (621 words)

	Observation satellite system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Earth Observing System (EOS) developed by the National is composed of a series of satellites, a science component, and a data system supporting a
		These tracking systems, along with image intensifiers, are helpful to observe structural details of large and low orbiting satellites.
		The joint satellite project is tagged the Russian-American Observation Satellite, or RAMOS for short.
	getinfoeasy.com /q/observation-satellite-system.html (1005 words)

	2nd Space Operations Squadron [2nd SOPS]
		The 2nd Space Operations Squadron is a component of the 50th Operations Group, 50th Space Wing, Schriever Air Force Base, CO. The squadron commands and controls the Navstar Global Positioning System satellite constellation.
		This user community is rapidly expanding and includes traditional land, sea and space navigation along with surveying, geodesy and a variety of research and development activities.
		The ground antennas are also used to transmit commands to satellites and to receive the satellites' telemetry.
	www.globalsecurity.org /space/agency/2sops.htm (410 words)

	GPS Global Positioning System satellite navigation on our xs650 motorcycle with a Magellan GPS 315 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The GPS - Global Positioning System - units are great fun and can be used for on or off road navigation and dozens of other uses: treasure hunts, geocaching, navigation in aircraft, even marking a favorite fishing spot.
		You can get your waypoint "your exact position" or "goto" any waypoint that you have saved or entered on the easy to use keyboard, (500 user memory positions in the GPS315) or you can use one of the hundreds of cities and towns that come loaded in the units memory.
		The accuracy can be better or worse than 49 ft, depending on the angles to the satellites it is receiving.
	www.650motorcycles.com /GPS.html (838 words)

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