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Topic: Transmutation of species

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	X. On the Imperfection of the Geological Record. On the Sudden Appearance of Whole Groups of Allied Species. Darwin, ...
		If numerous species, belonging to the same genera or families, have really started into life at once, the fact would be fatal to the theory of evolution through natural selection.
		For the development by this means of a group of forms, all of which are descended from some one progenitor, must have been an extremely slow process; and the progenitors must have lived long before their modified descendants.
		The case most frequently insisted on by palæontologists of the apparently sudden appearance of a whole group of species, is that of the teleostean fishes, low down, according to Agassiz, in the Chalk period.
	www.bartleby.com /11/1005.html (1003 words)

	Transmutation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Transmutation is the conversion of one object into another.
		Transmutation of transuranium elements such as the isotopes of plutonium, neptunium, americium, and curium has the potential to contribute to solving the problems posed by the management of radioactive waste, by reducing the proportion of long-lived isotopes it contains.
		Transmutation of chemical elements occurs through nuclear reactions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transmutation (382 words)

	Herbert Spencer's 'Development Hypothesis'
		Should the believers in special creations consider it unfair thus to call upon them to describe how special creations take place, I reply that this is far less than they demand from the supporters of the Development Hypothesis.
		Even could the supporters of the Development Hypothesis merely show that the origination of species by the process of modification is conceivable, they would be in a better position than their opponents.
		Now here we have four different species of curve-circle, ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola - each having its peculiar properties and its separate equation, and the first and last of which are quite opposite in nature, connected together as members of one series, all producible by a single process of insensible modification.
	www.victorianweb.org /science/science_texts/spencer_dev_hypothesis.html (1702 words)

	Transmutation of species - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Transmutation of species refers to the altering of one species into another.
		Transmutation can occur via degeneration (i.e.migration and changes in climate).
		Modern evolutionary theory accounts for this using evolutionary processes, however before the establishment of modern evolutionary biology, that species changed was recognised by some.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transmutation_of_species (88 words)

	NCSE Resource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The term "evolution" was applied to the transmutation of one species to another in the early years of the 19th century, by Lamarck's disciple Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Geoffroy's student, embryologist Etienne Serres, to describe such views.
		The species he had studied in the wild, and those he read about in the work of others, and most of all his alternately loved and hated barnacles (he spent 9 years cataloguing modern and fossil barnacles before publishing the Origin), all exhibited variation, including what were then called "races", or subspecies.
		The contemporary view is that species arise not from genetically distinct races, but from local and isolated populations that may initially be much the same genetically as the main populations of a species.
	www.natcenscied.org /resources/rncse_content/vol21/9925_defining_evolution_12_30_1899.asp (5066 words)

	Transmutation of species - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Transmutation of species refers to the altering of one species into another.
		Transmutation can occur via degeneration (i.e.migration and changes in climate).
		Modern evolutionary theory accounts for this using evolutionary processes, however before the establishment of modern evolutionary biology, that species changed was recognised by some.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Transmutation_of_species (81 words)

	AboutDarwin.com - Darwin's Timeline
		One of his earliest theories of species change was that each species has a fixed life span and somehow they became extinct when their "life force" was used up.
		The D Notebook focused on species reproduction and the origin of adaptation, while the M Notebook continued with the origin of adaptation, and then went on to the origin of man, and the expression of emotions.
		The "E" book continued his transmutation ideas, his thoughts on the population theory of Thomas Malthus, how variation and adaptation are related, the rate of species change, the separation of the sexes, and the differences between selection by animal breeders and selection in nature.
	www.aboutdarwin.com /timeline/time_05.html (4366 words)

	transmutation - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Lamarck's theoretical observations on evolution, referred to as transformism or transmutation in the early 19th century, preceded his extensive...
		Transmutation is the conversion of one object into another.
		Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one chemical element or isotope into another, which occurs through nuclear reactions.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/search.aspx?q=transmutation (188 words)

	Goldfein, Solomon: Biological Transmutations with MgATP
		The works of Kervran, Komaki, and others were surveyed; and it was concluded that, granted the existence of such transmutations (Na to Mg, K to Ca, and Mn to Fe), then a net surplus of energy was also produced.
		It was concluded that elemental transmutations were indeed occurring in life organisms and were probably accompanied by a net energy gain.
		The relatively available huge supplies of the elements which have been reported to have been transmuted and the probable large accompanying energy surplus indicate a new source of energy in the offing --- one whose supply would be unlimited.
	www.rexresearch.com /goldfein/goldfein.htm (3724 words)

	Romanes (1886) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Thus it is but circular reasoning to argue that all natural species are shown by nature herself to differ from artificial varieties in presenting this peculiarity of mutual sterility; for it is mainly in virtue of presenting this peculiarity that they have been classified as species.
		Inasmuch, however, as they are not natural species, but domesticated varieties (or the changed descendants of one natural species), they are here available as evidence to prove what I have just called racial incompatibility, due to the change which has been effected in their reproductive systems.
		According to this theory, species are but records of a sufficient degree of sterility having arisen with parent forms to admit of the varietal form not becoming swamped by intercrossing.
	crystal.biochem.queensu.ca /forsdyke/romanes1.htm (12372 words)

	Evolution's "Maginot" Faith Needs Correction
		Since "species" are divided by like-power-to-reproduce, if these two types of reproduction likewise exist, then "species" which have been separated might need to be joined.
		Thus we have our first "transmutation" tautology: the assumption that this change is a result solely due to some unnatural cause, versus something natural (yet perhaps latent) within the denominated species as a whole.
		The alleged progenitor might be wholly unrelated to the deemed transmuted progeny, or the deemed-progeny might instead be a progenitor.
	www.geocities.com /brainout1/Godevol.html (4594 words)

	Module Proposal for Part-Time Degree in Humanities: reformation
		The theory of transmutation was beginning to take shape in his mind as he travelled the globe in 1831-1836 and in July 1837 he opened his first note book on the subject.
		Darwin did not mean the genetic origin of species and neither did he mean the cause, or beginning, of such species - that is, "origin" in the sense of creation or the "big bang".
		Darwin uses the word "species" to define a group of animals or plants which resemble each other: ‘I look at the term species, as one arbitrarily given for the sake of convenience to a set of individuals closely resembling each other, and that it does not essentially differ from the term variety...
	www.ncl.ac.uk /lifelong-learning/distrib/darwin/03.htm (4829 words)

	PBS - The Voyage of the Odyssey - Voice from the Sea
		This is Roger Payne speaking to you from the Odyssey, as we sail among the Galapagos Islands.
		This was perhaps the key fact that enabled Darwin to break out of the mental straightjacket in which people of his age were held-the notion that species come from acts of special creation and that once created they do not change.
		When he found out that the Galapagos finches were true species he pondered long and hard trying to fit that fact into his developing theory on the "transmutation of species.
	www.pbs.org /odyssey/voice/20000615_vos_transcript.html (377 words)

	Darwin, Origin of species. 6th edn. Chapter 10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Several cases are on record of the same species presenting varieties in the upper and lower parts of the same formation; thus, Trautschold gives a number of instances with Ammonites; and Hilgendorf has described a most curious case of ten graduated forms of Planorbis multiformis in the successive beds of a fresh-water formation in Switzerland.
		It is well-known, for instance, that several species appear somewhat earlier in the palæozoic beds of North America than in those of Europe; time having apparently been required for their migration from the American to the European seas.
		Hence, when the same species occurs at the bottom, middle, and top of a formation, the probability is that it has not lived on the same spot during the whole period of deposition, but has disappeared and reappeared, perhaps many times, during the same geological period.
	pages.britishlibrary.net /charles.darwin/texts/origin_6th/origin6th_10.html (8171 words)

	A History of Science Volume IV - Part III
		For purposes of convenience of description, we may divide organisms into orders, families, genera, species, just as we divide a tree into root, trunk, branches, twigs, leaves; but in the one case, as in the other, the division is arbitrary and artificial.
		The very persons who had most eagerly accepted the idea of transmutation of European species into American species, and similar limited variations through changed environment, because of the relief thus given the otherwise overcrowded ark, were now foremost in denouncing such an extension of the doctrine of transmutation as Lamarck proposed.
		He argued for the absolute fixity of species, bringing to bear the resources of a mind which, as a mere repository of facts, perhaps never was excelled.
	www.worldwideschool.com /library/books/sci/history/AHistoryofScienceVolumeIV/chap35.html (1850 words)

	Reading notes for vol. 2, ch 1-4
		Together these are essentially an attack on the basic premise of species transmutation that species can change by an accumulation of ongoing variations into other species.
		Chapter 3 continues the variability discussion by shifting the focus onto the limits of variation, with the idea that variability cannot be extrapolated to the point of transmuting one species into another.
		You may be struck by the rather free use of the notiion of "creation" and attribution of species characteristics to the "Author of Nature".
	www.uwm.edu /People/mtharris/Lyell03/RN13.htm (856 words)

	The Origin of Species: Chapter 9
		It is well known, for instance, that several species appeared somewhat earlier in the palaeozoic beds of North America than in those of Europe; time having apparently been required for their migration from the American to the European seas.
		Hence, when the same species occur at the bottom, middle, and top of a formation, the probability is that they have not lived on the same spot during the whole period of deposition, but have disappeared and reappeared, perhaps many times, during the same geological period.
		So that if such species were to undergo a considerable amount of modification during any one geological period, a section would not probably include all the fine intermediate gradations which must on my theory have existed between them, but abrupt, though perhaps very slight, changes of form.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/origin/chapter9.html (6440 words)

	Zoology 510, Chapter 1 notes, part 2
		The "transmutation of species" was already a familiar concept when Darwin was born, having been proposed by (among others) Darwin's own grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, as well as by Lamarck.
		Evolution itself, that is, transmutation of species, was an idea that flowed rather directly from observations of fossils and comparative anatomy.
		Thus the idea of transmutation of species did not become scientifically credible until both the evidence and the mechanism of natural selection were accurately and cogently presented.
	www.science.siu.edu /zoology/king/304/history2.htm (2682 words)

	AboutDarwin.com - People of Note
		Gould very soon figured out that the various species of birds that Darwin gave him were in fact all finches (13 species, in fact), and not gross-beaks, wrens, finches and flbirds as Darwin had thought.
		The 6th edition of "Origin of Species" included lengthy answers to Mivart's criticisms, and by the way, was the first edition of "Origin" to contain the word "Evolution." Even after all of Mivart's objections were answered, he still spilled out venomous attacks on Darwin.
		Wallace also saw transmutation as having a goal, that is, the building toward the perfect man, he tried to mix social morality with evolution, suggesting and upward progression of morals toward a socialist utopia.
	www.aboutdarwin.com /people/people_01.html (7959 words)

	Mental Evolution
		In contrast the previously long prevailing view that species, although taxonomically classifiable according to degrees of similarity, represented fundamentally immutable kinds, types, or qualities, the evolutionist asserted the fundamental mutability of species, and therefore also of kinds, types, and qualities.
		Romanes's theory of actual transmutation from one level of psychic development to another is not particularly satisfactory.
		I suggest that it is time for comparative psychologists to reexamine their commitment to evolutionary principles and, once again, lend serious attention to the questions of mental evolution with a view to strengthening the philosophical and theoretical basis for their scientific efforts.
	www.comnet.ca /~pballan/Mentevol.htm (3220 words)

	Darwin's notebooks on geology, transmutation of species, metaphysical enquiries
		Darwin's notebooks on geology, transmutation of species, metaphysical enquiries
		Darwin's notebooks on geology, transmutation of species, metaphysical enquiries (1837-1844)
		Charles Darwin's notebooks, 1836-1844 : Geology, transmutation of species, metaphysical enquiries.
	darwin-online.org.uk /EditorialIntroductions/vanWyhe_notebooks.html (450 words)

	Darwin, The foundations of the Origin of species- Contents and Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		These quotations show that he was struggling to see in the origin of species a process just as scientifically comprehensible as the birth of individuals.
		come to an end, and the "relations of the existing with the extinct species and of the species of the different geographical areas with one another were determined with some exactness." He does not therefore allow that any appreciable advance towards evolution was made during the actual voyage of the Beagle.
		Both begin with a statement of what may be called the mechanism of evolution,—variation and selection: in both the argument proceeds from the study of domestic organisms to that of animals and plants in a state of nature.
	pages.britishlibrary.net /charles.darwin/texts/foundations/foundations_fm.htm (5396 words)

	UNSW Embryo-Theories of Evolution Pt.2
		But gradually it dawned upon him that such facts as he had observed "could only be explained on the supposition that species gradually become modified." From then on, as he afterwards asserted, the subject haunted him; hence the journal of 1837.
		It will thus be seen that the idea of the variability of species came to Charles Darwin as an inference from personal observations in the field, not as a thought borrowed from books.
		To the Origin of Species, then, and to its author, Charles Darwin, must always be ascribed chief credit for that vast revolution in the fundamental beliefs of our race which has come about since 1859, and which made the second half of the century memorable.
	embryology.med.unsw.edu.au /history/page4g.htm (3012 words)

	Zoology 510, Chapter 1 notes, part 2
		First, Darwin presented a compelling argument for the occurrence of descent with modification, or transmutation of species, as a powerful explanatory concept for many observations.
		Thus the idea of transmutation of species did not become scientifically credible until both the evidence and the mechanism of natural selection were accurately and cogently presented by Darwin.
		Previous attempts to explain transmutation were unsatisfactory for a variety of reasons, including errors and philosophical inadequacy.
	www.science.siu.edu /zoology/king/510/mr01b.htm (2792 words)

	D.T. Max - Two Cheers for Darwin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		In 1837, he sketched his ideas in a notebook titled The Transmutation of Species and, a few years later, amplified them in a longer version.
		That’s why the first paragraph of the introduction to On the Origin of Species ends with his assurance that “I have not been hasty in coming to a decision.” His very plodding was meant as proof that his hunt for the truth had been systematic and disinterested—in other words, that he was no Robert Chambers.
		The first is that species compete for resources to improve their chances of reproducing.
	www.dtmax.com /work1.htm (6085 words)

	Tracklist
		Malignancy, the technical / death metallers from New York are back with their third album Cross Species Transmutation.
		After 11 years of demo's, live shows 3 albums and numerous line up changes, Malignancy have unleashed a new beast guaranteed to keep their name way up there with the other great brutal bands and stay near the top of all the other New York death metal bands.
		Using a sound clip from a movie, hearing breaking glass, animal noises and other chilling sounds, you gear yourself up for the manic Mortician sound, but then Malignancy launch you right into their own brand of brutality.
	home.planet.nl /~harti100/mg/malignancy.htm (165 words)

	HIS 396 Reading Response Questions, Week 5
		What kinds of metaphors and analogies did he use to try and "domesticate" transmutation?
		What do sequences of preprogrammed numbers have to do with transmutation of species?
		Darwin, Excerpts from On the Origin of Species (1859) 1° source
	www.princeton.edu /~hos/his396/rrespwk5.html (1255 words)

	Darwin - The Darwin Page - Origin of Species - Chronology & Outline of the Origin of Species - Dr Robert A. Hatch
		Darwin spent over 20 years collecting information, reading, and reflecting on the problem of species, from the time of his voyage on the Beagle (2 December 1831 - 29 October 1836) through the last difficult years just before its publication.
		The Origin of Species was itself, by scholarly and by distribution standards, was a major success.
		Correlation of growth (slight variation in a species causes changes in it's general structure).
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/rhatch/pages/02-TeachingResources/readingwriting/darwin/05-evl-org-otln.htm (1262 words)

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