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Topic: Tragedy of the commons

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	Tragedy of the Commons Described
		Ecologist Garrett Hardin's "tragedy of the commons" (Hardin, 1968) has proven a useful concept for understanding how we have come to be at the brink of numerous environmental catastrophes.
		Despite its reception as revolutionary, Hardin’s tragedy was not a new concept: its intellectual roots trace back to Aristotle who noted that "what is common to the greatest number has the least care bestowed upon it" (see Ostrom 1990) as well as to Hobbes and his leviathan (see Feeny et al., 1990).
		For while the tragedy of the commons is not an inevitable outcome, it is a conceivable risk whenever resources are being consumed.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~rdeyoung/tragedy.html (1823 words)

	Tragedy of the commons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The tragedy of the commons is a class of phenomena that involve a conflict for resources between individual interests and the common good.
		The opposite situation to a tragedy of the commons is sometimes referred to as a tragedy of the anticommons a situation where rational individuals (acting separately) collectively waste a given resource by under-utilizing it.
		"The Tragedy of the Advertising Commons" by Matthew Syrett
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons (2983 words)

	The Tragedy of the Commons and Distributed AI Systems
		In human affairs, the tragedy of the commons has never been more evident than it is today, as we face its effects of pollution, global warming, ozone depletion, overfishing and extinction of species, and destruction of the rain forests.
		The tragedy of the commons, which is brought about by agents pursuing their own goals, is another ``rebuttal to the invisible hand'' [Hardin, 1968].
		The tragedy of the commons has been likened to the ``prisoner's dilemma'' [Muhsam, 1973]; Rosenschein and Genesereth ##1[][]ros:gen:deals have shown that communication, at least of a particular kind (deals), under some conditions can provide a way to solve this dilemma to the mutual satisfaction of the participants.
	cdps.umcs.maine.edu /Papers/1993/TofCommons/TR.html (5490 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		We may well call it "the tragedy of the commons," using the word "tragedy" as the philosopher Whitehead used it (7): "The essence of dramatic tragedy is not unhappiness.
		But the air and waters surrounding us cannot readily be fenced, and so the tragedy of the commons as a cesspool must be prevented by different means, by coercive laws or taxing devices that make it cheaper for the polluter to treat his pollutants than to discharge them untreated.
		Using the commons as a cesspool does not harm the general public under frontier conditions, because there is no public, the same behavior in a metropolis is unbearable.
	www.physics.ohio-state.edu /~wilkins/sciandsoc/tragedycommons.html (5932 words)

	The Commons
		The "logic of the commons" is as follows: Each household has the right to take resources from and put wastes into the commons.
		The fallacy in the logic of the commons lies in the failure to recognize that all households are attempting to do the same thing.
		Ultimately, as population grows and greed runs rampant, the commons collapses and ends in "the tragedy of the commons" (Garrett Hardin, Science 162:1243, 1968).
	members.aol.com /trajcom/private/commons.htm (1050 words)

	Tragedy Of The Commons
		A commons, that is, a shared or unowned resource, is used inefficiently (a lake being overfished to exhaustion, for example, or being used as a dump for toxic chemicals) because no one has any incentive to do otherwise.
		The tragedy of the commons occurs when it is despoiled by over-utilization or abuse.
		The tragedy is that if the individual farmer assumes the other farmers will act stupidly/selfishly then grazing one more sheep will in fact accrue more benefit to him than not (ie his sheeps gets the last of the grass).
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?TragedyOfTheCommons (3191 words)

	The Tragedy of the Commons, by Garrett Hardin: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty
		In 1974 the general public got a graphic illustration of the "tragedy of the commons" in satellite photos of the earth.
		At the point when the carrying capacity of the commons was fully reached, a herdsman might ask himself, "Should I add another animal to my herd?" Because the herdsman owned his animals, the gain of so doing would come solely to him.
		Some of the common pastures of old England were protected from ruin by the tradition of stinting, the limitation of each herdsman to a fixed number of animals (not necessarily the same for all).
	www.econlib.org /library/Enc/TragedyoftheCommons.html (1561 words)

	The Tragedy of the Commons, by Garrett Hardin (1968)
		The Tragedy of the Commons, by Garrett Hardin (1968)
		[6] We may well call it "the tragedy of the commons," using the word "tragedy" as the philosopher Whitehead used it [7]: "The essence of dramatic tragedy is not unhappiness.
		But our society is deeply committed to the welfare state, [12] and hence is confronted with another aspect of the tragedy of the commons.
	www.soilandhealth.org /03sov/0303critic/030303commons.html (6043 words)

	Tragedy of the Commons
		For example, all land is part of our commons because it is a component of our life support and social systems.
		A commons is destroyed by uncontrolled use – neither intent of the user, nor ownership are important.
		Tragedy of the Commons and its relevance to marine pollution
	wwwscience.murdoch.edu.au /teach/biotech/tragedy/tragedy.htm (355 words)

	Capitalism and the Tragedy of the Commons
		Capitalism's most dangerous flaw is that it has no inherent method for dealing with the tragedy of the commons.
		The tragedy of the commons is the doctrine which insists that we will always add one too many sheep to the village commons, destroying it.
		It would be easy and convenient to say that the tragedy of the commons is a modern phenomenon, that humans were not capable of doing too much damage until their population exceeded certain numbers or their technological tools became powerful beyond a certain point.
	www.spectacle.org /497/commons.html (783 words)

	CD Baby: SKITTISH: Tragedy of the Commons
		Tragedy of the Commons is a semi-autobiographical collage of the different people the main character meets on a journey across modern-day America.
		Tragedy of the Commons is among the most original cd's ive ever heard..
		Tragedy of the Commons is one of the most original cd's i've ever heard.
	cdbaby.com /cd/skittish2 (559 words)

	EconLog, Tragedy of the Commons, Eric Crampton: Library of Economics and Liberty
		In prepping to teach the tragedy of the commons a little while back, I actually went to re-read Hardin's 1968 Science article.
		But our society is deeply committed to the welfare state, and hence is confronted with another aspect of the tragedy of the commons.
		Sharing the food from national territories is operationally equivalent to sharing territory; in both cases a commons is established, and tragedy is the ultimate result.
	econlog.econlib.org /archives/2006/07/tragedy_of_the.html (1425 words)

	No. 1602: The Tragedy of the Commons
		A commons was a pasture that belonged collectively to a village.
		The tragedy is that, to preserve the commons, the personal freedom of the villagers had to be curtailed.
		Of course the commons represents a degree of socialism.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi1602.htm (522 words)

	John Quiggin » Blog Archive » Fallacy of the Commons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Common property systems were neither the anarchy pictured by Hardin nor the utopia imagined by some romantic socialists (the Diggers were a rare example of a group who tried to put a utopian vision of common property into practice).
		The real commons was the whole planet, and the growth he was worried about was the growth of the human population.
		It is not the case that Lloyd invented the commons example and Hardin applied it to population.
	johnquiggin.com /index.php/archives/2004/05/06/fallacy-of-the-commons (2462 words)

	The Tragedy of the Commons, by Garrett Hardin (1968)
		This new civilization was presumably united by a common value system that was democratic, equalitarian, and existing under universally enforceable rules contained in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
		Coercive force which is centered in the modern state cannot be sustained in the face of the active resistance of some 10 percent of the population unless the state is willing to embark on a deliberate policy of genocide directed against the value dissident groups.
		Once this political quiescence has developed, the highly organized and specifically interested groups who wish to make incursions into the commons bring sufficient pressure to bear through other political processes to convert the agency to the protection and furthering of their interests.
	www.users.cloud9.net /~bradmcc/commons.html (7157 words)

	IEEE Spectrum: Tragedy of the Commons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		I know somewhere in the back of my mind that all the grass in the commons is going to get eaten by all these cows, but everyone else is doing it, and I want to get the grass for my cow before it's all gone.
		Moreover, even when traffic is flowing, drivers often act in their own interest by speeding, changing lanes, and trying to jump exit queues—all at the expense of the common good.
		These commons are shared not only by humans but by machines, and by our design, these machines exhibit discourtesy or courtesy.
	www.spectrum.ieee.org /jan06/2549 (780 words)

	The Tragedy Of The Commons - Forbes.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		As a result, the commons were overgrazed and degenerated to the point that they were no longer able to support the villagers' cattle.
		Contemporary society has a number of current examples of the tragedy of the commons: the depletion of fish stocks in international waters, congestion on urban highways, and the rise of resistant diseases due to careless use of antibiotics.
		However, the commons that is likely to have the greatest impact on our lives in the new century is the digital commons, the information available on the Internet through the portals that provide access.
	www.forbes.com /asap/2001/0910/061.html (961 words)

	IT's Tragedy of the Commons
		Since no one and everyone owned the Common, the way for an individual to maximize his benefit was to graze his stock until there was no grazing left.
		The tragedy of the commons occurs regularly from grazing stock in national forests, from natural-resource exploration on public lands, from pollution of communal resources, and from other activities.
		Seemingly free IT guarantees the tragedy of the commons.
	itmanagement.earthweb.com /columns/article.php/1005251 (1345 words)

	TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS GAME
		These are some games that I have created to be played by students in a class to illustrate the tragedy of the commons, made famous by Garrett Hardin in 1968 in Science magazine.
		A single person game to prepare you for the Tragedy of the Commons game, also known as "Making optimal use of a Private Farm".
		This game is NOT a Tragedy of the Commons - it simply shows you that one problem in avoiding overuse of an environmental resource involves simply identifying the carrying capacity of the resource.
	www.uoregon.edu /~rmitchel/commons (444 words)

	The Commons Blog: Tragedy of the Commons Archives
		The Caspian is a regulated commons that produces a valuable resource in an relatively poor region of the world -- and such regulated commons are almost always overused.
		Many of the problems he discusses are in fact those which stem from the absence of such institutions - what we all refer to as the 'tragedy of the commons'.
		The blatantly protectionist Common Agricultural Policy is well-known as one of the worst things the European Union does, preventing developing nations from selling agricultural products in a competitive European market.
	commonsblog.org /archives/cat_tragedy_of_the_commons.php (3673 words)

	Tragedy of the Commons
		We may well call it "the tragedy of the commons" using the word "tragedy" as the philosopher Whitehead used it (7)
		, and hence is confronted with another aspect of the tragedy of the commons.
		Certainly not by trying to control his behavior solely by a verbal appeal to his sense of responsibility, Rather than rely on propaganda we follow Frankel's lead and insist that a bank is not a commons; we seek the definite social arrangements that will keep it from becoming a commons.
	www.mnforsustain.org /hardin_g_tragedy_of_the_commons.htm (5986 words)

	Tragedy of the Commons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The commons now has so many cattle that the grass is sparse.
		The "tragedy of the commons" is an example of a social trap.
		Hardin felt that the tragedy could best be avoided by making it expensive (e.g., taxing each cow) to use the commons.
	www1.appstate.edu /~beckhp/tragedyofcommons.htm (300 words)

	The Tragedy of the Commons -- 162 (3859): 1243 -- Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		choose--or acquiesce in the destruction of the commons that we
		Political Action Committees and the Tragedy of the Commons: The Case of Nonconnected PACs.
		Social Conflict and Social Cooperation: Simulating "The Tragedy of the Commons".
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/162/3859/1243 (6243 words)

	The Tragedy of the Commons
		Much of man's world is treated as a "commons" wherein individuals have the right to freely consume its resources and return their wastes.
		The "logic of the commons" ultimately produces its ruin as well as the demise of those who depend upon it for survival.
		The commons relationship between people and their environment was noted by Garrett Hardin in a 1968 paper published in the journal SCIENCE (162:1243-1248).
	members.aol.com /trajcom/private/trajcom.htm (180 words)

	tragedy of the commons re-stated
		In his 1968 classic, "Tragedy of the Commons", Garrett Hardin illustrates why the reindeer crashed and why communities everywhere are headed for tragedy—it's because freedom in the commons brings ruin to all:
		People themselves even become commons when they are exploited (are made the best use of) by other people and corporations.
		There is no technological solution to the problem of the commons, but governments can act to limit access to the commons, at which time they are no longer commons.
	dieoff.org /page109.htm (3283 words)

	Tragedy of the Commons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Despite being relatively new to the Christchurch music scene, Tragedy of the Commons are already turning heads.
		Their experimental, unconfined, new-breed sound has been compared to a diverse range of artists from The Mars Volta and Muse to Brand New, and their live performances are often stained with band members exceeding the usual thresholds of onstage conduct.
		While their ensemble of orchestrated noise compliments the often brilliant outfit choice, the energy and onstage enthusiasm of this band sets them apart from anyone who would attempt to fly an alternate flag.
	www.tragedyofthecommons.co.nz (655 words)

	Science Magazine: Tragedy of the Commons? -- Web Resources
		In addition to spurring discussion in the realm of population studies and the environment, Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons" essay served up a powerful metaphor for a variety of situations at the nexus of science and society, in realms ranging from biomedicine to university administration to the Internet.
		Here is a small sample of Science research papers and policy articles during the past several years that have taken the notion of the commons as their jumping-off point.
		Nicely arranged, searchable library of full-text resources on commons research, from the IASCP.
	www.sciencemag.org /sciext/sotp/commons.dtl (762 words)

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