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	Treaty of San Stefano - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano was a treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed at the end of the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–78.
		It was signed on March 3, 1878 at San Stefano (Greek: Ayastefanos, now Yeşilköy), a village west of Istanbul, by Count Nicholas Pavlovich Ignatiev and Alexander Nelidov on behalf of the Russian Empire and Foreign Minister Safvet Pasha and Ambassador to Germany Sadullah Bey on behalf of the Ottoman Empire.
		Treaty of San Stefano, Effects, On Bulgaria, On Serbia, Montenegro and Romania, On Russia and the Ottoman Empire, Reaction, See also, External links, Treaties of the Ottoman Empire, History of Bulgaria and Russian peace treaties.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Treaty_of_San_Stephano (606 words)

	Wikipedia: Ottoman Empire
		July 12, 1444 Murad signed a treaty that officially gave Wallachia and the Bulgarian province of Varna to Hungary, western Bulgaria (including Sofia) to Serbia and forced Murad to abdicate in favor of his twelve-year-old son Mehmed.
		But by conquering and annexing the emirate of Karaman (May-June, 1451) and by renewing the peace treaties with Venice (September 10) and Hungary (November 20) he proved his skills both on the military and the political front and was soon accepted by the noble class of the Ottoman court.
		The treaty of San Stephano gave Romania and Montenegro their independence, Serbia and Russia each received extra territory, Austria was given control over Bosnia, and Bulgaria was given almost complete autonomy.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/o/ot/ottoman_empire.html (6149 words)

	Treaty Did You Mean Treaty?
		Treaties can be called by many names: treaties, international agreements, protocols, covenants, conventions, exchanges of letters, exchanges of notes, etc.; however all of these are equally treaties, and the rules are the same regardless of what the treaty is called.
		Treaties can be loosely compared to contracts: both are means of willing parties assuming obligations among themselves, and a party to either that fails to live up to their obligations can be held legally liable for that breach.
		Such treaties between colonizers and indigenous peoples are an important part of political discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century, but the treaties being discussed are internationally considered to be part of the nation's domestic law, and to have little international standing.
	www.did-you-mean.com /Treaty.html (3061 words)

	Fall of the Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Subsequent wars in the 18th century brought on the Treaty of Passarowitz, Treaty of Belgrade, Treaty of Nissa which entrenched the new Habsburg-Ottoman-Russian borders in the southeast of Europe.
		The decline culminated in the defeat of the Empire by the Allies in World War I. As a result of subsequent treaties, the Ottomans lost control of the Arab lands, and were obliged to acknowledge the independent state of Armenia.
		The 'coup de grâce' to the Ottoman state was delivered, almost mercifully, in 1922, with the overthrow of Sultan Mehmet VI Vahdettin by the new republican assembly of Turkey.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fall_of_the_Ottoman_Empire (5127 words)

	Fall of the Ottoman Empire - Biocrawler
		The treaty of San Stephano gave Romania and Montenegro their independence, Serbia and Russia each received extra territory, Austria was given control over Bosnia, and Bulgaria was given almost complete autonomy.
		In the new treaty Bulgarian territory was decreased and the war indemnities were cancelled.
		Albania declared independence on November 28, Turkey agreed to a ceasefire on December 2, and its territory losses were finalized in 1913 in the treaties of London and Bucharest.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Fall_of_the_Ottoman_Empire (4735 words)

	Timeline_of_Russian_history LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER
		Peter established the Holy Synod, a body of ten clergymen chaired by a secular official, that was to head the Russian Orthodox Church in lieu of the Patriarch of Moscow.
		Russo-Turkish War (1828â“1829): The Treaty of Adrianople was signed, ceding the eastern shore of the Black Sea and the mouth of the Danube to the Russians.
		A peace treaty was signed that established the Khanate of Khiva as a quasi-independent Russian protectorate.
	language.school-explorer.com /info/Timeline_of_Russian_history (5567 words)

	Russian Expansionism and Ottoman Empire
		Russia had managed to secure a favorable international situation by signing a few treaties with Iran in 1732-1735 (which was at war with Ottoman Empire in 1730-1736) and supporting the accession to the PolandPolish throne of Augustus III of PolandAugustus III in 1735 instead of the FranceFrench protégé Stanislaw I Leszczynski, nominated by pro-Turkish France.
		Accordingly a treaty was signed with Russia at Jassy (Jan. 9, 1792) by which the Crimea and Ochakov were left to Russia, the Dniester was made the frontier in Europe, and the Asiatic frontier remained unchanged.
		The resulting Treaty of Adrianople (Edirne) in September 14, 1829 gave Russia most of the eastern shore of the Black Sea and the mouth of the Danube.
	www.ufaqs.com /wiki/en/ru/Russian%20Expansionism%20and%20Ottoman%20Empire.htm (2785 words)

	Light For the Last Days - Chapter 6 - @ Historicism.com
		The result was the conclusion of the treaty by which northern Syria was placed under a Christian governor, and the welfare of its inhabitants secured by a restriction of the Turkish power, submitted to under European compulsion.
		Russia, whose policy was a far nobler and more unselfish one, went to war alone consequently to deliver her co-religionists, and she secured her object by a succession of victories, which broke the Turkish power to pieces, and laid it helpless at her feet.
		England did interfere then to prevent her seizing Constantinople, and at the Berlin Conference obliged the victorious czar to modify the treaty of San Stephano, and to agree to that of Berlin, by which a large proportion of Armenia was ceded to Russia.
	www.historicism.com /Guinness/Light/light6.htm (2376 words)

	FOREIGN POLICY [1897-1922]
		Bulgaria demanded the implementation of the terms of the Treaty of San Stephano, the annexation that is of the whole area of Macedonia as far as Monastir.
		On this basis the borders of the two countries have been defined similar to the present ones, recognizing essentially the faits accomplis caused by the occupation of territories by the two armies, whereas commercial facilities were provided to the Serbs in the port of Thessaloniki.
		The Treaty contributed to the exacerbation of the crisis.
	www.fhw.gr /chronos/13/en/foreign_policy/facts/06.html (370 words)

	Treaty of San Stefano - Definition, explanation
		The Treaty of San Stefano was a treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire at the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78.
		Also known as the "Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano" commemorating the anniversary Alexander II becoming Emperor of Russia (March 2, 1855).
		Because the treaty modified the Treaty of Paris (1856) and greatly increased Russian influence in South-East Europe, Serbia, Montenegro and Romania also grew at the expense of the Ottoman Empire.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/t/tr/treaty_of_san_stefano.php (235 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		As a result of this victory, a peace treaty, namely Gyulistan treaty was signed on October 12,1813.
		According to the treaty East Armenia became the province of Russia.
		The points in San-Stephano treaty 1878, concerning the state of Armenians in West Armenia, were ignored during Berlin Congress.
	www.betnahrain.am /arm_13.html (432 words)

	Nationalism and Empire in Europe
		The annexation violated the 1852 Treaty of London.
		Austria had a secret treaty with France, Austria agreeing to cede Venetia to Italy in exchange for France's neutrality and for compensations in its favor in Germany.
		Bismarck was afraid of provoking a coalition against Prussia, as had been formed against Prussia's Frederick the Great in the latter half of the 1700s, but Bismarck had gained the gratitude of Tsar Alexander II by supporting his repression of the Polish uprising in 1863.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h49-bis.htm (4395 words)

	Bulgarian Community - National Capital Region (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In six articles the Peace Treaty of San Stefano settles the future of BULGARIA as an autonomous vassal kingdom with
		Treaty on the Balkan political map there appears a new BULGARIA, the fourth Slavic state in Europe.
		3rd of March, the birthday of revived Bulgaria in its San Stefano borders, is honoured as a national holiday.
	bg-ottawa.ncf.ca /old/SanStefano.html (911 words)

	Russian Bride Guide
		In March 1859 the Russian-French treaty about the neutrality of Russia in the war of France and Sardinia against Austria was signed.
		In May 1873 the capital of the khanate of Khiva was surrounded and capitulated, and in August the khan signed a peace treaty and recognized vassalage to Russia.
		The Aigun treaty of 1858 and the Pekin treaty of 1860 about differentiation of the lands were added by agreements of the sea and overland trade.
	www.russianbrideguide.com /about_russia/history/great_reforms.shtml (5910 words)

	Marriott, The Eastern Question. Chapter 1
		The Treaty of Carlowitz, concluded in 1699 between the Habsburgs and the Turks, supplemented by that of Azov, dictated by Russia in 1702, afforded conclusive evidence that the tide had turned.
		There had indeed been a rising in Serbia in 1804, and by the Treaty of Bucharest the Serbians had obtained from the Porte a small measure of internal autonomy, but all the strong places were garrisoned by Turks, and the step towards independence was of insignificant proportions.
		Had that Treaty been allowed to stand, both Greece and Serbia would have had to renounce their ambitions in Macedonia, while the enormous accessions of territory which it secured for Bulgaria might ultimately have proved, even to her, a doubtful political advantage.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Marr01.html (5358 words)

	Marquand House (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Frederick Marquand donated $5,000 for that purpose; but because of the Russo-Turkish War which threatened for a time to involve England, Mr.
		The work was delayed until after the peace treaty of San Stephano was signed in 1878.
		Then "Marquand House", as it is still known, was created and occupied by the Daniel Bilss family in 1880.
	www.aub.edu.lb /tour/buildings/b11.html (172 words)

	D. Minchev - The Macedonian Question - 1
		And it was here - on the very Berlin Treaty, when the word Macedonia appeared with a political sense: the Berlin Treaty promised to the Bulgarian population there to be granted some kind of autonomy, similar to the one, given to Crete.
		The French ambassador to Constantinople Fournier reported for example that the aim of the Uprising was to stir the Bulgarian and Greek population in Eastern Roumelia, Thrace and Macedonia and to annex these three districts to the Bulgarian Principality.
		According to the French diplomat the insurrectionist movement strived to force Europe to alter the clauses of the Berlin Treaty in the case of Bulgaria.
	www.kroraina.com /knigi/en/dm/dm_1.html (6516 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Alvarez Carillo Gil de Albornoz
		A treaty was concluded at Montefiascone on 5 June, whereupon Giovanni di Vico made his submission to the cardinal at Orvieto.
		Cola di Rienzi, the former tribune of Rome, to Italy to be used by the cardinal as he saw fit.
		Ridolfo da Varano, to whom the cardinal had given the supreme command of the papal army, gained a signal victory over Galeotto de' Malatesta near Paterno, and on 2 June, 1355, a treaty was concluded with the Malatestas, which was approved by Innocent VI on 20 June.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06558a.htm (1704 words)

	Russian Authoritarianism and Empire, 1855-1900
		The treaty forbade Russian naval bases or warships on the Black Sea, leaving the Russians without protection from pirates or whomever along its 1,000 miles of Black Sea coastline, and leaving unprotected merchant ships that had to pass through the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits.
		The treaty removed Russia's claim of protection of Orthodox Christians within the Ottoman Empire, and it allowed the Turks to make the Bosporus a naval arsenal and a place where the fleets of Russia's enemies could assemble to intimidate Russia.
		In this treaty, Russia gained 600,000 square kilometers of territory on left bank of the Amur River (which now separates China from Russia) - a gain in territory almost the size of California and Oregon combined.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h47-ru.htm (6029 words)

	ATMG - Australian Turkish Media Group -
		This treaty was, however, signed only by the Ottoman Government in Istanbul, while most Turks, and most of the country accepted the leadership of the Ankara government, led by Mustafa Kemal, who actively opposed the treaty and its provisions.
		By the Treaty of Gumru (Alexandropol) signed by the Ankara Government and the Armenian Republic on 3 December 1920, both sides accepted the new boundaries and acknowledged that the provisions of the Treaty of Sévres were null and void.
		The Treaty of Lausanne, signed on 24 July 1923 in place of the Treaty of Sevres, did not even mention the Armenians, which is why Armenian nationalists even today try to resurrect the Sévres treaty which never really was put into force.
	www.atmg.org /ArmenianFAQ.html (11458 words)

	thePeerage.com - Exhibit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The war between Russia and Turkey ended with the treaty of San Stephano, by which the empire of Turkey in Europe was effaced, and a new state, the mere tool of Russia, was to stretch from the Danube to the Ægean.
		To this end it was necessary to loose these provinces from the grasp of Russia, to protect them in the cultivation of their internal resources, to encourage them in the accumulation of wealth, and, generally, to gain time for those habits and instincts to mature themselves which are essential to permanent independence.
		It was hoped that by the treaty of Berlin these ends would be attained, and that the conception itself is worthy of a great statesman is surely not to be disputed.
	www.thepeerage.com /e68.htm (11040 words)

	My School
		He also signed the San-Stephano peace treaty between Russia and Turkey in 1878, which created (a perhaps too large) Bulgaria on the map of Europe.
		The treaty was reversed several months later in Berlin, which lead to dividing Bulgaria in three regions, reversing back two of them to Turkey (even though one was only a "protectorat") and was the reason for a lot of bitterness and mistrust among the Bulgarians to the Western European countries.
		The desks are still the same: the "new" ones, which came in 1970, the year when I started grade 1, and the "old" ones, on which my mother sat in 1945 (but they were probably older).
	julita.usask.ca /tours/Bulgaria2002/my-school.htm (851 words)

	www.ANSC.org - Armenian Network of Student Clubs
		This was officially reflected in a treaty signed in the village of Nvarsak in 484.
		But the terms of the Sevres Treaty concerning Armenia were never to be observed because of the rapprochement between Kemalist Turkey and Bolshevist Russia.
		The Constitutional Court establishes the constitutionality of laws and decisions of the Government, international treaties and agreements, resolves disputes related to outcomes of presidential and parliamentary elections, presents conclusions about the impossibility of the President's continuing in offace and reasons why he should or should not resign from his post.
	www.ansc.org /ansc/armenia.cfm (3331 words)

	Important Dates (Wenzlaff)
		1809 Treaty of Frederikshavn with Sweden: acquisition of Finland.
		1922 Conference at Genoa; Treaty of Rapallo with Germany.
		1929 Raid on Soviet consulate in Harbin; Treaty of Nikolsk Ussuriisk.
	www.berschauer.com /Genealogy/Statistics/volgacrn.html (1338 words)

	Russhistory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		1725-1727 Reign of Catherine I. 1727 Russo-Chinese Treaty of Kyakhta.
		1809 Treaty of Frederikshavn with Sweden: acquisition of Finland.
		1929 Trotsky expelled from U.S.S.R. 1929 Raid on Soviet consulate in Harbin; Treaty of Nikolsk Ussuriisk.
	www.homestead.com /SPBMOS/Russhistory.html (6317 words)

	file_nav_name Encyclopedia Index
		The Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano was a treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed at the end of the Russ...
		The Treaty of Accession 2005 was the agreement between the European Union and two countries (Bulgaria and Romania),...
		The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/bulgaria.html (7852 words)

	History detailed
		During the last quarter of the century the area surrounding the Danube delta was invaded by the Proto-Bulgarians - a people of Turk origin, having long statehood traditions in the lands by the Volga and Kama rivers.
		Thus, the Proto-Bulgarian aristocracy became the state-forming element, whose role was analogous to the role played by Rurik’s Vikings in Kievan Russia, or the Normans of William the Conqueror in England.
		This treaty re-established Bulgaria in its ethnic boundaries determined by a special international committee, but it was revised only several months later by the then Great Powers - Germany, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary and Russia.
	www.omda.bg /engl/history/common_hist.htm (2074 words)

	Makedonski nauchen institut
		Scientific conferences, symposia and other scientific activities are an important stream in the work of the Institute.
		Round anniversaries of significant events in the Bulgarian history as the Balkan wars, the signing of San-Stephano Peace Treaty, the establishment of the Internal Macedonian and Adrianople Revolutionary Organization, the Ilinden and Preobrazhenie uprising are forthcoming.
		New unknown so far documents will be put in requisition in science, personalities and events forgotten for short-term policy considerations will find their new evaluation.
	vmro.150m.com /mpr/mni.html (663 words)

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