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Topic: Sea water

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Saltwater

	Waves power sea water desalination plant :: Water
		But it may not be a case of 'water, water everywhere and not a drop to drink' if technology being trialled off the New South Wales coast is adopted.
		Fifty per cent of the cost of a litre of water is energy.
		That is close to the price of the cheapest water in Sydney, which Mr Engelsman puts at 47 cents per cubic metre.
	www.abc.net.au /water/stories/s1578192.htm (534 words)

	Search Results for "sea-water"
		...Salt that is produced by the evaporation of sea water and that contains sodium chloride and trace elements such as sulfur, magnesium, zinc, potassium, calcium, and...
		...manganese, magnesium, iron, and silicon and is resistant to corrosion by acids and sea water.
		...Italian marinare, to marinate, from Latin (aqua) marna, sea(water), brine, pickle, feminine of marnus, of the sea.
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=col61&x=10&y=12&query=sea-water (189 words)

	Temperatures of sea water heated by lava entering the sea at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai`i
		Water is heated at the lava-entry point and moves outward until the long-shore current carries it south along the coast of Kilauea (away from camera).
		Inside the horseshoe-shaped yellow-brown zone, the surface water temperatures are about 23-25°C. This is the coolest water near the lava-entry point.
		Because the hottest water is along the shoreline (see sketch above), visitors to the Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park are advised by park rangers to stay at least 400 m inland from an active entry point in case a sudden wave surges onto shore.
	hvo.wr.usgs.gov /howwork/entrytemp/main.html (462 words)

	BP Marine fuels and lubricants - Krystallon installs first sea water scrubber on commercial ferry
		The Krystallon sea water scrubber test results are not only below the level required by the IMO's SECAs (Sulphur Emissions Control Areas), which allows emissions of 6g/kWhr of SO2, but they may even comply with the more stringent in port requirements of the European Union, which will come into force in January 2010.
		With SECAs requiring sulphur emissions of maximum 1.5%, sea water scrubbers may be the cheapest long term solution for vessels spending a significant portion of their time in the SECA.
		Sea water scrubbing from Krystallon enables vessels to reduce sulphur emissions without requiring changes of fuel or modification to engine design.
	www.bp.com /genericarticle.do?categoryId=6401&contentId=7016816 (630 words)

	Composition of seawater
		Sea salt is made by evaporating sea water, but this is not straight-forward.
		Note that normal sea water is undersaturated with respect to all its salts, except for calcium carbonate which may occur in saturated or near-saturated state in surface waters.
		The gases dissolved in sea water are in constant equilibrium with the atmosphere but their relative concentrations depend on each gas' solubility, which depends also on salinity and temperature.
	www.seafriends.org.nz /oceano/seawater.htm (3039 words)

	Fresh Water and Fresh Water Pollution Web Resources for Students
		The Water Cycle (also known as the hydrologic cycle) is the journey water takes as it circulates from the land to the sky and back again.
		The water cycle, the continuous movement of water from ocean to air and land then back to the ocean in a cyclic pattern, is a central concept in meteorology.
		Water and sediments taken from a pond or creek support an abundance of plant and animals, which can be sealed in a jar and observed for years to come.
	www.cdli.ca /CITE/water.htm (1125 words)

	Bottom well and sea water piping system for vessels - Patent 5833503
		A bottom well and sea water piping system for vessels according to claim 1, characterized in that the system comprises only one bottom well (10), and to the covering plate (20) of which the pumps (1) and the piping (18) are directly connected.
		A bottom well and sea water piping system for vessels according to claim 1, characterized in that the amount of water flowing in the sea water piping (18, 19) is regulated by said heat and pressure regulating control devices (4, 5, 17) so as to be proportional to consumption.
		A bottom well and sea water piping system for vessels according to claim 7 wherein, except for a section of said sea water piping system extending from each of said pumps directly to said covering plate, said bottom well is free of sea water piping used for supplying the vessel with sea water.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5833503.html (2046 words)

	Why is the Ocean Salty?
		Water is fresh or salty according to individual judgment, and in making this decision man is more convinced by his sense of taste than by a laboratory test.
		Water vapor rises from the ocean surface and is carried landward by the winds.
		But establishment of the near constancy of the ratios of major constituents of sea water is important because it enables scientists to measure one principal element and then, by projection of ratios and correction for temperature and pressure, to calculate the other components in the water, thereby determining its salinity.
	www.palomar.edu /oceanography/salty_ocean.htm (3171 words)

	Halfbakery: Localised production of fresh water from sea water
		Ok, imagine sea water pumped up to the top of a frame and then allowed to trickle down and through a sheet of membrane that is not air proof.
		The rest of the water is returned to the sea at slightly higher levels of salt concentration.
		The membrane is close to a parallel sheet of non-permeable tubes, another feed of salt water travels down (and on the inside) these tubes, causing the [warmer] evaporated water to condense on the outside, and eventually trickle down to a collecting tank.
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/Localised_20production_20of_20fresh_20water_20from_20sea_20water (727 words)

	US Bureau of Reclamation - Salton Sea Project Office - Salton Sea Brochure - 1999
		These "pump-out" options propose that Sea water be pumped to a receiving body of water like the Gulf of California, Laguna Salada in Mexico, the Pacific Ocean, or some other water sink, such as a deep groundwater aquifer.
		However, through this alternative, the Sea's total water volume would be reduced, resulting in a short period of initially higher concentrations of salt and a declining water surface elevation.
		In this concept, water flowing into the impoundment area carries a heavy salt load, while inflows to the main body of the Sea from the Alamo River, New River, and other sources carry a smaller salt load, thereby decreasing the salt concentration of the main body of the Sea.
	www.usbr.gov /lc/region/saltnsea/ssbro.html (2998 words)

	Stowage of Fish in Chilled Sea Water
		Sea water can be cooled on board the catching vessel in two ways, by the addition of ice or by means of mechanical refrigeration, and shipboard tanks can be either built into the hull or portable for easy transfer to and from road transport at the quayside.
		The water in each tank offish is then circulated by drawing it from the top of the tank, passing it through a shell and tube heat exchanger, and returning it to the bottom of the tank, thus forcing it up through the mass offish to promote rapid and uniform cooling.
		The water should be circulated continuously until the vessel is unloaded to prevent temperature layering and the formation of pockets of warm water.
	www.fao.org /wairdocs/tan/x5944e/x5944e01.htm (2352 words)

	Dead Sea Canal
		Such a water project would reverse the negative impacts on the environment; that is, the erosion of the shoreline and disruption of the water column caused by declining water levels.
		By the summer of 1978, the salinity gradient of the upper layers had surpassed that of the deep water, yet the warm surface temperature preserved the density of the surface waters and the stratification of the water column.
		Water evaporates slowly because the vapor pressure over the surface is lowered by the water's dissolved salts.
	www.american.edu /ted/deadsea.htm (5945 words)

	Falconer (1815): Sea-Water
		After this, the water is to be distilled, the furnace of the still being so contrived as to take up very little room, and consume only a small quantity of fuel; the sea itself may serve as a worm tub, the worm passing out of the ship at one place, and in again at another.
		When the water is thus distilled, it is mixed with an alkaline earth, and, after stirring it thoroughly about, the earth is to be suffered to subside to the bottom, and the water poured off; it is then said to be perfectly sweet, and in no way distinguishable from river water.
		Priestley has suggested a proposal to give to this distilled water the briskness and spirit of fresh spring water, and, at the same time, of rendering it, perhaps, a remedy or preventive against the scurvy, by impregnating it with the gas or fluid called fixed air, obtained by mixing chalk with oil of vitriol.
	www.bruzelius.info /Nautica/Provisions/Falconer(1815)-seawater.html (1086 words)

	CALCITE (Calcium Carbonate)
		Since many sea organisms such as corals, algae and diatoms make their shells out of calcite, they pull carbon dioxide from the sea water to accomplish this in a near reverse of the reaction above.
		By pulling carbon dioxide out of the sea water, this biological activity allows more of the carbon dioxide in the air to dissolve in the sea water and thus acts as a carbon dioxide filter for he planet.
		A significant amount of calcite precipitation in sea water is undoubtedly inorganic, but the exact amount that this contributes is not well known.
	mineral.galleries.com /minerals/carbonat/calcite/calcite.htm (1955 words)

	Water Pollution Case Analysis
		All water pollution is dangerous to the health of living organisms, but sea and river pollution can be especially detrimental to the health of humans and animals.
		Water has also been used as a source and a means of trade for hundreds of years.
		This water pollution is due to years of polluting the seas around their nations and/or disastrous incidents such as oil spills.
	www.american.edu /ted/projects/tedcross/xseap17.htm (5272 words)

	Salton Sea Authority - Parsons Report
		The in-Sea north and south ponds and the displacement dike (as currently designed for the proposed operation) are very vulnerable to damage or failure due to a major seismic event.
		If the north and south in-Sea ponds (and the displacement dike) are constructed as proposed, they should be operated with water on both sides of the dike to reduce the vulnerability to seismic events.
		Consideration should be given to potential displacement benefits from in-Sea ponds and to using deeper ponds to dispose of bittern while using the surface of the ponds to evaporate Sea water.
	saltonsea.ca.gov /parsons.htm (1709 words)

	Chapter 4: Sea Water Quiz (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Which of the following is not a source of dissolved ions in the sea water
		The amount of dissolved carbon in sea water is approximately
		Incident Infra-red radiation penetrates sea water upto a depth of approximately
	www.fiu.edu /~srimal/o4swtrqz.htm (163 words)

	EPA > National Estuary Program > About Estuaries
		An estuary is a partially enclosed body of water along the coast where freshwater from rivers and streams meet and mix with salt water from the ocean.
		Estuaries and the lands surrounding them are places of transition from land to sea, and although influenced by the tides, they are protected from the full force of ocean waves, winds, and storms by such landforms as barrier islands or peninsulas.
		As transition zones between land and water, estuaries are invaluable laboratories for scientists and students, providing countless lessons in biology, geology, chemistry, physics, history, and social issues (1).
	www.epa.gov /owow/estuaries/about1.htm (1154 words)

	Harmonik Ireland
		The role of sea water in the conduction of the body's energies/electrons and chi has been discussed but of equal importance is to understand the role of sea water from a nutritional perspective.
		One of the roles of common salt is to hold water, hence increasing blood volume, allowing blood to be pumped up to the brain and into the tissues in a sufficient volume to carry oxygen and nutrients to the cells.
		The major 'cation' of minerals in sea water is chloride, as opposed to phosphorus in fruits and vegetables.
	www.harmonikireland.com /index.php?topic=seawater (9777 words)

	JetStream - An Online School for Weather: The Ocean
		Sea water salinity is expressed as a ratio of salt (in grams) to liter of water.
		Fresh water, in the form of water vapor, moves from the ocean to the atmosphere through evaporation causing the higher salinity.
		So in situations of sea ice formation, the salinity, and therefore the density of the underlying water continues to increase well after an area is iced over.
	www.srh.weather.gov /srh/jetstream/ocean/seawater.htm (634 words)

	Sea Recovery Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
		Water weighs 8.3 pounds per gallon, so storing minimal amounts of water and being able to make more as needed each day, reduces the weight and draft of the boat.
		The Sea Recovery reverse osmosis desalinators are designed to be as energy efficient as possible considering feed water flow and pressure requirements of the R.O. membrane element.
		Without the automatic Fresh Water Flush, you should treat the system with a chemical bath when it is not going to be used for several months; this process will protect the membranes for up to one year.
	www.searecovery.com /watermakers/faqs.html (3258 words)

	Clean Water Products
		By passing the ocean water through a slowsand filter there was a significant reduction in the turbidity and also a reduction of the Silt Density Index (SDI).
		The reject water from the nanofilter contains approximately 2.5 to 3 times as much calcium and magnesium as the incoming sea water.
		The production percentage using the Nan filtered purified water can be increased from the traditional 20 to 30 percent up to 50 to 60 percent depending on the TDS of the feed water and the desired TDS of the product.
	www.cleanwaterproducts.com /seawaterprod.html (885 words)

	Dead Sea Salts
		The waters of the Dead Sea are unique compared to other seas and lakes primarily due to the high concentration of salts reaching 27% compared to 3% in ordinary sea water.
		Whereas in ordinary sea water sodium chloride (common salt) is the major constituent (about 80% of the total salt content) the Dead Sea on the other hand contains a considerably smaller proportion of sodium chloride, the balance consisting of magnesium, potassium and calcium chlorides, and a comparatively high concentration of bromides.
		The waters of the Dead Sea, the mud, and the salts extracted from it, are rich in unique concentrations of life-enhancing minerals, which include the highest levels of magnesium, potassium, sodium and calcium.
	www.chemistrystore.com /DeadSeaSalt.htm (1321 words)

	Water Chemistry
		Many fish live either in fresh water or salt water, and their bodies are adapted to operate in one or the other.
		When the concentration of dissolved minerals on one side of the membrane is not equal to the concentration on the other side, water flows from the direction of higher concentration to the lower, in order to reach equilibrium.
		Sea water is a bit more basic, between 7.5 to 8.5.
	www.igfa.org /waterchemistry.asp (877 words)

	Coasts face rising threat from higher sea water
		Sea levels around China's coasts are expected to continue rising in the next three to 10 years, creating grave challenges for coastal dwellers.
		Waters rose an average of 2.5 millimetres per year, slightly more than the world's average for the same period, said Chen.
		Although there may not be much that can be done to offset the rising sea levels in the short run, Chen said local governments can fend against a worsened invasion of sea water by stopping excessive extraction of underground water.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /en/doc/2004-02/02/content_302148.htm (349 words)

	Clean Water Products
		The value of passing water through a biological slowsand filter to prepare the water for membrane filtration has been proven many times using Colorado River water, municipal wastewater and groundwater.
		By passing the ocean water through a slowsand filter there was a significant reduction in the turbidity and also a reduction of the Silt Density Index (SDI).
		The production percentage using the Nan filtered purified water can be increased from the traditional 20 to 30 percent up to 50 to 60 percent depending on the TDS of the feed water and the desired TDS of the product.
	cleanwaterproducts.com /seawaterprod.html (885 words)

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