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	Imperial Era: II
		The Sui dynasty's early demise was attributed to the government's tyrannical demands on the people, who bore the crushing burden of taxes and compulsory labor.
		The founders of the Song dynasty built an effective centralized bureaucracy staffed with civilian scholar-officials.
		The Song dynasty is notable for the development of cities not only for administrative purposes but also as centers of trade, industry, and maritime commerce.
	www-chaos.umd.edu /history/imperial2.html (909 words)

	Song Dynasty - MSN Encarta
		The Song dynasty marked the beginning of a new relationship between government and society that would characterize the later imperial period of Chinese history.
		Financially, the dynasty depended on the lower Yangtze region, which by the middle of the 11th century had become the economic and population center of the empire.
		The Song army was defeated, and in 1004 it signed a peace treaty with the Liao in which it agreed to make an annual payment of 100,000 ounces of silver and 200,000 bolts of silk.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761551755/Song_Dynasty.html (1654 words)

	Chinese History - Song Dynasty å® (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		After the Tang å” and Five Dynasties äº”ä»£ period, a time full of unrest and wars, the Song Dynasty was a time of consolidation for Chinese culture.
		The Song period is marked by a revival of old Confucian traditions after the Tang age of Buddhism, and the prevailing position of civil scholars over the military age of Tang and Five Dynasties.
		The Song Dynasty did not rule over whole China - the north was occupied by the empires of Liao é¼, Western Xia è¥¿å¤ and Jin é‘, all empires founded by Non-Chinese peoples (Khitans, Tanguts and Jurchens).
	www.chinaknowledge.org /History/Song/song.html (295 words)

	Chinese History - Song Dynasty å® (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		The Song time is often called a "Chinese Renaissance" because - similar to the European renaissance - progress in technology and inventions, the upcoming of new philosophical interpretations of the old texts meant a renewal of the old and the creation of new streamings.
		The Song period is marked by a revival of old Confucian traditions after the Tang age of Buddhism, and the prevailing position of civil scholars over the military age of Tang and Five Dynasties.
		The Song Dynasty did not rule over whole China - the north was occupied by the empires of Liao é¼, Western Xia è¥¿å¤ and Jin é‘, all empires founded by Non-Chinese peoples (Khitans, Tanguts and Jurchens).
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Song/song.html (295 words)

	China in the Song Dynasty
		The Song Dynasty (960-1279), after the Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD) and the Tang Dynasty (618-906), was one of the greatest dynasties in Chinese history that saw great cultural flourishing.
		In 1126, the dynasty had to move its capital from Kaifeng in northern China to Hanzhou in southern China because the Chinese north fell to the Tartar invaders, some of them ancestors to the latter day Manchus, who eventually established their rule in China and the last Chinese imperial dynasty, the Manchu Dynasty (1644-1911).
		By the mid-Tang Dynasty, the majority of the hereditary aristocracy were threatened their political positions, and by late Tang/early Song, the scholar/gentry had firmly established his social/political/intellectual control of China.
	www.iun.edu /~hisdcl/h425/songdynasty.htm (832 words)

	History of Chinese calligraphy : Song dynasty
		Song dynasty is a dynasty with flourishing culture.
		Even during Song dynasty, the Chinese armies often were defeated by the minority armies in north of today's China.
		Mi Fu is the best calligrapher in Song dynasty but unfortunately, he didn't reach the level of calligraphers in Tang dynasty.
	www.wavedancing.net /history/song.htm (358 words)

	Song Dynasty information - Search.com
		The Song Dynasty (Chinese: 宋朝) was a ruling dynasty in China from 960-1279.
		During the Sòng dynasty, there were many threats from the northern borders by the Khitans (契丹) from the Liao dynasty (遼朝), Tanguts from the Western Xia (西夏) dynasty, and the Jurchens (女真) from the Jin dynasty (金朝).
		The Jin dynasty was soon conquered by the Mongols in 1234, who subsequently took control of northern China and maintained uneasy relations with the Southern Sòng court (A hasty peace treaty was settled, when Kublai Khan received the news of Möngee's death, the ruler of the Mongols.
	www.search.com /reference/Song_Dynasty (1435 words)

	Song Dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the Song Dynasty, there were many threats from the northern borders by the Khitans (契丹) from the Liao Dynasty (遼国), Tanguts from the Western Xia (西夏) Dynasty, and the Jurchens (女真) from the Jin dynasty (金国).
		The Jin Dynasty was soon conquered by the Mongols in 1234, who subsequently took control of northern China and maintained uneasy relations with the Southern Sòng court (A hasty peace treaty was settled, when Möngee Khan, the ruler of the Mongols, was killed in a military campaign against the Southern Song.
		Before the arrival of the Jurchens the Song Dynasty for centuries was engaged in a stand-off against the Western Xia and the Khitan Liao Dynasty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Song_Dynasty (2065 words)

	Liu Song Dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Liu Song has been called the Southern Song Dynasty (南宋), as it is one of the Southern Dynasties of the early medieval period, i.e., one of those with its capital at Jiankang (modern Nanjing).
		However, its founder Emperor Wu was considered one of the greatest generals during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period, and the reign of its third emperor, Emperor Wen, is known for its political stability and capable administration, not only of its emperor but its strong and honest officials.
		This is known as the Reign of Yuanjia (425-453) and one of the relative golden ages for the Southern Dynasties.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Song_Dynasty_(420-479) (561 words)

	AnywhereChina.com - History Page - Song Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Because of the barbarian occupation of northern China the second half of the Song rule was confined to the area south of the Huai River.
		While the Song ruling class and the imperial court indulged themselves in art and luxurious living in the urban centers, the latest nomad empire arose in the north.
		The Song period was noted for landscape painting, which in time came to be considered the highest form of classical art.
	www.anywherechina.com /history/dynasties/song/song.htm (1158 words)

	Chinese History
		The founders of the Song dynasty built aneffective centralized bureaucracy staffed with civilian scholar-officials.Regional military governors and their supporters were replaced by centrallyappointed officials.
		The Song dynasty is notable for the developmentof cities not only for administrative purposes but also as centers of trade,industry, and maritime commerce.
		The most important developmentduring the Song was that agricultural technology, aided by the importationof a fast-growing Vietnamese strain of rice and the invention of the printingpress, developed to the point where the food-supply system was so efficientthat, for the most part, there was no need to develop it further.
	www.china-inc.com /education/history/song.html (699 words)

	Song and Yuan swords
		The weapon continued to be in use during the Ming Dynasty by soldiers manning the northern border to deal with Mongol cavalry; it was also distributed to the garrison troops of various provinces.
		Song Dynasty Buddhist painting of the single-handed dao (called the "shoudao") issued to the Song military forces and most commonly used in conjunction with a shield.
		This type of saber was used by Mongol cavalry in the Yuan army and was the ancestor of the Ming and Qing dynasties' willow leaf and goosequill sabers (liuyedao and yanmaodao).
	thomaschen.freewebspace.com /catalog.html (722 words)

	Song Dynasty Map (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The division was caused by the forced abandonment of north China in 1127 by the Song court, which could not push back the nomadic invaders.
		The founders of the Song Dynasty built an effective centralized bureaucracy staffed with civilian scholar-officials.
		The Song Dynasty is notable for the development of cities, not only for the administrative purposes, but also as centers of trade, industry, and maritime commerce.
	www.paulnoll.com /China/Dynasty/dynasty-Song.html (268 words)

	Sung Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The economic and intellectual achievements increased while the former Sung dynasty to the north slowly decayed.
		The dynasty showed no internal sign of collapse, but its downfall was many years of bitter fighting against a superior force.
		This was the dynasty that had pushed the Sung out of the North.
	library.thinkquest.org /12255/library/dynasty/sung.html?tqskip1=1&tqtime=0826 (455 words)

	Song Dynasty, Sung Dynasty
		Artistically and culturally, the Song Dynasty was driven by a phenomena of self-refinement that pivoted on the teachings of Confucian but adhered to the principles of Taoist Buddhism.
		The Song Dynasty ranks alongside the Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 A.D.) and the Tang Dynasty (618 - 906 A.D.) in importance of fine Jade and Bronze Treasures.
		The study of Song Dynasty jades is incomplete without an understanding of this phenomena and its mysterious manifestation in the Jade arts of the time.
	www.thejadetrade.com /ian/p8c.html (960 words)

	NOVA Online \| Secrets of Lost Empires \| China Bridge \| China's Age of Invention
		I have found the earliest illustration of a cannon in the world, which dates from the change-over from the Northern Song to the Southern Song around 1127, which was 150 years before the development of the cannon in the West.
		Yates: Although scholars often consider the Song Dynasty to have been very weak, its use of gunpowder was the reason it was able to hold off the Mongols for many decades.
		But in the Song Dynasty, the government promoted the publication of the Confucian texts called "The Canons." These texts had to be studied by examination candidates.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/lostempires/china/age.html (1708 words)

	Assessing the Song dynasty - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		Song, it is very badly discredieted by most traditional historians due to it's fall to the barbarians, but it's economic and technological achievement was far far greater than any other dynasty.
		In terms of culture/economic/technology the Song was a huge huge breakthrough era, even in the somewhat failed political scheme it was one of the very rare dynasty that experienmented with possible different systems, although it didn't turn out well it was also somethign extremely special in Chinese history.
		THe Song adopted a weak military strategy because it saw what it was like to have a strong one, the strong military of the Tang eventrually back fired when emperors no longer has as much control over their powerful military, and the country just break into warlord fiefdoms....
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=518 (2321 words)

	Chinese history:The Song Dynasty (960-1279)
		Culturally, the Song refined many of the developments of the previous centuries.
		Song intellectuals sought answers to all philosophical and political questions in the Confucian Classics.
		As incorporated into the examination system, Zhu Xi's philosophy evolved into a rigid official creed, which stressed the one-sided obligations of obedience and compliance of subject to ruler, child to father, wife to husband, and younger brother to elder brother.
	www.chinavoc.com /history/song.htm (442 words)

	About China-History-Song Dynasty
		In political terms, the fall of the Tang Dynasty (681-907) and the resultant disintegration of the empire did not mean a sharp break with the past.
		The period of the Southern Song is neither a period of power nor stability and the dynasty only controlled the area south of the Yangtze River.
		Some of the Song ministers went south to Fujian and Guangdong to reestablish the mini-Song court which was short-lived, ending in the 2nd year of Xiangxing (1279) at Yashan.
	www.toureasy.net /html/aboutchina/ChineseHistory/Song.htm (1208 words)

	China's Chinese Dynasties
		Xia Dynasty, 2100 BC to 1700 BC Yu the Great founded this first cohesive state of China along the banks of the great Yellow River (Huang He).
		Beginning near the end of the Han Dynasty was a period where the north was ruled primarily by three competing kingdoms, the Wei, Shu and Wu.
		This left the Song no choice but to abandon the old homelands along the Yellow River and retreat to the south where they established their capital in Hangzhou, then known as Qinsai.
	chinasageconsultants.com /html/dynasty_rule.html (1669 words)

	Southern Song Dynasty
		The period of the Southern Song is neither a period of power nor stability -- the dynasty only controlled the area south of the Yangtze River.
		When the dynasty was first established, instead of appointing competent people to carry out reforms and devise effective defensive strategies, Emperor Gaozong blocked the efforts of his talented Prime Minister Li Gang and reversed the dominant military strategy from one of active resistance to passive defense.
		Some Song ministers fled south to Fujian and Guangdong to re-establish a mini-Song court, which was short-lived, ending in the second year (1279) of Xiangxing at Yashan.
	www.chinaculture.org /gb/en_aboutchina/2003-09/24/content_22809.htm (498 words)

	The Northern and Southern Song dynasties
		Another reason that his dynasty lasted longer was that he did not try to fight the Khitans to the north; rather he conquered the southern half of China.
		Near the end of the Song dynasty, the famous blue and white porcelain was created.
		A brother of the Song emperor fled south, and declared himself emperor.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/china/classical_imperial_china/song.html (763 words)

	5. The Song Dynasty - All Empires (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the north arose the five dynasties, all of whom tried but were unsuccessful at unifying China.
		In 960, General Zhao Kuangyin, serving in the army of the Later Zhou Dynasty, was elected emperor by his disgruntled soldiers.
		However the military was never as strong as it was in previous dynasties, and Sung armies frequently lost in confrontations with Liao to the west.
	www.allempires.com /article/index.php?q=The_Song_Dynasty (1217 words)

	Chinese history, Song dynasty
		The Song royal family fled to the southern China, where the family and its followers set up a new capital city in Lin'an (present Hangzhou).
		Historians usually divide Song Dynasty as Northern Song (960-1127) and Southern Song (1127-1279).
		The Southern Song capital city Hangzhou emerged as a thriving metropolis not matched in the western world until the nineteenth century.
	www.hometownchina.com /song.htm (622 words)

	Empires Past: China: Song dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This division occurred because the Song were forced to flee their Northern lands from nomadic invaders.
		The Song dynasty saw the development of cities not only for Imperial business, but as centers of trade, social life and entertainment.
		The Song improved on the culture of the Tang dynasty, including the standard for the universal man, who was to have the qualities of scholar, poet, painter, and statesman.
	library.thinkquest.org /16325/c-son.html (359 words)

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