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Topic: Sodium sulfate

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	USGS Minerals Information: Sodium Sulfate
		Sodium sulfate, also known as disodium sulfate (Na), is an inorganic chemical that has several important industrial uses.
		It is produced from naturally occurring sodium-sulfate-bearing brines or crystalline evaporite deposits, and as a byproduct from different chemical processes, such as ascorbic acid, battery acid recycling, boric acid, cellulose, chromium chemicals, lithium carbonate, rayon, resorcinol, and silica pigments.
		The byproduct sodium sulfate is considered a waste product but has marketability; both types of sodium sulfate, however, have several important and useful applications in various consumer products, such as in soaps and detergents, pulp and paper, and textiles.
	minerals.usgs.gov /minerals/pubs/commodity/sodium_sulfate (170 words)

	Sodium sulfate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sodium sulfate is mainly used for the manufacture of detergents and in the Kraft process of paper pulping, though it has many other uses.
		Sodium sulfate is chemically very stable- it does not decompose, even if heated, and it does not react with oxidising or reducing agents at normal temperatures.
		Sodium sulfate is important in the manufacture of textiles, particularly in Japan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sodium_sulfate (1118 words)

	Sodium dodecyl sulfate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The molecule has a tail of 12 carbon atoms, attached to a sulfate group, giving the molecule the amphiphilic properties required of a detergent.
		It is prepared by sulphation of 1-dodecanol (lauryl alcohol, CH OH) followed by neutralisation with sodium carbonate.
		SDS can be converted by ethoxylation to sodium laureth sulfate (also called sodium lauryl ether sulfate; SLES), which is less harsh on the skin, probably because it is not as much of a protein denaturant as is the unethoxylated substance.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sodium_dodecyl_sulfate (384 words)

	Sodium Sulfate
		Sodium sulfate is considered to be the most effective saline cathartic on a molar basis.
		Sulfates also react with a variety of cations to form non-absorbable compounds, which may explain its efficacy in reducing copper loads and to reduce gut calcium.
		Pharmacokinetics - Sodium sulfate is not appreciably absorbed from the GI tract and thereby acts a saline cathartic.
	www.elephantcare.org /Drugs/sodiumsu.htm (288 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		However, it is not profitable to crystallize all of the sodium sulfate, since this is technically cumbersome and would therefore be expensive; instead, the mother liquor from the crystallization can be directed to a subsequent purification step, wherein a portion of the remaining sodium sulfate is separated by precipitation.
		In this process, the sodium carbonate is converted to sodium sulfate by means of sulfuric acid, and the solid sodium sulfate obtained in the process is separated from a sodium chloride solution.
		When sulfate is precipitated with barium chloride in accordance with the invention, Ba sulfate is obtained, which is a useful product and can be used, for example, in medicine as a contrast material in radiography and in the paper industry as a pigment and a filler.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=00/61859.001019&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (1948 words)

	971. Sodium sulfate (WHO Food Additives Series 44)
		Sodium sulfate was not specifically included in that ADI because no information was available to indicate that it was being manufactured or used as a food-grade material.
		When sodium sulfate was included in the treatment, the mean quantity of acetaminophen sulfate excreted in the urine increased but the difference from the treatment without sodium sulfate did not achieve statistical significance.
		Sodium sulfate decahydrate and its anhydrous salt are listed in Martindale's Pharmacopoeia, and the laxative use is noted; another medical use recorded is in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia, in which it is given by slow intravenous administration of a 3.9% aqueous solution.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v44jec07.htm (1867 words)

	Sodium Sulfite and Sodium Sulfate
		Sodium Sulfate and Sodium Sulfite are coproducts of resorcinol by sulfonation-fusion reaction.
		Sodium Sulfite, Commercial, Anhydrous is an economical chemical for the sulfite pulping of wood in manufacturing various grades of paper.
		Sodium Sulfite is oxidized to sodium sulfate and is used to remove oxygen from boiler feed water.
	www.indspec-chem.com /PRODUCTS/SodiumSulfite/SodiumSulfite.asp (238 words)

	Mineral Information Institute - SODIUM SULFATE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Sodium sulfate (Na) is one of the most important minerals in the chemicals industry.
		Natural sodium deposits are formed by a long geologic process of the erosion of igneous rocks, the transportation of sodium from these rocks and chemical reactions.
		In addition, significant amounts of sodium sulfate are produced as a by-product from the production of other materials such as ascorbic acid, boric acid, cellulose, rayon, and silica pigments, to name a few.
	resourcescommittee.house.gov /subcommittees/emr/usgsweb/descriptions/descSodiumSulfate.html (443 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		More particularly, the present invention relates to a method of obtaining sodium bicarbonate and ammonium sulfate from a solution containing primarily sodium sulfate using evaporation and precipitation unit operations in a unique sequence that results in nearly 100% recovery of the feed stock in a commercially viable manner.
		It is clear that the brine is evaporated and that the ammonium sulfate is reacted with the brine to produce sodium sulfate inter alia.
		conversion of sodium sulfate and ammonium bicarbonate to ammonium sulfate and sodium bicarbonate in a commercially viable manner.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=04/71957.040826&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (7378 words)

	Sodium Lauryl Sulfate -- Not a Cancer Risk
		Sodium lauryl sulfate (the same as sodium dodecyl sulfate) is routinely used to solubilize chemicals used in cancer experiments prior to injecting them into test animals.
		Since the sulfate moiety is an oxidizing agent, any nitrogen-containing compound might react to produce a tiny amount of nitrates, which in turn might react with something else to produce a nitrosamine.
		Sodium lauryl sulfate is indeed used in a model for cataract formation in the lens of the eye (J. Biol.
	www.pathguy.com /sls.htm (1500 words)

	sodium sulfate on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		SODIUM SULFATE [sodium sulfate] chemical compound, Na It is a white, orthorhombic crystalline compound at ordinary temperatures; above 100°C it assumes a monoclinic structure, and above about 250°C it assumes a hexagonal structure.
		Sodium sulfate is soluble in cold water and very soluble in hot water.
		Anhydrous sodium sulfate is found in nature as the mineral thenardite.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/s1/sodiumsu.asp (298 words)

	Aubrey Organics - Sodium Lauryl Sulfate in Shampoos: The Real Story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Interestingly, sodium lauryl sulfate "is used around the world in clinical studies as a skin irritant," notes the journal.
		Although sodium lauryl sulfate is not carcinogenic in experimental studies, it has been shown that it causes severe epidermal changes in the area it is applied, indicating a need for tumor-enhancing assays.
		"Sodium lauryl sulfate ammonium lauryl sulfate."1996 CIR Compendium.
	www.aubrey-organics.com /about/articles/shampoo.cfm (1296 words)

	Hormonal Regulation of Sodium/Sulfate Co-Transport in Renal Epithelial Cells -- Lee et al. 225 (1): 49 -- Experimental ...
		Sulfate uptake was determined in OK cells in the presence and absence of sodium (an equimolar amount of N-methyl-D-glucamine/HCl was substituted for NaCl) at a sulfate concentration of 0.5 mM.
		reabsorption of sulfate in the kidney proximal tubules.
		Increased inorganic sulfate in mother and fetus at parturition: Evidence for a fetal-to-mother gradient.
	www.ebmonline.org /cgi/content/full/225/1/49 (4676 words)

	Sodium laureth sulfate
		Aqua, sodium laureth sulfate, disodium cocoamphodiacetate, dimethicone, cetyl alcohol, hydroxystearyl cetyl ether, guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride, cocamide MIPA, sodium cetearyl sulfate, sodium methyl paraben, DMDM hyantoin, phenoxyethanol, ethyl paraben, propylene glycol, 2-oleamido-1, 3-octadecanediol, propyl paraben, carbomer, methyl paraben, butyl paraben and parfum.
		There is some concern over the safety of sodium laureth sulfate as some sources say that it is a potential carcinogen due to the fact that it can undergo nitrosation to form cancerous nitrosamines.
		It is claimed that sodium cetearyl sulfate is usually derived from animals, and hence may not be suitable for vegetarians.
	www.chem.ox.ac.uk /course/ityeartwo/html2/elvive.htm (1452 words)

	Controlling Mechanisms of Contaminant Ion Leakage in Condensate Polishing Systems
		That means the concentration of sodium (Na+) and hydrogen (H+) ions in the resin and solution phases at the bottom of the resin bed are in equilibrium.
		But, as shown by Equation 2, sodium leakage also is governed by the amount of sodium form cation resin, R-Na, at the onset of the amine cycle.
		In many cases, the sulfate profile exhibits a long tail that has endured for many hours before reaching a steady state equilibrium leakage value–unlike sodium, which has a very sharp and quick approach (minutes) to a steady-state, flat-line profile.
	www.wqpmag.com /wqp/index.cfm/powergrid/rfah=\|cfap=/CFID/928646/CFTOKEN/58533763/fuseaction/showArticle/articleID/2618 (1981 words)

	Sodium Lauryl Sulfate-based Shampoos
		Sodium lauryl sulfate is the detergent most frequently used in shampoos (and even toothpaste).
		Sodium lauryl sulfate a high volume synthetic chemical used in consumer products and regulated as a pesticide.
		Sodium lauryl sulfate is not a recognized carcinogen.
	www.care2.com /channels/solutions/self/192 (493 words)

	ALUMINIUM SODIUM SULFATE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Remove the sodium salts from the precipitate by washing 5 times in large centrifuge bottles, shaking the mass thoroughly each time.
		To minimize the distillation blank resulting from fluoride leached from the glassware, the distillation apparatus should be treated as follows: treat the glassware with hot 10% sodium hydroxide solution, followed by flushing with tap water and rinsing with distilled water.
		Titrate with 0.05 M zinc sulfate to a bright rose-pink colour, and perform a blank determination.
	apps3.fao.org /jecfa/additive_specs/docs/0/additive-0016.htm (836 words)

	Cellular Mechanisms of Renal Adaptation of Sodium Dependent Sulfate Cotransport to Altered Dietary Sulfate in Rats -- ...
		Renal sulfate and creatinine clearances were calculated as the urinary excretion rate divided by the midpoint serum concentration.
		Neiberger RE (1991) Adaptation of renal sulfate transport in response to dietary sulfate intake in guinea pigs.
		Pritchard JB and Renfro JL (1983) Renal sulfate transport at the basolateral membrane is mediated by anion exchange.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/287/3/1056 (4903 words)

	Comparison of Magnesium Sulfate and Sodium Sulfate for Removal of Water from Pesticide Extracts of Foods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The addition of sodium chloride to the resulting acetonitrile—water or acetone—water extract (salting out) results in the separation of the water from the organic solvent.
		Drying agents, such as sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate, are used to remove the water from the organic extracts.
		Sodium sulfate was a relatively ineffective drying agent, removing little or no residual water from the organic solvent.
	www.aoac.org /pubs/JOURNAL/2002/Sep_Oct/Comparison_of_Magnesium.htm (216 words)

	American Elements: Sodium Supplier & Technical Information
		Sodium primarily used in its metallic form in the production of chemical esters and in the manufacturing of various other organic compounds.
		The metal is used in the alloy of tin, nickel and copper for its structural characteristics.
		Sodium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder.
	www.americanelements.com /na.html (101 words)

	Minerals in Your World: Minerals and Materials - Sodium Sulfate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Sodium sulfate, which is also known as disodium sulfate, is an inorganic chemical that has several important industrial uses.
		It is produced from naturally occurring sodium-sulfate-bearing brines ("brine" is the term for water that is saltier than seawater) or crystalline evaporite deposits and as a byproduct from different chemical processes, such as the production of ascorbic acid, boric acid, cellulose, chromium chemicals, lithium carbonate, rayon, resorcinol, and silica pigments, and battery acid recycling.
		The byproduct sodium sulfate is considered to be a waste product but has marketability; both types of sodium sulfate, however, have several important and useful applications in various consumer products, such as in pulp and paper, soaps and detergents, and textiles.
	resourcescommittee.house.gov /subcommittees/emr/usgsweb/materials/sodium.html (132 words)

	Sodium laureth sulfate
		Sodium laureth sulfate (SLES), is a detergent and surfactant found in many personal care products (soaps, shampoos, toothpaste etc.).
		If SLES is not present sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), ammonium lauryl sulfate[?] (ALS) or sodium lauryl sulfate[?] (SLS, much stronger) will probably be.
		Sometimes listed as Steol-130, 230, 270, 330, 370 or 460; Stepanol; Alkyl Ether Sulfate; Sodium POE(2) Lauryl Ether Sulfate; Sodium Diethylene glycol Lauryl Ether Sulfate; Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/so/Sodium_laureth_sulfate.html (93 words)

	Active Skim View of:
		Sodium excretion and plasma rennin activity in normotensive and hypertensive fl adults as affected by dietary calcium and sodium.
		While significant levels of sulfate are found in foods and various sources of drinking water, the major source of inorganic sulfate for humans is from biodegradation due to body protein turnover of the sulfur amino acids methionine and cysteine.
		Dietary sulfate in food and water, together with sulfate derived from methionine and cysteine found in dietary protein and the cysteine component of glutathione, provides sulfate for use in PAPS biosynthesis.
	www.nap.edu /nap-cgi/skimit.cgi?isbn=0309091691&chap=415-428 (554 words)

	THENARDITE (Sodium Sulfate)
		Uses: As a source of sodium to produce soda, various uses in the glass and paper industries and as mineral specimens.
		Thenardite is one of several non-marine evaporite Sulfate Class minerals.
		Sulfates in general tend to be more soluble than most of the other mineral classes and simple sodium salts, such as thernardite, are always soluble.
	mineral.galleries.com /minerals/sulfates/thenardi/thenardi.htm (395 words)

	Consumer Education - Sodium Laureth Sulfate (SLS)
		Sodium lauryl sulfate is routinely used to solubilize chemicals used in cancer experiments prior to injecting them into test animals.
		Since the author calls sodium lauryl sulfate "the cancer virus", it must be someone who's not gotten far in basic biology.
		Sodium Laureth Sulphate (SLS) - Internet Hoax A letter has been circulating the internet which claims that there is a link between cancer and sodium laureth (or lauryl) sulphate (SLS), an ingredient used in shampoos and toothpastes.
	www.hairsite.com /late-sls.htm (3575 words)

	American Elements: Sodium Sulfate Supplier & Tech Info
		Sodium Sulfate is a moderately water and acid soluble Sodium source for uses compatible with sulfates.
		Sulfate compounds are salts or esters of sulfuric acid formed by replacing one or both of the hydrogens with a metal.
		Sodium Sulfate is generally immediately available in most volumes.
	www.americanelements.com /nas.html (91 words)

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